(19 13) Private Jinling Women's College of Arts and Sciences (1930) The 64-year history of Nanjing University, the Central University, can be roughly divided into five periods: (Image source) The predecessor of Jinling University was 1888 Huiwen College established in Nanjing (Nanjing University1888 1890, Mei Cheng Museum was established as a middle school department. Huiwen College, the earliest source of Jinling University, was founded by the American church, the American-Israeli-American Association, and its campus is located along the dry river in Nanjing (now the former site of Jinling Middle School). It is the earliest new school in Nanjing, which has been running for more than 20 years and laid the foundation for the establishment of Jinling University. Huiwen Academy is the arrow of the new school in Nanjing and one of the early institutions of higher learning in China. (Atlas)
With the steady development of Huiwen Academy, Nanjing, which was regarded as an important town by missionaries, added two other missionary academies: Christian Academy and Yizhi Academy. 1907 The two colleges merged into the United Christian College, with the Christian College as the campus, Mei as the president and Wen as the vice president.
Nanjing Christian College was founded by American Christian Church in 189 1 year. The founder is American Christian missionary F.Rank E.Meigs. He comes from new york, USA. His parents are farmers and believe in Christianity. He arrived in Nanjing in June of 1887 and June of 65438+ 10. He decided to take China as his name, so he called himself "Zaizhong". At first, Mei lived in Marin's home in a Christian hospital. At that time, although "more and more people converted to Christianity in Nanjing", he thought that "although the belief is new, the knowledge is still the same, fearing that the belief without knowledge will easily produce evil influence, it is not necessary to instill knowledge and teach the purpose with feathers". So he asked the Christian Association to donate money to build a Christian academy in the southwest of Nanjing Gulou. Beauty was promoted to the dean of the class. There were 20 students at the beginning. A few years later, the number reached more than 200.
Presbyterian College was founded by American Presbyterian Church on 1894 and its address is Hubu Street, Nanjing. He (America), a missionary of the Presbyterian Church, was its founder, and was succeeded by Williams. Wen Huai 'en and Mei came to China at the same time and jointly founded the Christian College. From 19 10 to 1927, Jinling University was established and developed. 19 10, the American church merged Huiwen College and Hongyu College to form Jinling University Hall (19 15 merged with Shi Jing University to form Jinling University), with American Bowen as principal, Wen Huai 'en as vice principal, and Li Ruiqing, a famous calligrapher and supervisor of Liangjiang Normal School, inscribed the name of the school. Jinling University started from Huiwen College, and then moved into a new school building on the southwest slope of Gulou (now the North Park of Gulou Campus of Nanjing University). Based on the American university education system, it has gradually developed into a comprehensive university with a certain scale. (photo album source)
The first and third hospitals merged to form Jinling University Hall.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the government-run universities in China were developing day by day. Besides Shi Jing University Hall, many provinces also set up university halls. Nanjing Sanjiang Normal School was opened at this time. The development of the new university hall in China stimulated the church schools, and the church began to "worry about the government's competition in education". "Unless they concentrate, government-run schools will surpass them. If church schools do not add complete laboratories and libraries and hire more and better teachers, then excellent students will be attracted to government schools. " So many famous missionaries strongly advocated the joint college, expanding its scale and building a veritable university, "in order to become an example for national universities."
In the process of integration, due to different opinions within the church, there have been various arguments, so most of the integration has experienced many twists and turns, but in the end it has been successful. At that time, besides Jinling University, there were Beijing Huiwen University (predecessor of yenching university), Shanghai St. John University, Hujiang University, Hangzhou Zhijiang University, Shandong Christian University (predecessor of cheeloo university) and Chengdu Huaxi Sheikh University. These universities later developed into famous missionary universities.
Jinling University was formed by the merger of Huiwen College and two other colleges: Christian College and Yizhi College. The three academies are the largest in Nanjing. The three academies are all boys' schools with the same purpose and similar methods.
The United States first proposed to merge the Academy of Sciences in China. He believes that "loneliness, scattered energy, shallow effect; * * * works, the elite gathered, remarkable achievements. In addition, the churches in the motherland raise funds to designate educational undertakings. When you arrive at the site, you must strive to use the least amount of money to maximize your effectiveness, otherwise you will be punished! " 1906, the senior year of Yizhi College was merged into Christian College. 1907 There was another proposal to merge Huiwen College and Hongyu College, but it failed because of the opposition of Stuhr, Dean of Huiwen College.
Bao Wen, the new president of Huiwen Academy, is an enthusiastic missionary. He is a divorcee from Pennsylvania, Illinois, USA, and graduated from the Literature Department of Knox University. 1897 (Guangxu 23rd year) came to China. He is "brave and far-sighted." He believes that "China is in urgent need, and it is not enough to save itself by educating the wisdom of the new people, but the purpose of education should be pure, the scale should be grand, and the organizational equipment should be perfect, so as to be used by the society. Nowadays, there are three schools in Nanjing, which are politically discordant, have repetitive courses, and because of financial resources, they are bound to have no facilities. It is doomed to be futile. I wonder what benefits it will bring to China. Both Hemei and Mei advocated merging academies in China and establishing a complete university. However, the merger method was awkward at first. "After repeated discussions, we decided to merge Hongyu into Huiwen and named it Nanjing University. Bowen was elected as the school supervisor (principal), Wen Huai 'en as the deputy school supervisor, and Mei Zai as the director of the Bible Department and the principal of the affiliated middle school. The undergraduate department is in Huiwen College along the Ganhe River, the affiliated middle school is in Hongyu College, and the primary school is in Yizhi College.
Second, the general situation of Jinling University
The purpose of merging three academies to establish Jinling University is to establish a complete institution of higher learning. After the merger, the American-Israeli-American Association, the Christian Association and the North Presbyterian Church jointly established the Trusteeship Department in new york, USA. The Ministry is the highest authority of the school and is in charge of most administrative powers. Important decisions of the school need to be approved by the entrusting department, including the appointment of principals and vice principals, and the custody and supervision of school funds. At the same time, it also assumed the responsibility of raising funds. The first chairman of the Trusteeship Department was Dr. Smir, a famous American scholar and religious leader. At the same time, the board of directors was established in Nanjing (equivalent to the Nanjing office of the Trust Department). It is composed of university presidents, relevant administrative personnel and representatives of joint associations. The main duties of the board of directors are: to supervise and review all the daily affairs of the school, including appointing university administrators, drafting the annual budget of the school and submitting it to the board of directors for approval, appointing and dismissing China employees, and approving the courses offered by the school. At first, all the directors of the board of directors (including the president, vice president and administrative staff) were foreigners and all were Christians. Later, the articles of association of the board of directors were revised, and representatives of the Alumni Association were added, and there was director China. For example, Huang Rongliang, Ambassador to Germany, Han An, Director of Industry of Suiyuan Province, and Tao Xingzhi, a professor at Southeast University, all served as alumni of Jinda Board of Directors.
In addition to the principal and vice principal, Jinda's administrative staff also include the financial controller (accountant), the principal's secretary, the interior and venue manager, and the educational director. They are responsible for all aspects of the school's administrative affairs, and the teaching administrative unit of the school is the department. When Jinda was founded, there were only four subjects in liberal arts, mathematics, physics and chemistry, all of which were awarded bachelor of arts degrees. Bowen is also the section chief of liberal arts.
The school funding, 19 10, was agreed by the United Church. Each missionary group delivered land, houses, equipment and cash equivalent to 40,000 US dollars, provided three teachers, and donated 2,400 US dollars every year. Later, it was added on this basis. By 1922, the number of teachers provided has increased to five, and the annual donation has increased to $04,000.
After completing its administrative organization, Jinling University, as a complete university, still needs to be recognized by the government. However, at that time, the missionary schools had nothing to do with the China government administratively. The Qing government always believed that the schools set up by foreign churches in China were based on foreigners' qualifications and treaty rights, not domestic education. Therefore, the attitude of non-intervention was adopted, regardless of the procedure of filing a case, and there was no express provision for filing a case at that time. In this way, the missionary schools don't think they have any responsibility to China. Therefore, after the establishment of Jinling University, it immediately applied to the New York State Education Bureau for filing a case. 19 1 1 In April, Jinling University received a special permission signed by the Director of the Education Bureau of New York State and the President of new york University, and formally agreed to put Jinling University on record with the Education Bureau of new york, USA, recognizing that Jinling University is a full-fledged university and can enjoy "the rights that Taixifan University deserves". Graduates of Jinling University can also get a degree diploma from new york University and become sister universities with Cornell University in the United States. After that, the diploma of Jinling University was issued by the Council of new york University, and then transferred to the supervisor of Jinling University to issue graduates. With this diploma, graduates can go directly to relevant foreign universities for further study, and get a degree without examination. Regarding the registration of China Missionary University in the United States, Francis Lister Hawks Pott, President of St. John's University, frankly said at the sixth session of the China Education Association 1900: "After the registration, China University became an American affiliated school on the land of China." This can be said to be an extension of the special principle of extraterritorial jurisdiction.
The missionary universities cooperating with Jinling University in New York, USA are: West China Sheikh University, South China Women's University, and Jinling Women's University, which was founded in 19 13.
At the beginning of the establishment of Jinling University, classrooms, dormitories, books, equipment and teachers were all poor and insufficient. After the opening of the university, the number of students increased and the school affairs flourished. Therefore, it is very urgent to expand school buildings, supplement teachers and improve equipment. Principal Bowen has made a grand plan for the establishment of the school. The first step in planning is to buy land and rebuild school buildings. Although "economic difficulties, man-made worries", but he did not hesitate, have answers. With his own plan, he sent his employees back to the United States to raise money in the trust department and increase the number of teachers. He and Vice Chairman Wen Huai 'en also personally returned to the United States several times to plan funds and request donations. At that time, the United States was in a prosperous period on the eve of World War I, and it was relatively easy to raise funds. Many wealthy businessmen gave generously. After several years of painstaking efforts, we finally got huge funds, which enabled Jinda's plan to rebuild the school building to be implemented. This is the first contribution made by President Bao and President Wen to the future development of Jinda.
19 10, Jin Da bought a large piece of land on the southwest slope of the Drum Tower as the new school site, and then invited American surveyors and architects to plan and design the school building. The whole project was contracted by a company in Chicago, USA. Except for glazed tiles on the roof and basic civil engineering, most of the building materials are imported from abroad. The design of the new school building started at 19 1 1, and the science museum was completed at 19 15, all of which were completed at 192 1. The school building base covers an area of more than 2,300 mu, and the terrain is inclined from north to south. The completed school buildings are large in scale, including administrative building, science museum, medical consultation room, auditorium, classrooms and dormitories. There is 1 1 building. 1924, under the sponsorship of China Medical Committee of Rockwell Foundation and American ladies, another agriculture and forestry museum was built, named "Peiyili Building". These Chinese and western buildings are magnificent and even with the Drum Tower. They were the tallest buildings in Nanjing at that time.
Jinling University moved into the new building from 19 16. The former site of Ganheyan was converted into an affiliated middle school. 19 1 1 year, Jinling University bought an old house adjacent to Jinda Campus for 40,000 dollars. This house named Taoyuan is the residence of a noble named Yu in Qing Dynasty. Three floors, beautiful house, wide address and beautiful scenery, suitable for children to travel after school. In the autumn of the same year, the primary school located in Hubu Street in the south of the city moved here. Later, under the third floor, a basement was built as a place for students to study art.
At the beginning of the school, the number of teachers was small. "Their academic level is uneven, and it is difficult to impart advanced knowledge." Bowen asked the American Trusteeship Department for more teachers. The school organized an appointment committee to examine the qualifications of teachers. As a result, more and more experts and scholars from literature, science, agriculture, medicine and other fields came to the school, and the school atmosphere was gradually updated. (Image source: Nanjing University History Museum) 1927 to 1937 is the reform period of Jinling University. Under the impact of the national campaign to recover the right to education, Jinling University took the lead in restructuring, and established a board of directors with China as the majority, with China as the president and filing with the government. In this way, major reforms have been carried out in school affairs and religion, and the development of the school has entered its heyday.
First, the non-Christian movement and the movement to restore the right to education.
Influenced by the May 4th Movement, from 1922 to 1926, a Christian movement broke out in China and the movement to recover the right to education caused by it posed a severe challenge to the Christian forces in China, forcing the missionary schools to enter a period of reform after great development.
During this period, Christians in Jin Dadi were frightened, and religious activities such as prayer meetings had to be held in secret in the early morning or at night, and fewer and fewer people attended the service. 1927 When the Northern Expeditionary Army captured Nanjing in March, five houses in Jinda were burned down, and Vice President Wen Huai 'en was killed by stray bullets when he was robbed at home. Western workers fled home in panic, students also left school to go home, and schools were closed. On April 4th, 1927, the 23rd meeting of the Board of Directors of Jinda University was held. Bao Wen formally elected Professor Guo Tanxian, Professor Chen Yuguang, Professor Liu Guojun, Professor Chen Zhongfan, Professor Chen Rong, Professor Li Deyi and Professor Li Hansheng as the chairman of the Committee. Responsible for managing Kim Dae. Under the changing situation, the Committee has played a lot of roles in maintaining the school work.
II. Reorganization and filing procedures
1927 In July, the National Government was formally established and the right to education was taken back. 1927165438+1October 10, the board of directors of Jinda met in Shanghai, and Dr. Chen Yuguang, the person in charge of arts and sciences, was elected president of Jinda. 1928 In March, the American Trusteeship Department sent a congratulatory message to express its approval. So Chen Yuguang became the first president of Jinda in China. He was also the first person from China to teach university presidents in China.
After Chen Yuguang took office, he attached great importance to China's educational sovereignty. He not only carried out fruitful reforms in the administrative system, but also promoted the "trinity system" in teaching, that is, the trinity system of teaching, scientific research and popularization.
65438-0934, Jin Da was recognized by new york State University as having the same academic status as other international universities, and could be awarded internationally recognized bachelor's and master's degrees. From 1937 to 1949, due to the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, Jinling University moved westward and found it difficult to run a school at Huaxi Dam in Chengdu, Sichuan. In February 65438, Nanjing Campus of Jinling University was listed as a refugee shelter by the International Committee of Nanjing Safe Zone, and a large number of refugees poured in. 194 1 year, Wang Puppet National Government established (Wang Puppet) Central University in the original site of Jinling University. 1945 Back to Ning, Nanjing University personnel accepted Wang Pseudo-Central University. In September of the same year, the school resumed classes in Nanjing, and the scale of running a school has developed. After demobilization, the school is basically in a stable stage. (Atlas Image Source: Nanjing University History Museum)
At the same time, the vice president and professor of history who stayed in Nanjing, together with foreign professors, experts, doctors and Nanjing staff, organized the "Nanjing International Safety Zone" to try their best to accommodate and protect China refugees and soldiers who laid down their weapons. At that time, the campus of Jinling University became a refuge for Nanjing citizens. Vides Literature, which is now collected in Yale Theological Seminary in the United States, is the original file that truly records the crimes committed by the Japanese army in that year. At that time, Rabe, the general representative of Siemens China, also recorded the atrocities committed by the Japanese invaders in the form of a diary. (Image source: Nanjing University History Museum) 1949 to 1952 is the turning point of Jinling University. New China was founded and Jinling University was reborn. 195 1 September, 2008, President Li, private Jinling University and private Jinling Women's College of Arts and Sciences (formerly Jinling Women's University) merged into public Jinling University. (Atlas Image Source: Nanjing University History Museum)
1952 the departments of Chinese universities were adjusted, and western Christian universities such as Jinling University were abolished. The College of Arts and Sciences of Jinling University was merged into the new Nanjing University (Nanjing University kept the College of Arts and Sciences and other departments were separated) and became an integral part of Nanjing University. Since then, the name of Jinling University has been cancelled, and Nanjing University has moved to the Gulou Campus of Jinling University (Pan Wei, president of Nanjing University, gave the former Sipailou Campus of Nanda to Nanjing Institute of Technology to take care of the newly established Nanjing Institute of Technology). According to the Adjustment Measures for the Merger of Nanjing University and Jinling University, the historical archives of Jinling University, Central University and their predecessor schools are clearly classified as (new) Nanjing University.
Nanjing Normal University (Nanjing Normal University), Nanjing Agricultural University (Nanjing Agricultural University), Nanjing Forestry University (Nanjing Forestry University), Nanjing Institute of Technology (the Department of Electrical Engineering is now Southeast University, and the Department of Chemical Engineering is now Nanjing University of Technology), and East China Institute of Water Conservancy (He Hai) are respectively established by the Department of Education, Agricultural College, Forestry College, Science College and other related universities. The film and broadcasting major moved to Beijing to form the Film Academy (now Beijing Film Academy). Other departments (Department of Economics, Department of Banking, Department of Management, Department of Arts and Sciences) transferred to Shanghai Fudan and other universities.
1952 the specific situation of the adjustment of Jinling university in the middle school:
1. The main bodies of all the faculties of literature and science of Jinling University-merged into Nanjing University.
2. The Department of Education of Jinling University-merged into Nanjing Normal University (now Nanjing Normal University).
3. The main body of the Agricultural College of Jinling University-merged into Nanjing Agricultural College (now Nanjing Agricultural University)
4. Department of Forestry, College of Agriculture, Jinling University-merged into Nanjing Forestry College (now Nanjing Forestry University).
5. The Department of Electrical Engineering of Science College of Jinling University was merged into Nanjing Institute of Technology (now Southeast University).
6. Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Science, Jinling University —— First merged into the Department of Chemical Engineering of Nanjing Institute of Technology, and then participated in the establishment of Nanjing Institute of Chemical Technology (now Nanjing University of Technology).
7. Jinling Middle School affiliated to Jinling University-Nanjing No.10 Middle School-Nanjing University Experimental Middle School (now Jinling Middle School)
8. Gulou Hospital Affiliated to Jinling University-Nanjing People's Gulou Hospital-Nanjing Gulou Hospital (1987 became the affiliated hospital of Nanjing University Medical College).
9. Jinling University-Beijing Film Academy Film and Broadcasting Specialized Course