Song Huizong (1082～1135) (the second declining emperor after the Northern Song Dynasty), the emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty of China, a painter and calligrapher. The eleventh son of Shenzong of the Song Dynasty and the younger brother of Zhezong. Zhezong died of illness, and the Queen Mother made him emperor. He was the eighth emperor of the Song Dynasty (reigned from 1100 to 1125). He reigned for 25 years. He was captured and tortured to death at the age of 54. He was buried in Yongyou Mausoleum (today's Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province). 35 miles southeast of the county).
During his reign, he re-employed Cai Jing, Tong Guan, Gao Qiu and other treacherous ministers to preside over government affairs, plundered people's wealth wantonly, was extravagant and extravagant, and was extravagant. Create a crafting bureau dedicated to the royal family. They also searched for exotic flowers and stones everywhere and transported them to Kaifeng by ship, which was called "Flower and Stone Gang" to build Yanfu Palace and Genyue. He believed in Taoism and called himself "the Taoist Lord and Emperor". He built palaces and temples, set up twenty-six levels of Taoist officials, and paid Taoist priests salaries. During his reign, civil uprisings led by Fang La and Song Jiang broke out. In the second year of Xuanhe (1120), he sent envoys to form an alliance with the Jin Dynasty and attack the Liao Kingdom from a flank. In the seventh year of Xuanhe, the Jin army went south to attack the Song Dynasty. He passed the throne to Zhao Huan (Qinzong) and called himself the Supreme Emperor. In the second year of Jingkang (1127), he and Qinzong were captured by the Jin soldiers. He was later taken to the north and imprisoned, and died in Wuguo City (today's Yilan, Heilongjiang). Reigned for twenty-six years. He is incompetent in governing the country, but has high artistic talent. His calligraphy is called "thin gold style", and his handed down paintings include "Hibiscus Golden Pheasant", "Late Autumn on the Pond", etc., and he is also good at poetry.
The posthumous title of Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty is: Body, Spirit, Harmony, Dao, Jun, Lie, Xun, Gongsheng, Wenren, Dexian, Ci, Xianxiao Emperor. I really don’t know how the Southern Song Dynasty officials came up with such a bunch of words full of praise. of. At first glance, these posthumous titles may appear to those who do not know history. He may have been an outstanding emperor, but although he had no achievements in being an emperor, he left precious wealth in art for future generations.
Song Huizong also respected Taoism, built palaces and temples, called himself Taoist Lord and Emperor, and often asked Taoist priests to tell fortunes. His birthday was May 5th. Taoist priests thought it was unlucky, so he changed it to October 10th. His zodiac sign was dog, so he banned the slaughter of dogs in Bianjing City.
In October 1125 AD, the Jin army invaded the south in a large scale. The Eastern Route Army led by Zong Wang, the commander of the Jin army, led by Guo Yaoshi, the rebel general of the Northern Song Dynasty, took Bianjing directly. After receiving the report, Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty quickly ordered the cancellation of the Huashi Gang and issued the "Edict of Sin", admitting some of his faults, hoping to restore the people's support. The Jin soldiers marched straight in and approached Bianjing. Huizong was frightened and anxious. He took the hand of a minister and said, "I didn't expect the Jin people to treat me like this." Before he could finish his words, his throat was filled with one breath and he passed out in front of the bed. After being rescued, he reached out for paper and pen and wrote the words "Passed to the Crown Prince". In December, he announced his abdication, calling himself "the Supreme Emperor" and giving way to his son Zhao Huan (Qinzong). He took Cai Jing, Tong Guan and other traitorous officials and fled in a hurry to Mengcheng, Bozhou, Anhui Province (today's Mengcheng, Anhui Province) on the pretext of burning incense. In April of the following year, the Jin soldiers who besieged Bianjing were repulsed by Li Gang and returned north, and Song Huizong returned to Bianjing.
At the end of Leap November in 1126 AD, the Jin soldiers went south again. On December 15, Bianjing was captured. Emperor Jin deposed Song Huizong and his son Zhao Huan as common people. At the end of March 1127 AD, the Jin Emperor brought the two emperors Hui and Qin, together with their concubines, imperial families, hundreds of officials and thousands of people, as well as religious musicians, craftsmen, legal chariots, ceremonial guards, crowns, ritual utensils, astronomical instruments, and treasures. Playthings, royal collections, maps of state capitals all over the world, etc. were escorted to the north. All public and private savings in Bianjing were robbed, and the Northern Song Dynasty was destroyed. Because this happened during the Jingkang period, it was known as the "Shame of Jingkang" in history.
It is said that Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty did not care when he heard that his treasures had been robbed, but when he heard that the royal collection of books had also been robbed, he looked up to the sky and sighed. Song Huizong was humiliated on the way to be escorted. First, the beloved concubine Wang Wanrong and others were forcibly taken away by the Jin general. Then, after arriving at the capital of the Jin Kingdom, he was ordered to wear mourning clothes with Zhao Huan and go to the temple of Jin Taizu Aguda, which meant that the Jin Emperor offered prisoners to his ancestors. Later, Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty was humiliated and given the title of Hou Dehou by the Jin Emperor, and was imprisoned in Hanzhou (today's Changtu County, Liaoning Province). Later, he was moved to Wuguocheng (today's Yilan County, Heilongjiang Province) and imprisoned. During his imprisonment, Song Huizong suffered mental torture and wrote many hateful, sad and desolate poems, such as:
The west wind shakes the door all night long, the lonely house in the depression is dimly lit; the home mountain looks back three thousand miles , There are no geese flying to the south of the broken mountain.
However, his regret was limited to "all the country's mountains and rivers were misunderstood by the ministers", and he did not realize that it was his own stupidity and luxury that led to the country's subjugation and his becoming a prisoner. In July 1127 AD, Song Huizong wanted to send his minister Cao Xun to sneak away from the Jin Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty, and gave him a vest that he wore. On the vest was written "You (Song Gaozong) come and rescue your parents quickly." Song Huizong sent this to him. A few words were shown to the surrounding officials, who all burst into tears. Song Huizong cried and told Cao Xun to tell Gaozong, "Don't forget the pain of my journey north." He took out a white gauze handkerchief to wipe his tears, and then gave the handkerchief to Cao Xun and said: "Let the Emperor (Gaozong) I know how I missed my homeland and shed tears of sorrow."
Song Huizong was imprisoned for 9 years. On Jiazi Day in April 1135 AD, he finally died in Wuguocheng due to unbearable mental torture. Jin Xizong buried him in Guangning, Henan (near today's Luoyang City, Henan Province). On Yiyou Day in August 1142 AD, according to the agreement between the Song and Jin Dynasties, the remains of Song Huizong were transported back to Lin'an (now Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province). Song Gaozong buried him in Yongyou Mausoleum, and the temple was named Huizong.
During his reign, Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty extensively collected antiquities, calligraphy and paintings, expanded the Hanlin Painting Academy, and had civil servants compile books such as "Xuanhe Calligraphy Collection", "Xuanhe Painting Collection", and "Xuanhe Bogu Tu", etc. The art of painting has a great role in promoting and advocating. He is good at playing music, calligraphy and painting, singing and poetry. He wrote many works in his life, but they are all lost. Existing paintings include "Hibiscus Golden Pheasant", "Autumn Evening on the Pond", "Four Birds", "Returning to the Snow River" and other pictures. There is a collection of poems called "Song Huizong's Ci".
Before he became emperor, he was fond of calligraphy and painting, and interacted with painters such as Prince Consort Wang Shen and the royal family member Zhao Lingrang. After taking the throne, he was politically incompetent, but he made great achievements in calligraphy and painting, and made important contributions to the development of Chinese painting. One of them was the emphasis on and development of the Painting Academy. He established the painting school in the third year of Chongning (1104) and formally included it in the imperial examination in order to recruit painters from all over the world. The painting is divided into six categories: Buddhism and Taoism, figures, landscapes, birds and beasts, flowers and bamboos, and house wood. Ancient poems are selected as test questions. After admission, they are divided into "scholar stream" and "miscellaneous stream" according to their status, and they live in different places, are trained, and are constantly assessed. Those who enter the painting academy will be awarded titles such as painting studies, art studies, waiting for imperial edicts, only marquises, offerings, and painting students. At that time, the status of painters increased significantly, and they were higher than other artists in terms of clothing and salary. Such generous treatment, coupled with Huizong's guidance and care for the painting academy's creation as a calligrapher and painter, made the painting academy's creation most prosperous during this period. Under his instructions, the royal collection was greatly enriched, and the palace calligraphy and painting collections were compiled into "Xuanhe Calligraphy Book" and "Xuanhe Painting Book", which have become important materials for studying the history of ancient painting today.
Zhao Ji's own creative style is not as meticulous and delicate as he requires the painters of the art academy, but prefers rough ink paintings. Among the works handed down from generation to generation, there are many signed works, but the paintings are more meticulous, such as "Auspicious Dragon Stone Picture", "Hibiscus Golden Pheasant Picture", "Listening to the Qin Picture", and "Snow River Returning to Chu" (the above are all hidden in The Palace Museum), "Auspicious Crane" (collected by Liaoning Provincial Museum), "Green Bamboo and Two Birds" (collected by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, USA) and other works have been recognized by experts as ghostwritten works by masters in the painting academy. Only the "Four Birds" volume collected by the Nelson Museum of Art in the United States and the "Willow Crows" volume collected by the Shanghai Museum have been identified as his own handwriting. Both paintings are ink on paper, with simple brushwork and no use of lead. The joy of nature. The "Autumn Evening on the Pond" collected by the National Palace Museum in Taipei also falls into this category.
The famous "Along the River During the Qingming Festival" is also related to this emperor of calligraphy and painting. After Zhang Zeduan completed this long scroll praising the peaceful and prosperous times, he first presented it to Song Huizong. Song Huizong therefore became the first collector of this painting. Huizong of the Song Dynasty, who was a master of calligraphy and painting in Chinese history, loved this painting so much that he inscribed the words "Along the River During the Qingming Festival" on the picture with his famous "thin gold style" calligraphy, and stamped it with the double dragon seal (now lost).
After the fall of the Northern Song Dynasty, the prosperous Huizong Xuanhe Painting Academy came to an end. Some painters from the painting academy gradually gathered in Lin'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, and were gradually restored to their positions in the painting academy and became directors of the Southern Song Dynasty Painting Academy. Backbone strength.
Li Tang, Liu Zonggu, Yang Shixian, Li Di, Li Anzhong, Su Hanchen, Zhu Rui, Li Congxun, etc. all fall into this situation. Although Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty was also politically secluded, he still attached great importance to calligraphy and painting. Especially later, he used painting to serve his politics and organized painters to create. Therefore, painting activities in the Southern Song Dynasty were mainly centered on the painting academy.
Zhao Ji’s representative works of poetry:
Yanshan Pavilion
Cut the ice silk, layer it several times, and pour it evenly with cold Yanzhi.
New makeup, gorgeous and fragrant, shameful to kill Ruizhu palace maid.
It is easy to wither, and even more so, ruthless wind and rain.
Sad. The leisure courtyard is desolate, and there are several spring twilights.
With so much hatred behind them, these two swallows have never been able to speak to anyone.
The sky is far away, the earth is far away, thousands of rivers and mountains, I know where the Forbidden City is.
Why don’t you think about it, except in dreams, sometimes you have been there.
No evidence. And dreams, sometimes don't do it.
Zhao Ji, Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty, was a famous faint emperor in Chinese history. His character is just as described in "Water Margin": "There is nothing that ordinary people do not understand, do not know how to do, and do not love. It is like playing music, chess, calligraphy and painting, and knows everything. Needless to say, he is good at playing football, playing bamboo and silk, singing and dancing." In terms of governing the country, he was mediocre and decadent, and he used treacherous people a lot. In terms of diplomacy, he was weak and incompetent, humiliating and tolerant, and finally became the leader of the Communist Party of China. He was a prisoner; in life, he was extravagant and extravagant. He believed in gods and asked Zhang Jiguang, the 30th generation of heavenly masters, many times for the secret of immortality. He also called himself the "Taojun Emperor". As a king, he also dug a tunnel from the palace to a brothel to have a private meeting with the famous prostitute Li Shishi. Song Huizong also liked playing football, antiques and jade, etc. These are all expressed in "Water Margin".
In fact, Song Huizong Zhao Ji was not completely useless as said in "Water Margin". He was a quite famous painter and calligrapher. He has made achievements and contributions in developing the art industry. The "thin gold script" he created has attracted much attention from calligraphers. Coins such as Chongning Grand View written in this font are favorite treasures among collectors. "History of Calligraphy" commented: "Huizong's cursive calligraphy is vigorous and elegant. He first learned from Xue Ji and changed his method. He called himself Thin Gold Calligraphy. His ideas are natural and cannot be traced." His paintings attach great importance to sketching. He is especially good at painting flowers and birds, with great emphasis on details, and is famous for his exquisite workmanship and lifelikeness. It is said that once the lychees in front of the Xuanhe Palace bore fruit, and peacocks pecked at the fallen lychees under the tree. Zhao Ji had a sudden impulse and ordered the painters to draw a picture of lychee and peacock for him to appreciate. After seeing the painter's work, he said dissatisfiedly: "Although you painted well, it's a pity that you all painted wrong. When a peacock climbs the mound, he usually raises his left foot first, but you painted him to raise his right foot first." At first, the painter We didn't believe it, but after repeated observations, it was just as Zhao Ji said. Another time he went to the Longde Palace to appreciate paintings and saw a rose. The painters were baffled and asked for advice. Song Huizong said that among the hundreds of flowers, only roses were rarely painted. The reason is that this flower is painted every month. It blooms once throughout the year, in the morning and dusk, and the shape and color of its petals, stamens, flowers and leaves will change. It is difficult to accurately grasp. The flower in this painting is a rose that blooms at noon in spring. It is difficult to accurately draw it. Like real flowers. The painters didn't believe it and asked the painter. The painter said: This painting is about the flowers blooming at noon in spring. This shows how meticulous his observations are. Therefore, his handed down paintings such as "Hibiscus Golden Pheasant", "Chikuang Autumn Evening", "Four Birds" and "Returning to the Snow River" can all be regarded as treasures. He also developed court painting, gathered a wide range of painters, created the Xuanhe Painting Academy, and trained a number of outstanding painters such as Wang Ximeng, Zhang Zeduan, and Li Tang. He also wrote the title himself, leaving a good story about "the smell of horseshoes after returning from a spring outing". He organized and compiled books such as "Xuanhe Calligraphy", "Xuanhe Painting", and "Xuanhe Bogutu". It is a precious historical book in the study of art history, and it still has extremely important reference value.
He believed in Taoism, did a lot of stupid things, and also did a lot of good things. He issued many edicts to search for Taoist books, set up economic bureaus, collated and collated Taoist books. The "Zhenghe Wanshou Taoist Canon" compiled during the Zhenghe period was the first "Taoist canon" to be fully published in our country. It is very important for the study of Taoist history and classics. Rare and precious historical materials.
The "History of Taoism" and "History of Immortals" he ordered to be compiled are also the largest histories of Taoism and biographies of Taoist deified figures in the history of our country. Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty also personally wrote books such as "Yu Zhu Dao De Jing", "Yu Zhu Chongxu Zhi De Zhen Jing" and "Nan Hua Zhen Jing Xiaoyao You Zhi Gui", which provided complete information for the study of Taoism in my country.