Calligraphy in a narrow sense refers to the methods and laws of writing Chinese characters with a brush. Including writing, calligraphy, stippling, structure, layout (distribution, lines, composition) and so on. For example, the pen refers to the palm and the five fingers are Qi Li; The pen carrying center is unfolded; Stippling is the same as a pen; The structure is shaped by words and echoes each other; The distribution is intricate, the density is appropriate, and the virtual and the real are born together, and the whole chapter is full of gas fields; Every word is ancient for literacy, and every word is big and small, and high is not as good as low.
Calligraphy in a broad sense refers to the writing rules of language symbols. In other words, calligraphy refers to writing with its brushwork, structure and composition according to the characteristics and significance of words, making it a beautiful work of art. With the development of cultural undertakings, calligraphy is not limited to using brush and writing Chinese characters, but its connotation has greatly increased. For example, in the use of tools, there are many kinds of pens, such as writing brushes, hard pens, computer instruments, spray gun branding tools, daily tools and so on. Pigments are not only black ink blocks, but also colored inks, adhesives, chemicals, paint glazes and so on. In the past, Four Treasures of the Study-pen, ink, paper, inkstone, its meaning has also been greatly expanded, and there are many varieties, too numerous to mention; From the way of writing, some people write with their hands, others with their feet, and many people write with other organs. Some people don't even use pens at all, such as "pointing at books" and "squeezing books". In terms of writing style, it is not a kind of Chinese characters, and some minority languages have also entered the calligraphy art world, and Mongolian is an example; From the point of view of style and composition, in addition to the authentic traditional calligraphy school, there is also an "Yi" school in China, which is called modern calligraphy. Innovating on the basis of traditional calligraphy, highlighting the word "change", integrating poetry, calligraphy and painting, striving for the unity of form and content, and making the work a masterpiece of "beauty in meaning, beauty in sound and beauty in form". In Japan, many calligraphers abandoned the language of writing and established the "image" of writing, and the school of "ink image" came into being to write various writing images with the weight of the pen, the opening and closing of Ji Xu and the nib, and the change of writing posture. Although this school of calligraphy emphasizes "image" and its writing is novel, not all Chinese characters are "image", so its development is limited. All these (of course, not only these) can be seen that calligraphy, like other things, is constantly developing and changing. This point must be highly valued by people in the calligraphy field.
Contemporary famous artists include Huang, Wei Tianchi and so on.
China's calligraphy is an ancient art, from Oracle Bone Inscriptions and inscriptions on bronze to Da Zhuan, Xiao Zhuan and Li Shu, and then to cursive script, regular script and running script in the Eastern Han Dynasty and Wei and Jin Dynasties. Calligraphy has always exuded artistic charm.
China's calligraphy has a long history, reflecting the spirit of the times with different styles, and the artistic youth is eternal. Browse the calligraphy of past dynasties, "Jin people like rhyme, Tang people like law, Song people like meaning, Yuan, Ming and Tai". Tracing back to the development of calligraphy for 3,000 years, we can clearly see that it keeps pace with the legal development of China society and strongly reflects the spiritual outlook of each era. Calligraphy art is a unique treasure in the world and a wonderful flower of Chinese culture. Calligraphy art is the most typical embodiment of the beauty of oriental art and the Excellence of oriental culture, and it is an artistic treasure that our nation will always be proud of. It has a profound mass base and artistic characteristics that no art in the world can match. The art of calligraphy is more and more favored by everyone.
The history of China's calligraphy can be divided into stages, with Yan Zhenqing in the Tang Dynasty as the dividing point, which was previously called "the evolution period of calligraphy style" and later called "the evolution period of style". In the evolution of calligraphy style, the main trend of calligraphy development is the evolution of calligraphy style, and the display of calligrapher's artistic style is often linked with calligraphy style. When the style changes, there is no need to create a new font. To this end, calligrapher Mei put forward the idea of "respecting meaning". The "style of writing" is fixed, while the "meaning" is alive, further strengthening the author's main role.
China is not the only country with calligraphy, but also Japan, South Korea and North Korea, all of which are influenced by China culture.
Japanese calligraphy is called Shu Dao. Originated in China. According to Japanese records, in the fifty-eighth year of Shen Ying, Wang Renjin, ambassador of Baekje Kingdom of Korea, presented ten volumes of The Analects of Confucius and one volume of Thousand-character Works, which was the beginning of the spread of Chinese characters to Japan (the exact year is unknown). But before that, I had a clear understanding of Chinese characters in my contact with China. It was a man named Wang Ren who arrived in Japan. He brought systematic Chinese characters and China classics, so this is the real beginning for Japanese people to learn Chinese. Later, the descendants of A Zhijun and Wang Ren assimilated into Japanese when they arrived in Japan, and became the eastern and western parts in the land of Yamato and Hanoi, serving as cleaners and cashiers of sacrifices. In the Tuguhun Dynasty, Japan established diplomatic relations with the Sui Dynasty, and brought China calligraphy with foreign students and returning monks.
After Japan, Wang Xizhi was worshipped, which greatly influenced the formation of Japanese calligraphy. In the later period, pseudonym calligraphy finally had its own characteristics.
Korean calligraphy originated from the writing form of Chinese characters, and each Chinese character is an imaginary square composed of lines with different shapes, all to express a unique meaning. Calligraphy has always been closely related to painting in Korea. They believe that painting is influenced by calligraphy from the perspective of strong and harmonious brushwork arrangement. Therefore, in Korea, the art of calligraphy is more valued than the art of painting. People often hang calligraphy works on the wall like paintings, appreciate every uniqueness of it like paintings, appreciate its ink charm, and appreciate the skill, backbone and charm of its whole layout.
Korean calligraphy has a long tradition. Koreans began to use Chinese characters to express their wishes or behaviors in the second or third century AD. Even after 1446 created Korean alphabet Chinese characters, Chinese characters are still used as official characters. It is understood that since then, China literature has been taught in the Royal Academy and state-owned institutions of higher learning. Calligraphy has a long history. In many centuries, countless nobles and artists have made outstanding efforts to promote the art of calligraphy. Unfortunately, after many foreign invasions and internal disputes, few ancient calligraphy works have been preserved so far. Especially the seven-year war between Toyotomi Hideyoshi and the Japanese army at the end of 16, which caused many deaths and caused serious damage to historical stone tablets and cultural relics all over the Korean peninsula. So there are less than 20 surviving calligraphy works belonging to the pre-war era.
There is even less information about the height of calligraphy art in Baekje Kingdom in Southwest China. Judging from the high level and exquisite works of art of the literati in this kingdom, it is likely that they have reached a quite mature level in calligraphy. During the period of 1972, many cultural relics with important archaeological value were found in the tomb of King Wuning and Queen Wuning, which was accidentally discovered by Zhou Gong, the ancient capital of Baekje in central Korea. One of the square stone tablets is rare for calligraphers and epitaphs. This stone tablet was placed at the entrance of this tomb in the sixth century, similar to the contract to buy a piece of land from the underground gods in order to build this tomb. The Chinese characters carved on the stone tablet have beautiful fonts, showing high technology.
In the subsequent era of great unification and Silla, many calligraphers, such as Jin Sheng and Cui Zhiyuan, appeared because of advocating the culture of the prosperous Tang Dynasty in China. Their fonts basically follow the calligraphy masters Ou Yangxun and Yu Shinan. Another master of calligraphy, Wang Xizhi, is also highly respected, and his cursive script is widely copied by people. However, the Ou Yangxun style spread from Silla Kingdom, with square fonts, still dominated the Korean era until about 1350.
The most famous calligrapher in the Korean era was Kim Jong-hye, a realist. Jin Zhenghui is an outstanding calligrapher and scholar. He established a style called "Autumn History School". His calligraphy was born out of China's official script, but its layout is full of painting feeling, and he is good at seeing harmony in asymmetry, and his brushwork is extremely powerful, which makes his words full of vitality. Because of these talents, he finally created his own vivid and powerful style.
In Korea, learning calligraphy is considered to be a necessary process for cultivated people to cultivate their sentiments. The practical function of calligraphy as a means of writing or transmitting information is often not as important as the philosophical significance contained in writing quality. In South Korea, as in China and Japan, calligraphy is regarded as an elegant art, and calligraphers are respected by people. Although Korean calligraphy organizations don't have a complete system like China's, Korean calligraphy folk organizations are very popular and have frequent activities. The Korea Haidong Research Association, which hosted our visit to Korea, is an excellent non-governmental organization. Haidong Calligraphy Research Association was established in August 197 1, with over 200 large-scale calligraphy activities and numerous international calligraphy exchanges, which is really commendable for a non-governmental organization. Mr. Jin Dongyuan, the president, is an outstanding calligrapher with great influence in Korean calligraphy. Mr. Jin advocates tradition and attaches importance to foundation. His handwriting is sometimes close to seal script, sometimes close to official script, or consider the choice between the two. It can be said that he has a strange change, is personable, and does whatever he wants without overstepping the bounds.