Pacify the coup and recall Lv Xiang.
In 252 BC, after the death of King Xiaowen, different people succeeded King Zhuang Xiang to the throne. In 247 BC, King Zhuang Xiang died, and then Ying Zheng succeeded to the throne. At this time, Ying Zheng was only 13 years old, and everything was taken care of by her mother (empress dowager) and Lv Buwei. Lv Buwei not only inherited Guo Xiang, but also won the title of "Guan Zhong".
In 239 BC, Ying Zheng was 2 1 year old. According to the rules of the state of Qin, a coronation ceremony will be held next year to listen to politics in person.
Just then, two unexpected things happened. One is the publication of Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, and the other is Lao Ai's coup plot. This is the first severe test faced by young Ying Zheng.
As the prime minister of the two dynasties, Lv Buwei was a regent for eight years, and his power was hot. He recruited "three thousand guests", wrote a book and compiled a book "Lv Chunqiu". This book advocates that the world is public; Advocate the inaction of the monarch; Oppose absolute monarchy; Advocate moral education; Advocating world unification. These five points, the first four points are absolutely opposite to legalist theory and legalist policy. Ying Zheng is the inheritor of the rule of law tradition and the executor of legalist policy. Ying Zheng certainly cannot tolerate the existence of Lv Buwei.
Lao Ai was originally the Scheeren of Lv Buwei. Lv Buwei introduced him to Ying Zheng's mother, the Queen Mother, and pretended to be a eunuch. He was very popular with the Queen Mother. It was named as Changxinhou, and was also named as Yang Shan (southeast of Taihang Mountain, now Xiuwu area in Henan Province) and Hexi and Taiyuan counties, which increased their power for a while. He also conspired with the Queen Mother to make the illegitimate child his heir after Ying Zheng's death. Ying Zheng knew about the plot, but his face was expressionless.
In April of the 9th year of the Qin Dynasty (238 BC), Ying Zheng went to the ancient capital, Jingui Palace (now Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province) to hold a coronation ceremony. Lao Ai took this opportunity to steal the imperial seal of the King of Qin and the imperial seal of the Empress Dowager, and staged a coup in Xianyang. The rebels were preparing to March to the Palace of Prayer for the Year, but Ying Zheng, who had long been alert, found out and immediately ordered Prime Minister Lv Buwei, Chang Pingjun and Chang Wenjun to attack the rebels. The two armies fought in Xianyang, the rebels broke up and Lao Ai fled. Lao Ai and others were quickly arrested and brought to justice. Miao poison cracked the car and destroyed three of them.
A year later, Ying Zheng borrowed Lv Buwei to be related to the coup, which only relieved him of his post as prime minister. Another year passed, and Ying Zheng wrote another letter, saying, "What did you do for Qin? Qin Yu eats 100,000 households. Why did you kiss Qin? The name is Guan Zhong. " Will move to Shu with his family. Lv Buwei knew he was desperate, so he killed himself by drinking poisoned wine.
Ying Zheng, king of Qin, successfully eliminated these two hostile forces in two years after he took office. Then, he set out to rectify the civil and military ranks and formulate a strategic policy.
Outward, attack and destroy the six countries.
Ying Zheng's staff * * * has more than 20 people, including the national commander Wei Chou, who is responsible for planning and commanding the military; Li Si is a long history, assisting Andy in his work; Wang Jian, Wang Ben, Wu Meng and Meng Tiandu are children of the family and can be good at fighting; Yao Jia is weak and good at rhetoric and improvisation. This is a well-equipped team dominated by legalists.
There are basically two strategic guidelines for Ying Zheng: First, continue to implement the policy of "making friends far away and attacking near" formulated by Fan Ju, Prime Minister of Qin Zhao. The second is to use a scatterometer. That is to say, by combining bribery, assassination and military strikes, the relationship between the six countries will deteriorate, the resistance forces of various countries will be disintegrated, and finally the goal of annexation will be achieved one by one.
After the king of Qin put down the civil strife, he was ready to start destroying the six eastern countries.
In 23 1 year BC, South Korea was forced to cede the rest of Nanyang land to Qin, so please be a "vassal". In the second year, Qin rebelled against Qin under the pretext of the "union" of Han, Zhao and Wei, and sent the imperial court to attack South Korea, capture An, build South Korea as Yingchuan County, and South Korea perished. In 225 BC, Qin sent troops to attack Wei, surrounded the girder (now Kaifeng, Henan), dug up the levee of the Yellow River gap and poured it into the girder. Three months later, Daliang City was destroyed, Wang Wei was captured, and Wei, the strongest country in the early Warring States period, perished. In 224 BC, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, wanted to destroy Chu in one fell swoop. But he was defeated by Xiang Yan, the general of Chu State, for underestimating his enemy. The king of Qin had to ask Wang Jian to come out. In 223 BC, Wang Jian finally defeated the Chu army, and Chu killed Xiang Yan. Then Wang Jian led an army to attack Shouchun, the capital of Chu, and captured the king of Chu alive. The demise of Chu.
Since King Wuling of Zhao carried out military reform and adopted "Khufu riding and shooting", his national strength has been greatly improved. From 236 BC to 232 BC, Qin and Zhao fought four wars, each winning and losing, but Zhao's strength was further weakened. In 229 BC, Qin attacked Zhao again, and Zhao fell into the trap of Qin. Three months later, Wang Jian defeated Zhao, and Zhao Gongzi fled with hundreds of people and became king on his own. In 222 BC, Wang Gui, the general of the Qin Dynasty, returned to Dai Jun and captured Jia, the acting king. Zhao all perished.
In 228 BC, Yan Taizi Dan sent Jing Ke to assassinate Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, but the result was unsuccessful. In 227 BC, the king of Qin sent Wang Jian to attack the state of Yan. Yan and Dai joined forces to resist and were defeated by Qin Jun. In 222 BC, Qin sent Wang Ben to attack Liaodong and captured the prince. The state of Yan perished.
When the State of Qin was busy destroying Korea, Wei, Chu, Zhao and Yan, the State of Qi neither helped other countries to resist the State of Qin, nor trimmed its combat readiness. It was content with the status quo and dragged out an ignoble existence. In 22 1 year BC, after Wang Ben, the general of Qin dynasty, destroyed Yan, he turned to the south to attack Qi, and won the first world war, and Qi was captured. The state of Qi perished.
Qin destroyed Korea in 230 BC, until 22 1 BC, and destroyed the six eastern countries in the first decade.
The new system of respecting the law is called the first emperor system.
In 22 1 year BC, Ying Zheng just unified the whole country. In order to show off his achievements in unifying the world and establish supreme authority, the king of Qin established the title of "emperor" and called himself the first emperor. He also announced that his descendants will be called II, III and even eternity, which will be passed down from generation to generation.
(1) Establish the orthodoxy of the Qin Dynasty. In order to prove the orthodoxy of the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shihuang believed that the Qin Dynasty had "water virtue". At the same time, in order to formally announce the establishment of a unified country to the people of the whole country, Qin Shihuang also solemnly promulgated a new "new moon", that is, the first day of October is the beginning of a year. In order to make his throne recognized by the gods of heaven and earth, Qin Shihuang also solemnly went to Mount Tai to hold a meditation ceremony. This established the orthodox position of the Qin Dynasty.
(2) establish centralization. Qin Shihuang adopted the idea of Tingwei Lisi and divided the whole country into 36 counties. In order to centralize all power in the central government, Qin Shihuang established a complete set of administrative institutions throughout the country.
The central organization, headed by the Emperor, consists of three officials and nine ministers.
The ruling institutions established by Qin Shihuang, from the central government to the county, from the county to the county, from the county to the township, from the township to the pavilion, Li, Shi and Wu, were controlled at different levels, and the whole power was concentrated in the central government and then concentrated in the emperor through the central government. All ministers and county chiefs are appointed and removed by the emperor.
(3) Promulgating a unified system. During the Warring States period, due to the separatist regime of governors, various systems were not unified, and the unified country changed this chaotic state.
4 unify the law. After the reunification of Qin Shihuang, unified laws were promulgated on the basis of Shang Yang's political reform.
⑤ Unified measurement. After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, he adopted the standard of weights and measures formulated by Shang Yang, and promoted it as a unified system throughout the country.
⑥ Unified currency. After Qin Shihuang unified China, he divided the currency into two categories: gold as the superior currency and Pei as the unit; The next currency is a round coin, and the unit is half a tael.
⑦ Unified writing. After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, based on Qin Zhuan, standardized Chinese characters appeared for the first time: variant characters were abolished; Unify the form of radical; Fixed the position of the radical; Specifies the number of strokes in the font. Seal script and official script are used all over the country.
In addition, the land system has also been unified. In 2 16 BC, private ownership of land was established.
Qin Shihuang spent 50 years from birth to death. /kloc-he succeeded to the throne at the age of 0/3, took charge at the age of 22, and unified China at the age of 39. His life activities had a great influence on history, from the age of 22 to the end of 28. In these 28 years, he has made great contributions and made serious mistakes.
Qin Shihuang's meritorious service lies in eliminating the melee situation of the drama, and laying the scale of a unified and centralized feudal country. In the process of completing the great cause of reunification, Qin Shihuang's personal role is manifested in the following four points: first, he complied with the requirements of historical development and catered to the wishes of the broad masses of people; Second, be good at finding talents and use them boldly; Third, be brave in correcting mistakes; The fourth is practice.
Qin Shihuang's fault lies in that after reunification, he not only failed to continue the good situation, but went against the wishes of the people at that time, causing serious damage to the people's production and life.