The legend of Wang Xing:
Legend has it that Hou Ji's mother's name is Jiang Yuan. Once she went to the wild and saw the footprints of a huge person. She was very curious because she had never seen such huge footprints. She walked over and stepped on the huge footprint to see how much bigger it was than her own foot. Who knows this step pregnant, and later gave birth to a boy. Jiang Yuan thought the boy was unlucky, so she threw him into the street, hoping that passing horses and cattle would trample him to death. Unexpectedly, the cows and horses took a detour when they saw the children. Jiang Yuan tried to throw him into the forest again, but there were people everywhere she went, so she didn't throw him. Finally, Jiang Yuan came to a canal. It was winter and the water in the canal froze. Jiang Yuan put him on the ice and tried to freeze him to death. Just then, another big bird flew over and lay on the ice, warming the child with its huge wings. Jiang Yuan thought that the child was protected by the gods and was not an ordinary person, so she gave up her plan to abandon him and took him home to raise him. Because the child was abandoned from the beginning, the child's name was abandoned.
Abandoned because he was good at planting grains, he was promoted to be an agricultural teacher during Emperor Yao's reign. After Shun succeeded to the throne, he was given the title of Hou Ji in Taitai (now southwest of Wugong County, Shaanxi Province).
In the third generation after Hou Ji, a man named Gong Liu appeared in the surname of Ji, which made the surname of Ji develop rapidly. This is the early stage of the establishment of the Yin and Shang Dynasties.
In the ninth generation after Gongliu, there was another person in the Ji tribe named Gu's father. At that time, local Rongdi people often invaded the Ji clan. In order to avoid conflict with them, Gu's father led the tribe to migrate from the southwest of Xunyi County in Shaanxi Province to the foot of Qishan (northeast of Qishan County in Shaanxi Province). In ancient times, the Duke of Fu Xuan led the tribe to build walled houses here, and established a bureaucracy to manage tribal affairs, thus gaining the scale of the country.
The grandson of Gu's father is the famous Jichang in history. At the time of Shang Zhouwang's brutal rule, he was a kind-hearted corporal, which formed a sharp contrast. Jizhou's strength continued to develop, and it successively conquered some small countries around it, and moved its capital to Fengyi (now the west bank of Fenghe River in the northwest of Chang 'an County, Shaanxi Province). When I arrived in Ji Fa, Zhou Wuwang, I finally overthrew the Shang Dynasty and established the Zhou Dynasty.
There are many brothers, one of whom is Gao, 15 the son of King Wen. High-tech played an important role in the destruction of merchants by King Wu and the political life in the early Zhou Dynasty. After King Wu destroyed the Shang Dynasty, he held a grand ceremony to enter the DPRK. After entering the city, Gao Ji was ordered to open the prison of Shang Dynasty and release the people held there. Then he took over the institution in charge of musical etiquette in Shang Dynasty. Therefore, when the vassal was enfeoffed, it was enfeoffed to Bi (now northwest of Xianyang, Shaanxi), so it was also called Bi. King Wu became king after his death. When he died as a king, he called and assisted Prince Zhao. When a king died, the prince stood up for Kang Wang.
I don't know how many generations later, Bi's descendants lost their titles and fiefs, became civilians, and some even went to ethnic minority residential areas. It's just that their surnames vary from place to place-Bi. In the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, Bi Wan, a descendant of Bi, came to the State of Jin, which made the family named Bi Ji flourish again. At that time, Jin Xiangong was in the state of Jin, and Bi Wan was a policeman under Jin Xiangong. In the 16th year of Jin Xiangong (66 BC1), Bi Wan and Zhao Su joined forces to attack Huo, Geng and Wei and wiped them out.
Bi Wan was made a doctor and sealed in Wei State (now Ruicheng County, Shanxi Province). From then on, Bi Wan and his descendants took the fief as their surname and changed their surname to Wei. In political struggles again and again, Wei helped Jinshi and strengthened himself. Finally, the state of Jin was divided by Korea, Zhao and Wei, and the state of Jin perished.
The State of Wei, founded by Wei, has always been one of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period. The last monarch of Wei was captured and Wei died. In the fourth year after Wei's death, the Qin dynasty unified the world, and the descendants of Wei were scattered all over the country, called the Wangs. From then on, they took Wang as their surname.
Li is the largest surname in China today, and it is also the largest surname in the world. Li is from Henan. Lu Yi, called Guxian in ancient times, has been under the jurisdiction of Chen Di since ancient times. It is the birthplace of Lao Zi (Li Er), a great thinker, philosopher and founder of Taoist school in ancient China.
There is a very legendary story about the origin and ancestor of Li's surname in li yanshou's Preface to the History of the North in the Tang Dynasty and Ouyang Xiu's and Song Qi's Book of the New Tang Dynasty in the Northern Song Dynasty: Li's surname originated from the won surname, and he is a descendant of Levin, one of the five emperors in the Biography of Zhuan Xu. He was once the king of Dali, and his successors assumed the post of king of Dali, taking the official position as his surname and Li as his surname. At the end of Shang Dynasty, Li's descendants angered her by telling this story and were killed. Li Zheng's wife, Qi He, and her family are from the State of Chen. Qi He and her family fled back to the State of Chen with their son Loretta Lee. When they arrived at Houyi Market, the mother and son were hungry and ate Mu Zi (the fruit of the tree) to save their lives. In order to thank and avoid the pursuit, Li Zhen concealed her original surname, because "Li" and "Li" are homonyms, and changed her surname to Li, which is the ancestor of Li. Mother and son returned to Chen State and settled in Guxian County, not far from Chen. He also married the daughter of Chen and his family, and gave birth to the doctor Chang Zu. Li Chang was born in Tongde, the great-grandson of Tongde, and was granted a fief in Kuxian by Zhou Kangwang. Li Shuozong's fifth grandson, Li Gan, served as an ancient consultant in the Western Zhou Dynasty, married a longevity baby girl and gave birth to Li Er. "Historical Records" contains: "I was born in Qurenli, Chuku County, and my surname is Li. His name is Er, and the word Yong is the history of Zhou Shoucang. " Some ancient books said that old Gigi Lai was Loretta Lee's 1 1 grandchild, and some surname books said that Loretta Lee was Lao Tzu's sixth ancestor.
There is another saying that is more mythical. "Justice in Historical Records" quoted the mysterious article as saying: "Mother Li was pregnant for 81 years and lived happily under the plum tree, but she was born with her left armpit cut off." According to historical research, Laozi "was born to refer to Li Shu because he thought it was his surname." There are still folklore in Lu Yi today. Mother Li was pregnant for 8 1 year and gave birth under the plum tree. Li Er was a white-haired old man when he was born. Mother Li shouted "my old son", hence the name "Lao Zi". As soon as Lao Zi was born, she pointed to the plum tree and recognized her surname as Li.
The above story about the origin of Li's surname is so vivid and legendary that it will inevitably arouse the suspicion of future generations. Historians believe that these legends originated in the Tang Dynasty, which enhanced the family status of Li Tang's imperial clan. They are subjective and speculative, so their credibility is not high. In addition, it is doubtful whether the figures before Laozi, such as Li Zheng and Loretta Lee, can not be found in the ancient books of the pre-Qin period.
So, what is the real origin of Li's surname?
Actually, the origin of Li's surname is not complicated, but it has nothing to do with the legend of "Li Shu" or "Eating". Li's surname is Li, and his ancestors were officials in Dali. Later generations took the official as their surname. Lee, or Richter scale, existed before the Spring and Autumn Period. Because Li and Li have the same pronunciation, the surname Li was created during the Warring States Period. As early as the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it has been verified in Wang Fu's "A Thousand Commandments on Zhi Shi" and Ying Shao's "Custom Shi" that Li and Li have the same pronunciation, but there is no mention of eating Li instead of eating Li, which shows that there are no myths and legends in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Li's surname originated in the Spring and Autumn Period and was very common in the Warring States Period. There was a Richter scale in the Spring and Autumn Period, which was recorded by Rick, Li Li and others. Rick is a minister, Rigg is an official of Lu, and Li is Zheng's doctor. Li Er, Li Li, Li Kui, Bing, Li Mu, Li Si, etc. It is the characters written by Li in the Warring States Period, and their footprints are all over the world. It is particularly noteworthy that Li Li, Li Li and Li Si are law enforcement ministers, which have the same meaning as "Li (Li)". Li Li was from Dali when she was in Jin Wengong. In the early years of the Warring States, he presided over the political reform of Wei, but he was an advocate of the political reform movement in the Warring States. The legal classics he formulated are masterpieces of the previous generation and have had an important impact on the laws of later generations. Li Si, a former Tingwei of Qin State, was in charge of Qin law and was the main planner of Qin law and politics. Li's early judicial theory and practice inherited the historical tradition of the Li family.
Hao Tao, the ancestor of Li surname, and the branch of Won surname.
Most books on surnames since the Eastern Han Dynasty trace Li's surname back to and regard it as Li's distant ancestor. So what kind of historical figure is Hao Tao?
Hao Tao is also recorded in ancient history books. He is a figure in ancient historical legends. Like many legends, he is not only a real tribal leader, but also represents the name of a tribe. Hao Tao lived in the era of Yao, Shun and Yu. There is an article "Mo" in Shangshu, which describes many remarks made by , Shun and Yu when discussing politics. According to Records of Historical Records Xia Benji, Hao Tao almost became the emperor after Shun Yu. Qin Shihuang intended to meditate in Hao Tao, but he gave up because of Hao Tao's death. These legends reflect the prominent position and influence of Hao Tao before the Xia Dynasty.
During the Shundi period, Hao Tao's official position was "Dali". According to legend, "Hao Tao was punished" was the founder of China's criminal law. Legend has it that Hao Tao specially trained a strange unicorn named Touch. This strange beast has a special function, which is to distinguish good from evil. As soon as it meets a guilty person, it will collide with a sharp one-horned horn; When you find out who is lying, you will feel angry and afraid. Hao Tao used this strange beast to solve the case. Myth is a myth after all, but this fairy tale has brought people to distant ancient times, as if seeing Hao Tao's upright and decisive image.
Real name Yan, his son Boyi, was given the surname Yuan. There are many branches of Korean surnames, among which Zhao, Xu, Huang, Jiang and Qin are the most popular surnames in China today.
Zhao was formed in the Western Zhou Dynasty, with Boyi as the ancestor and Zhao Fu as the ancestor. Zhao Fu was a famous horse-riding expert in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and Zhou Muwang named him Zhao Cheng. From then on, people in Zaofu took Zhao as their surname. When he was here, Zhao's descendants Sun took Zhou away, and from then on, Zhao's descendants became Jin doctors. In the early years of the Warring States, Zhao joined Wei and Han to divide Jin and established Zhao. Zhao was destroyed by Qin, and the royal family and ordinary people all took the country as their surname and called it Zhao.
At the end of Shang Dynasty and the beginning of Zhou Dynasty, Huang established the State of Huang in Huangchuan, Henan Province. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Chu dominated the world, and only Huang and Sui dared to compete with it. In 648 BC, Huang was destroyed by the State of Chu. After the national subjugation, the descendants of the State of Huang took the country name as their surname and became Huang.
Xu is a descendant of Ruomu, the son of Boyi. Boyi actively assisted Dayu in water control. Apart from officially changing his surname to Yuan, Shundi married his own local woman Yao, and later gave birth to two sons, the youngest of whom was Ruomu. Because of his father's meritorious service, he was named Xu and established Xu Zhou. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Xu was destroyed by the State of Wu, and the descendants of Xu were called Xu.
The surname of Qin won, and there was a man named Boyi's descendants. Fei Zi, an illegitimate child, was named the vassal state of Longxi by Zhou, and was later given the surname of Qin. Qin later became the leader of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States, further unifying the whole country. After the Qin dynasty was destroyed, the descendants of the royal family took the country as their surname, which was called Qin family.
Jiang won. Boyi has been passed down for more than ten generations. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, Boyi's descendants were sealed in the river, and in the Spring and Autumn Period, they were destroyed by Chu, so their descendants took the country as their surname and Jiang as their surname. Jiang Guo is now in Zhengyang County, Henan Province.
In addition, there is Ma Shi from Korea. Ma Shi was formed at the end of the Warring States Period and was subordinate to Zhao. His ancestor was Zhao She. Zhao She was a native of Zhao in the Warring States Period. He was a general of Zhao, and was named Ma Fujun for his work. Zhao She's descendants thought that his surname was Ma Su, but later he saved it as Ma Su.
The establishment of Li and Tang Dynasties and the prosperity of Li in Longxi
In the old days, Li surnamed family ancestral temple often hung two couplets: one was "Longxi clan, a celebrity under the column." The second is "spreading morality and attaching importance to fame." In addition to eulogizing Lao Zi, the ancestor of Li, the first couplet mentioned Li Guang, a flying general, and Shili, a poet from Longxi who started the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and the next couplet mentioned Li Bai, a poet from Longxi who was also Shili. Li's celebrities came forth in large numbers, creating a glorious history.
Biography of Laozi in Historical Records describes Laozi as "the dragon sees the head without the tail", but it records the family history of Laozi's descendants in great detail: Laozi's son is a famous clan, and the clan is Jiang Wei. Zongzi's note, note uterus, Gong Xuansun's leave, and Li Danghan's leave as an official when he was Emperor Wendi. Li Jue's son, Li Jie, works as a teacher in Jiaoxi, so he lives in Qi. It can be seen that a family of Li moved to Shandong in the Western Han Dynasty. According to the records in the Genealogy of New Tang Dynasty and the Genealogy of Prime Ministers, Li Er's eighth grandson moved to Zhao and Qin during the Warring States Period, and this school was divided into two factions. One is the eldest son, who used to be the prefect of Longxi and the duke of Nanzheng, living in Longxi, and later became the ancestor of Longxi Li. One is the fourth son, who lives in Zhao county and becomes the ancestor of Li in Zhao county. These two men are rich and have become famous families. Later, Li Mu, a general of Zhao State, a general at the end of Qin Dynasty, Li Jifu, a minister of Tang Dynasty, Li Deyu and Li, a writer, appeared. Longxi Li has been living in Longxi, Gansu, and has been an official for generations. His grandson Li trusted General Qin and named him Hou of Longxi. Xin Li's descendant Li Guang, his sons Li Jiao and Li Gan, and his grandson Li Ling were all generals of the Western Han Dynasty. In the Sixteen Kingdoms period, 16 Sun Yili of Li Guang established the kingdom of Xiliang. Li Yong's 16 grandchild is Tang Gaozu Liyuan.
In 6 18, Li Yuan founded the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty was the heyday of China's feudal society. As the most prominent surname in the "national surname", Li's surname flourished in the Tang Dynasty, so the Tang Dynasty was also the golden age in the history of Li's development.
In the Tang Dynasty, Li Guigui was the "national surname", and the reproduction of Li's population showed unprecedented prosperity. There are two main reasons for Li's rapid population expansion. The first reason is that the descendants of Li Tang imperial clan are very rich. The special political status of Li Tang imperial clan created favorable conditions for its development and reproduction. There were 19 emperors in the Tang Dynasty. The emperor has many wives and concubines, and naturally he has many sons. These princes were enfeoffed to various places and became local nobles. In addition, there are dozens of prime ministers of Li, each of whom has become one, and the descendants have multiplied, which has also expanded a lot of population for Li. The second reason for Li's population expansion is giving his surname. In order to consolidate their rule, people with foreign surnames were often given "national surnames" by means of praise, pet and knot, which made them more loyal to the dynasty, which also added many new members to the Li Dynasty. Because the supreme status of the "national surname" is also an unparalleled honor for those who are given the surname. According to historical records, in the Tang Dynasty, the Han nationality had surnames such as Xu, Tai, An, Du, Hu, Hong, Guo, Ma, Zhang, Dong and Luo, and the minority nationalities had surnames such as Xianyu, Abu, Relibu and Zhu.
After Li got great development in the Tang Dynasty, his descendants began to spread to the whole country. Li Bai, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, once wrote a poem saying, "I have a million branches and leaves all over Zhongzhou." It can be seen that by the Tang Dynasty, Li's surname had been widely distributed. In the Song Dynasty, there were about 5.6 million people surnamed Li, accounting for 7.2% of the national population, ranking second only to Wang Xing in the Song Dynasty. The distribution in China is mainly concentrated in Hebei, Sichuan, Henan and Shandong, and the four provinces account for about 44% of Li's total population. In the Ming Dynasty, there were about 565,438+million people surnamed Li, accounting for about 5.5% of the national population. Li was the third surname after Wang and Zhang in Ming Dynasty, mainly distributed in Jiangxi, Shanxi and Shandong provinces. At present, the population of Li nationality has reached more than 95 million, ranking first in the country, accounting for about 7.9% of the national population. At present, its distribution in China is mainly concentrated in Henan, Sichuan and Shandong provinces. Today, Li has spread all over every land of the Chinese nation and even every corner of the world.
It is the ancestral home of Li, Chen, Hu, Tian, Sun, Yao and Yuan, and also the ancestral home of Xie, Chen Yuan, He, Yin, Ying and Wan. If you add up these surnames, the figures will be amazing. Surnames and families from Chen Chu, as the main sources of Chinese blood, have merged into the vast river of the Chinese nation and made great contributions to the formation and development of national culture. The blood of the Chinese nation is thicker than water, and the descendants of China are connected by blood. Chen's rich surname cultural resources have attracted many Chinese at home and abroad to come to Chen to seek roots and worship their ancestors.
Zhao is the first of hundreds of surnames in China, and its history can be traced back to the times. In this legend, there is a man named Zhao Fu, who is a driver in Zhou Wenwang. In the era of Wang Ping, dogs invaded Luoyang, and Wang Ping was absent. Zhao Fu walked 800 miles a day and took Wang Ping back to Luoyang to quell the rebellion. Later, as a reward, a city named Zhao was sealed, and it became a surname. This is the origin of Zhao. Later, the city was located in the State of Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period, because Zhao Shuai (Cui) and Zhong Er were exiled prime ministers (time? )。 More famous is the later established Zhao Dynasty-Song Dynasty, which formulated hundreds of surnames. And the legendary story of a glass of wine returning to the field and the sound of candles and axes. It is a big surname with many historical stories.