In the first year of Shunzhi (1644), the Qing Dynasty moved its capital to the Pass, and the Shengjing Palace became the capital palace second only to the Forbidden City in Beijing. From the 11th to the 13th year of Qianlong's reign (1746-1748), for the needs of Emperor Qianlong and his accompanying empress dowager and concubines, two additional palaces, the East Palace and the West Palace, were built on both sides of the original middle road building of the Shengjing Palace. , so that the Shengjing Palace has the functions of the former emperor's old palace and the emperor's palace. Not only that, according to the existing archives, Emperor Qianlong transported various collections to the Shengjing Palace on a large scale several times. In order to collect various treasures in the palace and items used by the Qing emperors and empresses, Emperor Qianlong placed various items in front and behind the Chongzheng Hall of the Shengjing Palace. Feilong and Xiangfeng Pavilions, East and West Qijian Pavilions, Shishan and Xiezhongzhai Pavilions, Rihua and Xiaqi Pavilions were newly built and renovated. Jingdian and Chongmo Pavilions were built after Dongsuo and Xisuo. From the 43rd to 48th year of Qianlong's reign (1778-1783), the etiquette system was improved, the royal ancestral temple flourished, and the royal ancestral temple collected jade treasures and jade albums from emperors and empresses of the past dynasties. The royal ancestral temple Shengjing Taimiao was moved to the left of the Qing Gate; for the purpose of self-cultivation and collected important cultural classics such as "Sikuquanshu" and "Collection of Ancient and Modern Books". On the west side of Shengjing Palace, buildings such as West Road Jiayin Hall, Stage, Wensu Pavilion, Yangxi Zhai, and Jiujian Hall were built. Shengjing Palace became one of the three major royal treasuries, as famous as the Forbidden City in Beijing and the Chengde Summer Resort.
Exterior view of Jiujian Palace
During the Qianlong period, various treasures collected and stored in the Shengjing Palace were transferred from the Forbidden City in Beijing. There are many records in the correspondence files between the yamen of the Ministry of Industry and Commerce. Sometimes the items were sent more than 20 times in a year. The items sent each time ranged from a few to dozens to hundreds to thousands. pieces, the most at one time was 100,000 pieces. According to the archives, the larger ones are:
In the eighth year of Qianlong's reign (1743), more than a thousand large and small gold bowls, gold plates, copper bowls and copper plates were sent; In 1779, 100,000 pieces of porcelain of various colors were given to Emperor Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong; in the eighth and forty-third years of Qianlong's reign, various types of bows, arrows, knives, spears, saddles, armors, sledges, etc. were given to the emperor respectively. Dozens of objects; in the eleventh year of Qianlong (1746), dozens of imperial calligraphy and paintings, as well as calligraphy and paintings handed down by famous masters of the past dynasties were given to him; in the fifty-second year of Qianlong (1787), hundreds of imperial calligraphy and paintings, as well as calligraphy and paintings handed down by famous masters of all dynasties were given to him, etc. wait.
Panpipes, musical instruments of the Qing Dynasty
Emperor Qianlong conveyed decrees many times and personally presided over the delivery and storage of a large number of palace utensils and works of art to the Shengjing Palace. The purpose was probably as follows:< /p>
First, send and store practical items, furnishings, and various items used in sacrifices and celebrations used by the emperor and concubines of the Qing Dynasty, in preparation for the emperor and empress visiting the Shengjing Palace and Shengjing Palace during their eastward tour. The mausoleum holds various ceremonies and is used during the stay of the Shengjing Palace. These include palace furnishings, royal utensils, clothing, imperial ritual books, musical instruments, etc.
Secondly, in accordance with the various needs of the Qing Dynasty’s national etiquette system, various imperial treasure books, legal documents and royal archives were collected to enhance the noble status of the Shengjing Palace. During the Qianlong period, the country's various ritual systems had been completed, and more and more national treasures were made to meet the needs of the ritual system. The collection of national treasures was actually the need to safeguard national power and status. Starting from the Qianlong period, Hongli issued a decree to send the jade treasures and jade books (posthumous treasures and posthumous books) of the emperors and queens of the dynasty, the "Records", "Hadith" and holy faces of the emperors of the dynasty to Aixinjue. The genealogy books of the Luo family and Jueluo, the "Jade Certificate", and various official secret archives and documents of the Qing Dynasty were successively sent to the Shengjing Palace for storage.
Third, the collection in the prosperous times, the royal family alone, opens up a safe royal treasure collection place to better store the art treasures of the past dynasties collected by the royal family in the mid-Qing Dynasty and various newly made royal utensils. In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the state power was increasingly consolidated, the society was stable, and the economy was prosperous. The so-called "Kangxi and Qianlong Era" appeared. During the Qianlong period, more and more national treasures from past dynasties were collected in the palace. In addition to famous paintings and antiques from past dynasties, there were also various imperial kilns and imperial workshops set up by the imperial government to specialize in the production of porcelain, calligraphy, painting, and sculpture for the royal family. There are various treasures such as wares, enamelware, embroidery and books.
Fourth, continue to send and store bows and arrows, swords and guns, sledges, armor, saddles and bridles used by the Qing emperors, in order to maintain and inherit the Qing Dynasty’s national policy of advocating martial arts. "Guoyu cavalry and archery" was an established national policy of the Qing Dynasty, and the emperor's family took the lead in setting the example. Therefore, all emperors of the Qing Dynasty owned royal bows, swords, swords and other military equipment. During the Qianlong Dynasty, the emperor's bows, arrows, swords and guns were stored in Shengjing to show his purpose of "not forgetting the fundamentals".
According to the "Inventory of Artifacts from the Shengjing Palace" written during the Daoguang period, the collection of various cultural relics in the Shengjing Palace at that time amounted to 120,000 sets. Moreover, this situation lasted until the end of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty. The situation of the main cultural relics collections in the pavilions and warehouses of the Shengjing Palace is as follows:
The Phoenix Tower houses the imperial seals, holy faces and pleasure pictures of the early Qing emperors. The Phoenix Tower has yellow glazed tiles with green edges, three The Dripping, Corridor, and Xieshan-style building is three rooms deep and wide. It is located on a high platform behind the Chongzheng Hall on the Middle Road of the Forbidden City in Shenyang. It is the highest point in the Forbidden City building. From the late Jin Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, this was the place where Huang Taiji and his concubines discussed matters, read, rested and held banquets. Since the Qianlong Dynasty, the Phoenix Tower has become a place to store precious cultural relics such as the imperial seal of the early Qing Dynasty, the emperor's "sacred face", and the "pleasure picture".
According to relevant historical records and archives, in the eleventh year of Qianlong's reign (1746), more than ten imperial seals that had been discontinued in the early Qing Dynasty were inspected by Emperor Qianlong personally, and ten of them were It is a respectful gift to Shengjing Zunzang to reflect the dignity of the Shengjing Palace and the place where Longxing is located. The imperial treasures of these ten directions are: "the treasure of the Qing Dynasty" (jasper, Qilin Niu), "the emperor's treasure" (sapphire, Jiaolong Niu), "the emperor's treasure" (jasper, Panlong Niu), "the emperor's treasure" (jasper, Panlong Niu) "Treasure" (Zhan is good at fragrant wood, Su Niu), "Treasure of Fengtian" (gold, Jiaolong Niu), "Treasure of the Emperor" (gold, Jiaolong Niu), "Fengtian Dharma ancestor loves the virtuous and loving people" (Jasper, Jiaolong Niu) Necklace), "the treasure of making imperial edicts" ("Shengjing Tongzhi" records that "the elixirs are found in all directions", sapphire, Jiaolong button), "the treasure of imperial orders" (sapphire, Jiaolong button), "the treasure of Guangyun" "(Gold, Jiaolongnuo).
The door of Chongmo Pavilion
In addition, the Phoenix Tower also contains ten "sacred faces" of emperors from Nurhaci, Emperor Taizu of the Qing Dynasty to Mu Zong (Emperor Tongzhi) and Zaichun of the Qing Dynasty. Fifteen copies of the "pleasure pictures" of the three emperors Qianlong, Jiaqing and Daoguang. Judging from the contents of the Qing emperor's "Holy Face" and "Enjoyment Pictures", the "standard image" of the emperor sitting upright in formal attire is the "Holy Face", and his daily life images of riding horses, shooting and hunting, and feasting and sightseeing are called " Carpe diem". These "sacred faces" and "pleasure pictures" of the Qing emperors were originally stored in the Forbidden City in Beijing. They were sent to Shengjing for collection starting in the 15th year of Qianlong's reign. Since then, all dynasties have followed this system to send the sacred faces of previous emperors to Shengjing until the Guangxu Dynasty. . These portraits of emperors were all made by court painters of the Qing Dynasty, and some were painted by multiple people, which have certain historical and artistic value.
In addition, in the fifteenth year of Qianlong's reign (1750), the "Sacred Teachings" and "Records" of the Five Dynasties from Taizu to Shizong (Yongzheng) were transported to the Phoenix Tower in Shengjing for collection. In the forty-third year of Qianlong's reign ( 1778) was moved to Chongmo Pavilion for collection until the end of the Qing Dynasty.
Feilong Pavilion houses the imperial utensils of the Qing emperors. Feilong Pavilion is located on the east side in front of Chongzheng Hall. It is a five-room, two-story wing. (Tongzhi) Zai Chun and other emperors used bows, arrows, swords, muskets and other weapons as well as armor, riding whips, sledges, saddles and bridles, armaments and other items. There are more than 3,000 kinds (most of them are arrows). The collection includes The more than eighty pairs of royal saddles and bridles inlaid with jewels and gold-plated decorations are relatively precious. During the Qing Emperor's eastward tour to the Shengjing Palace, Emperor Jiaqing once went up to the building to inspect the storage and safekeeping of imperial weapons.
Exterior view of Feilong Pavilion
The lower floor of Feilong Pavilion contains precious ancient bronze Yi wares collected by the Qing Palace. There are 459 types and a total of 800 pieces, including commercial wares. Five pieces, more than 400 pieces of Zhou ware, more than 300 pieces of Han ware, and 20 pieces of Tang ware. The shapes of utensils include more than 50 types, including tripods, statues, urns, jue, goblets, bowls, plates, drums, bells, etc. A considerable number of the utensils have inscriptions engraved on them. These 800 ancient bronzes were cataloged in the "Xiqing Xujian·Bian" during the Qianlong period. This is the only book in the Qing Dynasty that specifically records the collection of Shengjing Palace.
In addition to the above two items, there are still some other items in Feilong Pavilion. There are dozens of pieces of porcelain such as eight treasures of yellow ground and foreign colors, five offerings, blue and white dragon and phoenix Chengxiang Tai Chi statues, and dozens of foreign porcelain feather tubes. In addition, there are backrests, handrails, chair cushions, antler chairs and other seats and armor, Skins and other items, totaling about one thousand pieces.
Xiangfeng Pavilion houses the royal utensils of the Qing Emperor. Xiangfeng Pavilion is located on the west side in front of Chongzheng Hall. It is a two-story wing with five rooms. The collection in the pavilion can be roughly divided into two items. There are paintings and calligraphy, and royal treasures are hidden underneath. According to records, more than 500 items of royal furnishings, treasures and other items from various palaces in the Shengjing Palace are stored in Xiangfeng Pavilion. Nearly 200 items of imperial furnishings, treasures and other items are stored in Xia Garden, Guangning Palace and other places, as well as collections of the inner government of the Qing Dynasty. There are more than 160 scrolls (volumes) of calligraphy and painting by famous calligraphers and calligraphers of the Qing Dynasty, as well as calligraphy and painting by ministers, and more than 100 books of various kinds.
The above-mentioned palaces and palace furnishings account for about one-seventh of the entire collection of Xiangfeng Pavilion.
Exterior view of Xiangfeng Pavilion
Except for palace and palace furnishings, the rest of the collection in Xiangfeng Pavilion can be roughly divided into three categories:
First The categories include gold, silver, jade, porcelain, enamel, lacquer, horn, wood, teeth and other products. There are more than 2,000 pieces in total, with various jade articles accounting for a large proportion. Most of these items are relatively valuable and refined utensils and handicrafts stored in the inner court. The second category includes more than 4,000 pieces of various brocades, cloths, clothing materials, clothing, purses, etc. Among them are dozens of royal robes, crowns, court beads, and more than 400 pairs of large and small purses. Most of the rest are made of satin. These two types of collections were mainly used for palace furnishings and rewards to officials during the Qing emperor's eastward tour. The third category includes calligraphy and painting written by the emperors of the Qing Dynasty, calligraphy and painting by famous artists in the past dynasties, and books and maps published by the imperial government. Among them, calligraphy and painting by famous people in the past dynasties are the most precious. There are more than 330 works by more than 100 famous calligraphers and painters from the Tang to the Ming Dynasty. (volume), all are masterpieces handed down from ancient times collected by the inner court of the Qing Dynasty.
Qing Palace Porcelain
This batch of calligraphy and painting artworks and the bronze tripod and Yi stored in Feilong Pavilion can be called the "double jade" in the collection of the Shengjing Palace. There are also three to four hundred pieces of imperial calligraphy and painting by the Qing emperor, including imperial poems and paintings, as well as copies of works by famous ancient artists. Most of them were written by Hongli, Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty. During the Republic of China, Jin Liang once compiled "Records of Calligraphy and Paintings in the Forbidden City in Shengjing" and "Records of Calligraphy and Paintings in the Forbidden City in Shengjing" based on some of the exquisite paintings and calligraphy collected in Xiangfeng Pavilion.
The East Qijian Building stores various round-cut porcelains fired by the imperial kilns of the Qing Dynasty. The East Qijian Building is located behind Feilong Pavilion. It is a two-story wing building with seven rooms and is used to store the Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong reigns. One hundred thousand pieces of porcelain of various types are produced annually. This batch of porcelain was fired in official kilns for palace use. The main purpose of transporting so many porcelain items from Beijing to this place for storage was to prepare for banquets during the Eastern Tour. Therefore, the East Qijian Building is called the "Porcelain Warehouse".
In addition to the above-mentioned porcelains, there are more than 4,000 other porcelains in the East Qijian Building, which can be divided into three parts: one is various porcelains from the Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong dynasties, most of which are bottles. , plates, dishes, bowls, etc. Each type ranges from one piece to dozens of pieces. Glaze colors include blue and white, Jihong, Wucai, Jiqing, Ru glaze, Jun glaze, sauce glaze, etc. The second one includes more than 100 bowls and plates from the Yongle to Wanli dynasties of the Ming Dynasty, mostly blue and white porcelain. The third one is one for which the year is not recorded in the inventory. There are hundreds of pieces imitating the Xuanyao, Chengyao and Jiayao products, as well as a small amount of foreign-colored (enamel-colored) porcelain. The firing period should also be from the Kangxi to Jiaqing years.
The West Qijian Building stores palace edition books, inscribed inscriptions on inscriptions, and government office files. The West Qijian Building is located behind Xiangfeng Pavilion. It is a two-story wing building with seven rooms in width. After the Qianlong Dynasty, the West Qijian Building was commonly known as the "Book and Ink Carving Building", or the "Dangzi Library", "Xitang Library", etc. The three main categories stored in the building are books, ink engravings and archives.
A large proportion of the printed books collected in the West Qijian Building are "imperially made", "imperially compiled" and "imperially appointed" books, such as "Collection of Ancient and Modern Books", "Da Qing Huidian", various "Ze" books. "Examples", imperial poems and essays, etc., all come from the imperial approval of Emperor Qianlong. What’s even more valuable is that the collection of books here also has many Manchu and Mongolian engraved or combined editions. For example, Huidian, Four Books, and Eight Banners all have Manchu texts. The Examination of the Origin of Mongolia has Manchu, Mongolian and Mongolian texts. There are three Chinese texts, and there are also some Manchu reference books such as "Qing-Chinese Antiphonal Style" and "Qing Wenjian".
Another important collection stored in the West Qijian Building is the ink carvings and stele inscriptions from the Qing Dynasty. According to statistics, there are hundreds of ink carvings and stele inscriptions in the collection. Most of the poems, poems and inscriptions written by Hongli, Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty, are included. In addition, there are also some rubbings of stele stones and ink films such as "Sanxitang Fa Tie" and "Chunhua Pavilion Tie".
The Qing Dynasty archives stored in Xiqijianlou are sent to Shengjing Internal Affairs Bureau and other lawsuits at any time. They can be divided into three types according to categories: First, there are about 50,000 Manchu and Chinese manuscripts. . It is the manuscript of the official documents exchanged between the Shengjing Internal Affairs Office and the Beijing Internal Affairs Office, as well as the five ministries in Shengjing and other government agencies from the Shunzhi Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty for more than 200 years. Second, register files. The so-called "black picture file" ("black picture" means "copy" or "miscellaneous file" in Manchu), with a total of more than 980 volumes. It is a transcript of official documents exchanged between the Imperial Household Office of Shengjing and the capital, as well as relevant government offices in Shengjing from the Kangxi to Xianfeng years. Third, the household register of the Eight Banners in the Shengjing area from Qianlong to Xuantong. There are more than 8,000 volumes in total, about half are complete and half are damaged. These three parts of the archives cover many aspects such as politics, economy, military, royal affairs, flag affairs, and the Qing emperor's eastward inspection tour in the Northeast over two hundred years after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. They are all first-hand materials and have been preserved by the Forbidden City in Shengjing. A collection of precious historical documents.
According to the "Inventory of Books and Ink-Engraved Utensils Stored in Xiqijianlou" during the Daoguang Period of the Qing Dynasty, there are still more than 50 bronze offerings from the Sanling Tombs of Shengjing in the Qing Dynasty stored in this building, with Mongolian inscriptions , 537 undotted Manchu letter plates and printed plates, etc.
The Luanjia Library stores the Luanjia, Luanbu, ceremonial guards and Qing palace musical instruments used by the Qing emperors. The Luanjiaku is located on the north side of the Dazheng Hall of the Forbidden City. It is an eleven-room main room and houses the Luanjia and Luanbu used by the Qing emperor There are more than 100 items such as ceremonial guards and musical instruments for upright officials. After the eleventh year of Qianlong's reign (1746), the emperor's royal books and ceremonial guards in the Shengjing Palace were stored here. These imperial objects were all used by the Qing emperor when traveling and holding ceremonies during his visit to Shengjing. At that time, the objects left behind by the Imperial Palace in Shenyang can be divided into four categories: first, chariots and carriages, such as carriages, saddles, etc.; second, royal objects, such as high chairs, stove poles, etc.; third, ceremonial guards. Categories, such as standing melons, lying melons, dragon and phoenix fans, leopard tail spears, etc.; fourth, musical instruments, such as painted horns, copper horns, sheng, flutes, etc. There are a total of more than 100 pieces in the four categories of collections.
The distant view of Jingdian Pavilion
The "Jade Certificate" in Jingdian Pavilion is a five-room, two-story, mountain-style main building. It is located on the east side of Shengjing Palace Middle Road. The last step into the courtyard is the storage room for the Qing Dynasty royal Aixinjueluo family genealogy "Jade Certificate".
The so-called "Jade Certificate" in the Qing Dynasty is the genealogy of the Aisin Gioro royal family and the two Jueluo tribes. In the Qing Dynasty, all members of the Aisin Gioro royal family were divided into two systems based on their blood relationship with the emperor: one was the "clan", that is, the direct descendants of Xianzu Takshi (the father of Nurhaci), who were divided into two systems according to their blood relationship with the emperor. The belt is commonly known as "yellow belt"; one is "Jueluo", that is, other descendants of Zhaozu, Xingzu and Jingzu, who make red belts, commonly known as "red belt". According to the regulations of the Qing Dynasty, when a child born to a clan member or Jueluo reaches one year old, the year, month, day, and time of his or her birth, as well as the surname of the birth mother, details of the order of concubine and concubine, must be recorded and sent to the clan's office. The clan was recorded in the yellow book of the "Jade Certificate", and Jueluo was recorded in the red book of the "Jade Certificate". The family's "Jade Certificate" is compiled and compiled every ten years, and is imported by the clan's office according to the records in the yellow and red books each year. The clan members enter the yellow stage, and Jueluo enters the red stage. In the "Jade Certificate", the arrangement of each person is based on the imperial system, with elders and younger ones in order; those who survive are written in Zhu, and those who are deceased are written in Mo. If the name is wrong, it will be changed to the humble one and the younger one.
The first compilation of the "Jade Certificate" in the Qing Dynasty was in the 18th year of Shunzhi (1661). By the seventh year of Qianlong (1742), it had been revised nine times. The compiled "Jade Certificate" was separately stored in Beijing. The Emperor Shicheng, the Zong Renfu and the Ministry of Rites each had one copy. Originally there was no system for sending it to Shengjing for storage. In the eighth year of Qianlong's reign (1743), Hongli passed an order to transfer a copy of the "Records" of all previous dynasties to Shengjing for collection. After that, all the clansmen who compiled the "Jade Certificate" followed the example of the eighth year of Qianlong's reign and compiled the newly revised "Jade Certificate". 》Respectfully sent to Shengjing for storage. From the 18th year of Shunzhi to the 34th year of Guangxu (1661-1908) in the Qing Dynasty, one copy of the "Jade Certificates" compiled by the Aixinjueluo family was sent to Jingdian Pavilion in Shengjing, and a total of 100 "Jade Certificates" were collected in the collection. 》One hundred and fifty-two packages for the yellow package and 235 packages for the red package. The specifications of Jingdian Pavilion's "Jade Certificate" are generally a huge volume two feet long and one foot wide. The cover is made of yellow and red silk according to the clan and Jueluo respectively. The whole volume is made of white rice paper. The binding is quite exquisite. It is written in both Manchu and Chinese characters to reflect the wealth and dignity of the imperial family. Every time the "Jade Certificate" is delivered from Beijing and transported to Shengjing for enshrinement in the pavilion, a grand ceremony must be held as usual.