Chinese shorthand is a method of quickly recording language with particularly simple phonetic symbols and abbreviations. Below, I searched and sorted out the characteristics and usage of Chinese shorthand for you. Welcome to read, I hope it will help you! For more information, please continue to pay attention to our fresh graduates training network!
? Shorthand? There are three explanations: first, quick memory; The second is quick report; The third is fast recording. This paper discusses the Chinese shorthand method for quickly recording Chinese.
First, the concept of Chinese shorthand
Authoritative reference book, right? Shorthand? There is a definition. Etymology (version 1933): shorthand is to record the pronunciation of his population statement with simple symbols. 1960 hong kong Chinese dictionary: shorthand, a method of quickly recording words with simple symbols. Cihai (version 1979, version 1999): shorthand, a method of quickly recording a language with particularly simple phonetic symbols and abbreviations. The design of symbols varies from family to family. Shorthand notes are often collated and transcribed into words.
Combining various theories, Chinese shorthand? The concept of "Chinese shorthand" can be summarized as: taking Chinese as the object, using systematic and simple special symbols and abbreviations to quickly record other people's words and their own thoughts in written form, which is called Chinese shorthand. This concept reveals China's shorthand (hereinafter referred to as? Shorthand? The connotation of): a simple and easy-to-write symbol system for recording Chinese syllables; With the help of conventional abbreviations; It has a recording speed equivalent to the pronunciation rate; It has faster writing speed than writing Chinese characters; Take words and thoughts as objects.
? Recording language? Shorthand symbols and Chinese characters are the same goal, but shorthand symbols and Chinese characters are different symbol systems. Chinese characters are ideographic symbols for recording Chinese language and characters, which are widely used and applicable to a large number of people, and have the characteristics of social communication and circulation. Shorthand symbols are symbols that replace Chinese characters and are derivatives of Chinese characters. They record syllables of Chinese characters, which are not ideographic in themselves, but a bridge to quickly transform spoken or internal languages into written words. Moreover, shorthand symbols with many schools and no national unified scheme are difficult to achieve the same status and function as Chinese characters at present, and do not have the characteristics of social communication.
The reason why people want to create a symbol system instead of Chinese characters is mainly from writing. The shape of square Chinese characters is complex, and the writing speed can't keep up with the speed of speaking and thinking, and the number of times of writing per unit time is extremely limited. From the simplification of Chinese character structure and the reduction of strokes to the popularity of running script and cursive script, they all revolve around a common goal, that is, to improve writing speed. However, all kinds of efforts to improve the writing speed of Chinese characters have not completely solved the contradiction between the recording efficiency and writing speed of Chinese characters, which is still a difficult problem to solve in the foreseeable period. Perhaps because of this, various shorthand methods instead of Chinese characters came into being. Shorthand symbols are few, physical structure and internal organization are simple, and writing is simple, flexible and fast. Record with shorthand symbols, and the writing speed is synchronized with the speed of speech and thinking to the maximum extent.
Second, the characteristics of Chinese shorthand
Do you have shorthand Three natures? : fast; Simple; Ideographic. ? Three natures? What are the characteristics of * * *? Write quickly? . Replacing Chinese characters with simple syllable symbols and recording Chinese quickly with words mean that a word can be expressed by writing dozens or even dozens of strokes with Chinese characters, and only one stroke with shorthand symbols, or that a large number of homophones only need one symbol? A symbol to hide it? . Shorthand symbols have the advantages of controlling complexity with simplicity, treating one as ten, or even treating one as a hundred, which highlights the quickness, simplicity and indirect ideographic nature of shorthand.
The characteristics of shorthand are highlighted in the comparison of the number ratio (including stroke ratio and speed ratio) between Chinese characters and syllable symbols. 1979 Ci Hai published by Shanghai Dictionaries Publishing House 14872, and Xinhua Dictionary (Revised Edition) published by Commercial Press 1998/0000, including traditional characters and variant characters.1998. According to relevant data, except for traditional characters and variant characters that have stopped using, Xinhua Dictionary has only 564 1 word (7234 special words). Although the number of commonly used Chinese characters is not much, and it has been simplified to a considerable extent (the average stroke of a word is 6 strokes), which is much simpler than the use of seal script by the ancients, the contradiction between writing speed and pronunciation speed in oral records is still difficult to overcome. The sound falls and the words come out? . Under normal circumstances, a person who writes fast can write at most 35-40 recognizable words in one minute, which is quite different from the average oral pronunciation speed of more than 40 words in one minute/kloc-0. Yahweh shorthand has only 327 syllable symbols, and each symbol has only one stroke. According to Xinhua Dictionary, the ratio of the number of commonly used Chinese characters to the number of shorthand symbols is (564 1+7234)∶327, and the average stroke ratio is 6∶ 1. 327 syllables, usually one minute can record 140- 160 words, which is basically synchronous with the pronunciation speed of daily spoken language. After special training, the speed of shorthand can reach more than 200 words per minute, or even higher.
Shorthand is characterized by its highly organized, systematic, regular and flexible skills. Yahweh shorthand is pinyin shorthand, and all Chinese characters are composed of 48 phonological symbols, which reflects the scientific nature of the system. What are the basic symbols of curves, lines and circles? Okay？ Circle, curve and straight line are decomposed, which is convenient for writing and conforms to the physiological habit of writing; All abbreviation methods and symbols seem to be independent on the surface, but in fact they are an organic whole that is interrelated and restricted. The symbols and methods created can be used flexibly, freely and creatively under the condition of observing laws and regulations, forming their own unique symbols and abbreviation methods. Shorthand? Simple and complicated? 、? One for ten? 、? Take one as a hundred? These characteristics fully reflect the purpose of implementing the principle of economic benefit in writing activities.
Shorthand is characterized by the means of recording sound and the purpose of expressing ideas. As a tool of social communication and thinking, Chinese characters are complex in shape and slow in writing, so it is difficult to quickly record other people's speeches and their own ideas, while shorthand is to quickly replace Chinese characters with particularly simple phonetic symbols. Although shorthand symbols and Chinese characters are both written symbols for recording and conveying Chinese, their functions are different. Chinese characters are written symbols that accurately record and express Chinese language, and have the directness of ideographic meaning; Shorthand symbols are written symbols that can quickly record and convey Chinese instead of Chinese characters. They need to be sorted out before they can be converted into written words, so they are indirect in meaning. The indirectness of shorthand symbol lies in its substitution for Chinese characters, which can only be realized through symbol conversion.
The characteristics of shorthand are also manifested in the obvious differences in style between shorthand draft and text draft. Although both Hanshu and shorthand can be called written language, shorthand is closer to spoken language, which is strong because it can faithfully record the speaker's spoken language. A relatively complete shorthand manuscript retains the characteristics of spoken language to a great extent, which can make people feel at home when they read it as if they heard its voice and met its people. The written manuscript can have enough time to choose words, make sentences, add, delete and modify, so it is more accurate, concise, compact, complete and more literary than the shorthand manuscript. In addition, shorthand is characterized by the synchronous development of speed symbols and Chinese vocabulary. How many new words are added to Chinese vocabulary, shorthand symbols will increase, but basic symbols will not.
Shorthand? Write quickly? In Chinese characters? Write quickly? For example, the fast writing of hard pen calligraphy, the use of cursive script and abbreviations are different in concept. The rapid writing of Chinese characters is not divorced from the physical structure of the characters themselves, nor is it balanced with the pronunciation speed of Chinese. Some simplified characters, simple symbols, codes and abbreviations are all created by ourselves? Write quickly? With the help of shorthand, the writing speed has been improved to some extent, but it is still not as good as shorthand.
Third, the use of Chinese shorthand.
Shorthand is widely used in general and professional applications.
As a tool for rapid writing and recording, shorthand can be applied in personal daily life, study and work, mainly in three aspects: 1. Dictation, that is, recording, and doing it? Did the sound fall out? ; Second, I want to write, that is, write and do? Thinking about words? ; The third is reading and writing, that is, copying and doing? See the sign? .
As a professional application, shorthand has many applications. The following are just a few main aspects.
The first is the minutes of the meeting. Whether it is a report meeting, a lecture meeting, a symposium, an office meeting or a seminar, a special recorder is needed. In many meetings, the speaker often only shows some outlines on PPT, and the content of the speech is often more than the content of the manuscript. Using shorthand, no matter what occasion, as long as you have a pen and a few sheets of paper, you can complete the recording task perfectly. Famous? Minutes of the Paris commune meeting? Many documents at the Yan 'an Forum on Literature and Art were compiled from shorthand manuscripts.
The second is the secretary's record. When the leader dictated the document, the secretary recorded it in shorthand, then printed it out and sent it to the leader for review and signature. You can handle dozens of documents in an hour or two, and the work efficiency is amazing. In addition, taking phone calls in shorthand and receiving visitors will make secretarial staff behave better.
The third is the interview record. Time and efficiency are the most important things in news interview. Using shorthand in an interview will get richer and more detailed first-hand news materials than people who don't use shorthand. Smedley, a famous American female journalist who is good at shorthand, collected the biographical data of Comrade Zhu De in shorthand and wrote the Biography of Zhu De in shorthand.
The fourth is the court record. The court investigation records and interrogation records are required to be accurate, unambiguous and without omission. Records and documents stored in the database can be used as the legal basis for the trial of cases, and can also be approved for future reference. At present, shorthand has become the main means of court record in China's court system.
The fifth is to write a manuscript. Dickens, Defoe and Bernard Shaw, famous British writers, all wrote in shorthand. There are also some writers who ask stenographers to cooperate with dictation, such as Tolstoy and Dostoevsky in Russia, simonov in the former Soviet Union, and American writer Anna? Louis? Many of Strong's works are recorded by stenographers. China's "Tales from a Lonely Studio" and "Stand-up Crosstalk Collection" are also compiled from shorthand manuscripts. At present, many writers in China have begun to hire stenographers to write.
Sixth, foreign language translation. People engaged in oral translation (except simultaneous translation) master shorthand technology, and in the process of interpretation, with the help of shorthand, they can record the other party's speech paragraph by paragraph, which can ensure that the translation content is not omitted and the translation accuracy is guaranteed. As for written translation, the story of Lin Shu, a literary translator in the late Qing Dynasty, is an example.
Shorthand technology permeates all fields of Chinese application, which can be said to be all the time and everywhere. In professional applications, shorthand technology, as a lever, can play a miraculous role.
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