Question 1: What does engraving mean? Engraving
China is the first country to invent papermaking and printing. Paper appeared in the first century BC. At the beginning of the second century, Cai Lun improved the papermaking method. Since then, books have been spread by people copying them on paper. Around the eighth century, block printing was invented. Hundreds and thousands of books could be printed at once, which was a big step forward compared to the past handwriting era.
Monasteries and Buddhists have long used the emerging folk block printing technology as a tool to promote Buddhism. In addition to the small Buddha statues with seals, there are sometimes large Buddha statues and verses. Sikong Tu at the end of the Tang Dynasty was an engraved text of verses written by Hui Que, a monk from Jingai Temple in Luoyang. It was said that the printed version was eight hundred pages long, which shows that at that time, the temple had a printed version of verses for alms. The scroll version of the "Diamond Sutra" engraved by Wang D in 868 AD (the ninth year of Xiantong in the Tang Dynasty) discovered in Dunhuang is the earliest extant woodblock printed book. It is composed of seven sheets of paper. The first leaf painting is a picture of Sakyamuni Buddha preaching, with beautiful knife skills and solemn expression. It is a work that is close to the mature stage of printmaking. This world-famous volume of Buddhist scriptures carved in the Tang Dynasty was stolen by the British Stein more than fifty years ago. It is really heartbreaking.
In recent years, a Sanskrit Dharani sutra with the Kajia seal of Chengdu Prefecture was unearthed from a Tang tomb in Chengdu. It has a small Buddhist sutra sitting on a lotus seat in the center, Sanskrit sutras and mantras engraved on the outside, and small incantations around the mantras. Buddha statue, this is the oldest Tang Dynasty blockbuster remaining in the country. At that time, Chengdu was the center of southwestern cultural publishing. The books printed in the Tang Dynasty were limited to popular books and Buddhist classics commonly used by the general public, which laid a good technical foundation for the Shu editions in the Song and Song Dynasties.
In 971 AD (the fourth year of the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty), the emperor of the Song Dynasty sent people to Chengdu to carve more than 5,000 volumes of the Tripitaka. This was a large-scale publishing work, and the Shu version became famous. .
In 975 AD (i.e. the eighth year of the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty), King Qian M of Wuyue initiated the engraving of the Dharani Sutra (the Sutra contained in the Leifeng Pagoda). It is the oldest existing Zhejiang version, with neat fonts. It is similar to the small-character Buddhist scriptures engraved in Hangzhou later. In recent years, the remains of Buddhist scriptures carved in the early Northern Song Dynasty and found under the Longquan Pagoda in Zhejiang Province have broad and broad fonts, similar to the official editions of the Southern Song Dynasty. It can be seen that Hangzhou and other areas in Zhejiang have had a large number of workers skilled in engraving technology since the late Five Dynasties. It is no wonder that most of the prison books in the Northern Song Dynasty were from Zhejiang.
In addition to the Zhejiang version, the Jian version (Fujian Jianyang version) was also quite famous during the Song Dynasty. During the Song, Jin and Yuan dynasties, Hangzhou in Zhejiang, Jianyang in Fujian, Meishan in Chengdu in Sichuan, and Pingyang in Shanxi (today's Linfen, Shanxi) were the four cultural areas where a large number of books were engraved and sold everywhere. Daozang of the Yuan Dynasty was carved in Pingyang. There are also some bookshops or private individuals in other areas who have published many Buddhist scriptures and other books in large and small characters, many of which are of fine workmanship.
Beijing, the capital of the Ming and Qing dynasties, was also a national carving and collection center. The exquisiteness of the paper and ink, the craftsmanship of the carvings, and the beauty of the decorations of the Beizang, Daozang, Longzang and other private engravings are rarely seen before. The types of paper used, such as tissue paper, bamboo paper, civilized paper, Maotai paper and other new varieties, are also increasing.
Long before the rise of block printing, Chinese woodcuts had already appeared. In the middle of the seventh century, Master Xuanzang of the Tang Dynasty printed images of Samantabhadra on Hui Feng paper and distributed them to various places. The painting on the title page of the Diamond Sutra engraved by Wang D in the late Tang Dynasty and the many religious paintings discovered in Dunhuang have gradually matured in art. The title page paintings of carved books in the Song and Yuan Dynasties developed from religious books to general books. During the Ming Dynasty, a large number of Buddhist scriptures were printed in various places, and almost all of them were not accompanied by illustrations.
In 1340 AD (the sixth year from the Yuan Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty), the "Commentary on the Diamond Sutra" was engraved by the unknown monk at Zifu Temple in Jiangling, Hubei. The earliest woodcut color printing. At the end of the 16th century, bookstores in Wuxing, Hangzhou, Nanjing and other places also used red ink and multi-color overprinting to print various books, which were dazzling.
Block printing is one of China’s special cultural arts. Many ancient Buddhist scriptures and books with cultural relic value are preserved in temples in various places. This is part of China's cultural heritage and should be properly preserved. For books and Buddhist scriptures, first of all, we should find out when, where and who paid for them to be published; secondly, we should confirm the form of decoration, whether it is scroll style, Sanskrit style, or book style. Examine its cultural relic value from these two aspects. If it has cultural relic value and should be preserved, it is necessary to determine the height, width, and number of words per line of each edition, ascertain the function, number of volumes, volumes, and pages, and indicate whether it is complete or incomplete. Even if it is incomplete, it does not detract from its cultural relic value. This should be noted.
Question 2: What does it mean to be very strict?
Question 3: What does seal cutting mean? Seal cutting art is the art of combining calligraphy (mainly seal script) and engraving (including chiseling and casting) to make seals. It is a unique art form of Chinese characters and has a history of more than 3,700 years.
Question 4: What does mnda mean when burning a disc? In terms of burning and usage, there is not much difference between the two. ． What is the difference between -R and +R? 1. Different specification makers: DVD-R is the official standard organized by the DVD Forum; DVD+R is the standard developed by the DVD Alliance. 2. Different addressing methods: DVD-R relies on the addressing information pit pre-engraved on the bump when addressing. DVD+R addressing is achieved by phase modulation of the wobble groove at the pre-engraved groove. 3. The required master disks and production processes are different. In the actual selection process, customers mainly determine the compatibility of their own machines based on the brand and model of their own burning machines! Generally speaking, it is better for Pioneer, SONY, and ASUS recorders to support -R on desktop computers; it is better for BenQ, Samsung, and Philips to support +R for recorders on notebook computers. There are some exceptions. For example, Pioneer 112 supports +R better than -R. (The quality of recording is also related to the storage life) Only by choosing a good quality recording disk can the recording quality and storage time be guaranteed. You can choose genuine recording disks from Mitsubishi, Weibo, Rhenium, BenQ, and Sony.
Question 5: What is the meaning of burning
Question 6: What is the meaning of instant? Entry: Instant
Pronunciation: qǐng kè
< p> Definition: 1. A moment, a very short time.① Han Yu of the Tang Dynasty wrote a poem "On the way to Jiangling, he sent a gift to Wang 20 mending palaces, Li Shiyi's relics, and Li 26 Yuan, the third bachelor of the Foreign Hanlin Academy": "The envoy was dispatched at the door, and he was not allowed to stay for a while."
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② Volume 1 of "Yu Shi Ming Yan" by Feng Menglong of the Ming Dynasty: "The moment was like a needle pricking my stomach, so I refused to drink. I got up in a hurry and left. When I returned to the lower place, I thought about it and got annoyed, and got annoyed and thought about it again. , I wish I could learn the method of shrinking the land and be home in an instant."
③ Chapter 71 of Feng Menglong's "Records of the Kingdoms of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty": "When Fen Yang received the order, he immediately sent his confidants to report to the prince privately and teach him. : 'Escape quickly, without any delay! '"
④ Song Lian's "Kansong'an Notes" of the Ming Dynasty: "The clouds and yings soared up and covered the valley in an instant, their color was pure white."
⑤ "Six Notes of a Floating Life: Notes of Leisure" by Shen Fu of the Qing Dynasty: "One night, a cat slave fell from the eaves while fighting for food, and the basin and shelf were instantly broken."
⑥ * ** Chapter 2, Section 2 of "Chinese Revolution and Chinese Communist Party": "Therefore, the view that China's revolutionary forces can be formed in an instant and that China's revolutionary struggle can be victorious in an instant is incorrect."
2. Just now, just now.
Qing Yuquan Qiaozi's "Sacred Mountain Quotes? Medicine Bait": "At the end of the day, a surprise introduction: When will the child come back? Born: It will arrive in an instant."
Example: A gust of wind passed by, Huge waves instantly set off on the river.
Question 7: What does moment mean? Moment refers to a specific time; a specific time; often; every moment. Quotes from "Song Book? Biography of Concubines? Empress Xiao Yi Xiao": "Every time the Queen Mother enters the court, she never loses her moment."
Question 8: What does the o-engraved P on Hermès belts mean? Hermès is a famous brand. Luxury brands, corresponding to the ultimate pursuit of details. The engraving on the belt also has a unique meaning, as shown below:
The first engraving marks the year of production of the product, and each year is identified with a specific letter. The O in this picture represents 2011; the second The first engraving number is the identity code of the craftsman; the third one is the leather!
The engravings of the LOGO on the tail of the belt are particularly clear and textured.
The letter corresponding to the nearest year is:
J is produced in 2006
K is produced in 2007
L The engraving is produced in 2008
The engraving M is produced in 2009
The engraving N is produced in 2010
The engraving O is produced in 2011
P engraving is produced in 2012
Q engraving is produced in 2013
R engraving is produced in 2014
S engraving is produced in 2015
You can follow the alphabet and so on.
Question 9: What does "instantly" mean? 1. "Instantly" means instant. Describes a very short time, indicating that an action or thing is completed in a very short period of time.
2. In an instant
Pronunciation qǐng kè jiān
Example The old man seemed to be dozens of years younger in an instant.
Synonyms: a moment, a blink of an eye, an instant, a blink of an eye, a while, a blink of an eye