the reason why Tao Yuanming is so is not that he is not interested in politics. Tao Yuanming, who was born in a family of bureaucrats for generations and was a founding father, had expected to make progress in his official career and make a difference in politics. "Miscellaneous Poems" said: "When I was young, I was happy without joy, and I was eager to escape from all over the world, and I was fascinated by Philip Burkart." You can see his mind. But at the same time, the literati in the Eastern Jin Dynasty generally admired seclusion and pursued spiritual freedom, which also left a profound influence on him. "Returning to the Garden House" said that "little is not suitable for vulgar rhyme, and nature loves Qiushan" and so on, which reflected another aspect of his thought. He embarked on the road of life with two contradictory wishes. At the beginning, the former desire dominated. But it was a turbulent time: the internal struggle of imperial clan and the warlord's ambition for political power constantly caused bloody killings and even fierce conflagrations. This kind of social unrest not only brings disaster to the people, but also causes serious insecurity in the upper strata of society. This makes Tao Yuanming's political ambition have to be reduced. On the other hand, in this power struggle, all the dirty and bloody plots are all under the guise of lofty morality, which makes Tao Yuanming, who is really pure in nature, unbearable. Therefore, in the end, the desire to "love Qiushan" overwhelmed the ambition to "escape from the four seas". When he joined the army as a town army, he wrote the poem "The Qua of Initiating the Town Army to Join the Army", saying: "My eyes are tired and I am different, and my heart is full of mountains and rivers. Chatting and moving, after all, the class will be born. " From Peng Zeling's farewell speech when he was dismissed, he even described being an official as "deeply ashamed of his life." Therefore, his seclusion was actually the result that his ideal could not be reconciled with the reality at that time.
Tao Yuanming's literary creation has the greatest influence on future generations. Among Tao Yuanming's poems, pastoral poetry is the most representative. The artistic charm of this kind of pastoral poetry lies not so much in its true portrayal of rural life as in its sustenance of Tao Yuanming's ideal of life. The pastoral was highly purified and beautified by Tao Yuanming's poetic structure, and became a spiritual refuge in the painful world.
Tao Yuanming's thought is a special "natural" philosophy, which is based on the philosophy of Laozi and Zhuangzi and reconciles Confucianism and Taoism. His ideal society is a "natural" society. He often combines the simple and indisputable ancient world invented by Confucianism with the social model of small countries and few people advocated by Taoism as an ideal world to praise. The first poem in the group "Returning to the Garden House" enjoys a long-standing reputation and has similar characteristics: < P > There is no suitable rhyme, and the nature loves Qiushan. I slipped into the official career net, and has been away from the field for more than ten years.
a captive bird is nostalgic for the old forest, and the fish in the pond miss the old source. I would like to open up wasteland at the Minamino, keep my humble nature to the field.
there are more than ten acres of square houses and eight or nine grass houses. The willow trees cover the eaves of the house, the peach and the Li Lieman before the pre-hospital.
it's warm and distant, and there's smoke in yiyi market. A few dogs barked in the lane, and the mulberry tree was called with a cock.
there is no dust and clutter in the household, and there is leisure in the virtual room. Long trapped in a cage without freedom, I finally return to the forest today.
This poem was written about the year after Peng Zeling was dismissed from his post and returned to the fields, expressing his pleasure in returning to rural life. In the middle section of the scenery, the following four sentences of "Fang Zhai" outline the simplicity and beauty of their residence with simple pen and ink; "It's warm in the distant village, and smoke in the yiyi market", and the line of sight turns to the distance, which makes the whole picture show a leisurely, empty, quiet and peaceful charm. The author takes this as the opposite of the dirty and noisy officialdom-the so-called "cage"-to express his social ideal and life concept. The "nature" that ends with "returning to nature" refers to both the natural environment and the natural life.
As a part of natural life, Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems also describe agricultural labor; During his retirement, he also took part in farming. What is the significance of his manual labor in his economic life? About is very limited, even, perhaps is dispensable. The practical significance of this kind of agricultural work lies in that it embodies a belief of Tao Yuanming. The beginning of "Early Rice Harvest in Xitian in September of Geng Xu's Year" is: "Life belongs to the Tao, and food and clothing are solid. I don't want to camp, but I want to be safe! " Self-cultivation and self-feeding are ideal social and personal lifestyles. Although the poet couldn't actually do this, he tried, which is remarkable. At the same time, he said, "Isn't Tian Jia suffering? It's hard to resign. Four-body honesty is fatigue, and ordinary people are no different from dry. Wash under the eaves, and fight for wine. " Here, I wrote about the hardship of physical labor and the psychological peace and happiness it brought. Among the poems of the same kind, the most beautiful artistic conception is the number three of Returning to the Garden:
Planting beans at the foot of the southern mountain, the grass is full of beans and seedlings are scarce. Early in the morning get up early to eradicate the weeds, the night falls on the moonlight carry hoe to return.
the road is narrow and the vegetation is long, and my clothes are exposed in the evening. It is not a pity to wet my clothes, but I hope not to go against my will.
The last two sentences once again show that Tao Yuanming's writing about rural life and manual labor is actually singing his own ideals, showing the joy of realizing them.
The above mainly analyzes the social ideal reflected in Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems, as well as his thoughts on personal life style in society. In addition, Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems also involve the question that literature has focused on since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty: What is the meaning and value of life? How can life be freed? In this regard, we first see that Tao Yuanming is more anxious about the fact that life is short than anyone in his contemporaries. There are only over a hundred of his poems, but there are dozens of references to "old" and "death". But in philosophy, he has an open-minded explanation, which is most clearly expressed in the group poem "Form, Shadow and Spirit". Poets borrow the dialogue style of ci and fu, which makes Xing put forward the attitude of drinking and forgetting everything (this is close to Nineteen Ancient Poems), and makes Ying emphasize that he should pursue achievements and establish a name behind him (this is close to Jian 'an literature). In fact, both of them are hard for Tao Yuanming to give up, but as the final philosophical conclusion, he denied both of them in the third book "Interpretation of God", thinking that daily drunkenness hurts life, and it is only an external pursuit and meaningless. It should be: "I don't like it or fear it when the waves are getting bigger." You should do everything you can, and there is no need to worry about it. " That is, naturalized in nature, there is no need to consciously pursue things other than life, which is liberation without seeking liberation.
This connotation of the philosophy of "nature" is expressed in pastoral poems with beautiful images. For example, the fifth of the most famous Drinking in Tao's poems is:
build house is in a human environment, but there are no chariots and horses. Ask you what you can do? The heart is far from self-centered.
under the east fence of picking chrysanthemums, you can see Nanshan leisurely. The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are returning.
there is a real meaning in this, and I have forgotten to say it if I want to argue.
the first four sentences say that as long as you are broad-minded, you will not be disturbed by the secular. Let's talk about picking chrysanthemums in the east hedge, inadvertently meeting Nanshan (that is, Lushan Mountain), feeling the mystery of creation and understanding the true meaning of life in the twilight and purple haze. Although it is clearly stated in the poem that "I want to argue but I have forgotten what I said", the truth of life implied by a series of images in this poem can still be explored if we examine it in connection with Tao Yuanming's other works. Don't the eternity of Nanshan, the beauty of mountain atmosphere and the freedom of birds reflect the greatness, perfection and enrichment of nature, especially the essence of self-sufficiency and nothing else? Then, in the short life of human beings, what else can we pursue except to return to nature, conform to nature, and feel the meaning of our life in the eternity, beauty and freedom of nature? Therefore, this poem is still the sustenance of Tao Yuanming's life ideal, but it is different. Of course, this outlook on life in poetry is only a poetic and philosophical yearning. Because it is impossible for people to get rid of the pursuit of self-realization in a certain object, and it is impossible to get rid of the contradiction between real interests. But as a philosophical reflection on life, it is valuable; As the essence of poetry, it brings unique effects.
to sum up, Tao Yuanming's social outlook and outlook on life are centered on "nature". The society he yearns for is a society of peace and tranquility, self-cultivation, no competition, no hypocrisy, no mutual oppression and harm; The life he pursues is simple and sincere, indifferent and lofty, entrusted with transportation, and has no desire outside; His favorite living environment is also a quiet and natural country. Because of these pursuits, most of his pastoral poems show a diluted and peaceful appearance, which is called "silence" by predecessors But behind this, it is full of hatred and anxiety about the real society and anxiety about the shortness of life. In other words, "silence" is an aesthetic realm constructed under the control of "natural" philosophy, and the internal driving force that arouses this pursuit is precisely a high degree of anxiety.
The most concentrated of Tao's poems is to write works about rural life. In addition to the above, his representative works include Migration, Master Book of He Guo, Ode to the Poor, Miscellaneous Poems, Complaining Poems and Chu Telling Master Book of Pang Zhi-zhong, etc. However, Tao Yuanming is not the only one whose main feature is to dilute peace. He has also written some poems that directly involve real politics or directly show his strong inner feelings. For example, the poem "Telling Wine" and "A Long History of Giving Sheep" reflect distinct national feelings. In addition, several articles in "Ode to Jing Ke" and "Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas" express sympathy, admiration and praise for some heroic images in history and myths and legends who have never given up despite failure, and have a generous and tragic style.
The simplicity of Tao Shi's words is not casual and unadorned, but highly refined, and only after washing away all the miscellaneous and sticky components can it show a clear simplicity. Undoubtedly, he has a keen sense of the beauty of nature, so he can recreate it into a poetic image with accurate and simple language. For example, "Warm and distant people's village, smoke in Yiyi market" describes the tranquility of the countryside, "Tilting your ears without hope, the eyes are clean" describes the lightness of snow, and "There is wind from the south, wings are new seedlings" describes the traces of the wind. Tao's poems are based on deep thoughts, feelings and philosophies, and never show off external beauty. Therefore, most of them are concise and less laid out. Zhong Rong's Poetry is called "almost no long words". The artistic conception of poetry is always relatively complete, infecting readers as a whole, rather than attracting people word by word and a certain fragment.
2. Meng Haoran (689—74), a native of Xiangyang (now Hubei), mainly lived in the Kaiyuan period. He lived in Jiannan Garden near Xianshan Mountain in the south of Xiangyang for most of his life, and had traveled far from home before middle age. At the age of forty, he went to Chang 'an to be a scholar, and after that, he traveled around wuyue for many years and visited many scenic spots. In the 25th year of Kaiyuan (737), Zhang Jiuling demoted Jingzhou to the secretariat, and Meng Haoran once entered the screen, and soon resigned to his hometown until his death. There is Meng Haoran's Collection. Among the poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Meng Haoran was an earlier one, and his character and poetic style won the admiration and admiration of the people of the time. Li Bai's a message to meng haoran says, "master, I hail you from my heart, and your fame arisen to the skies. ..... high mountain, how I long to reach you, it' s just a slap in the face. " This can be seen here.
Meng Haoran was the first poet who devoted himself to writing landscape poems in the Tang Dynasty. Today, there are more than 2 poems, most of which are poems written by him during his roaming, and also works written by him when he visited Wanshan, Xianshan and Lumen Mountain in his hometown. There are also a few poems about rural life. The geographical range of materials in the poem is quite broad.
Landscape is the most important theme of poetry in the Southern Dynasties, which has experienced long-term development and made remarkable achievements. By Meng Haoran, landscape poetry has been promoted to a new level, which is mainly manifested in the following aspects: the relationship between emotion and scenery in poetry is not only a foil to each other, but also a close combination of water and milk; The artistic conception of poetry is more pure and clear because all unnecessary and incongruous elements are eliminated; The structure of the poem is also more perfect.
Meng Haoran prefers water rafting in his journey. As he himself said, "He often goes boating for the pleasure of mountains and rivers." (Jing Qi Li Tan) His poems often describe the beautiful scenery and the interest caused by roaming in the southern water towns, such as:
the scenery is bright and clear, and the river is light. Clarify the things in love the water, what can you do if you are in the pan? White-headed fishing Weng, new makeup girl. Look at each other like acquaintances, but you can't speak. (boating on the Yexi River)
Fishing and sitting on a rock, the water is clear and the heart is idle. The fish swam in the shade of the tree, and the apes hung on the branches and Slapstick. The story of the goddess of the goddess Yu Pei, the legend occurs in this mountain. Since I had no chance of such an adventure, I would go back in the moonlight to sing the oars. (Wan Shan Tan Zuo)
Poetry not only plays a documentary role, but also blends the poet's fresh feelings and naive reverie. In his eyes, whether it is a figure bathed in the glow of the sunset or a fish and beast playing on the underwater shore, everything he sees seems to turn into a knowing and kind smile. These poetic scenes do have a crystal clear feeling.
the artistic conception of Meng Haoran's landscape poems is mostly full of vitality and tranquility. But he can also express his greatness with his magnificent writing style. For example, in "Looking at Lushan Mountain in Pengli Lake": "The moon is too empty to be dizzy, and the boat knows the wind. Hang the seats and wait for the morning hair, and it is in the lake. The middle stream is Kuangfu, and the potential pressure is Jiujiang Xiong. The dark color is condensed, and the towering sky is empty.
When the incense burner first rises, the waterfall sprays Hong Chen ... " Pan Deyu, a Qing Dynasty poet, took this poem and Early Fishing in Putan as examples, saying that Meng's poem was "energetic and looked down on everything" ("Yang Yi Zhai Shi Hua"), which showed the important characteristics of its exuberance.
In fact, emphasizing "promoting images" is also a common feature of Meng Haoran's poems. This can be seen more clearly by comparing several different works.
here in the Eighth-month the waters of the lake, are of a single air with heaven. Cloud Land mr.osawa water vapor transpiration white boundless, the waves appear to shake the Yueyang. I want to cross the water to find the boat and oars, the holy age of Homebound is really ashamed. Sitting idly watching other people's hard river fishing, can only envy the fish caught in the fish. ("a message from lake dongting to premier zhang")
I heard about apes in the mountains, and the river rushing through the night. The cross - strait wind Blow the branches and leaves rustling, the moonlight is reflected by the river, a river of a boat. Building heart scenery is good but not my homeland, I still miss Yangzhou old friends and old friends. Recalling that I can not suppress tears in the two lines, looking at the west side of the west coast to send sad to Yangzhou. (from a mooring on the tonglu to a friend in yangzhou)
while my little boat moves on its mooring of mist, and daylight wanes, old memories begin. The boundless expanse of the wilderness was still deeper than the trees, and the moon was close to the moon. (a night-mooring on the jiande river)
These three poems are all about rivers and lakes, but they have different personalities. The first song was written when Meng applied for the Zhang Jiuling shogunate. He was excited to have a chance to try his ambition. He once wrote poems such as "Grateful to play the crown, safe to keep the poor" ("Book Huai Yi Jing Yi Tong Hao") and "An old friend is in office now, so it is not too late to go back" ("Send Ding Dafeng Jinshi to Zhang Jiuling"). It is this high-spirited emotion that made him write such a magnificent famous sentence as "and a mist from the Yun and Meng valleys, has beleaguered the city of Yueyang". The second and third songs were written on the day of traveling south to wuyue after falling behind, and the former was anxious with the wind.