1. Confucius
Confucius (September 28, 551 BC - April 11, 479 BC), whose surname was Kong, whose given name was Qiu, and whose courtesy name was Zhongni. , a native of Zou Yi (now Qufu, Shandong Province) of the state of Lu in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and a native of Liyi (now Xiayi, Henan Province) of the Song Dynasty, was an ancient Chinese thinker, educator, and founder of the Confucian school. ?
Confucius created the culture of private lectures and advocated benevolence, justice, etiquette, wisdom and trust. He once led some of his disciples to travel around the country for thirteen years. In his later years, he revised the Six Classics of Poems, Book, Rites, Music, Yi, and Spring and Autumn.
According to legend, Confucius once asked Laozi for advice and had three thousand disciples, including seventy-two sages. After Confucius's death, his disciples and his subsequent disciples recorded the words, deeds, quotes and thoughts of Confucius and his disciples, and compiled them into the Confucian classic "The Analects of Confucius". ?
In ancient times, Confucius was revered as the "Sage of Heaven" and the "Muduo of Heaven". He was one of the most erudite scholars in the society at that time, and was respected as the Saint of Confucius and the Holy Saint by the rulers of later generations. , the most holy teacher, the most holy teacher of Dacheng Wenxuan Wang, the teacher of all generations.
His thoughts have a profound impact on China and the world, and he is listed as the first among the "Top Ten Cultural Celebrities in the World". As the influence of Confucius expanded, the "Confucius Ceremony" to worship Confucius once became a "big sacrifice" on the same level as the Chinese ancestor gods.
2. Xiang Yu
Xiang Yu (232 BC - 202 BC), named Yu, was born in Si River (now Suqian City, Jiangsu Province). The leader of the peasant uprising in the late Qin Dynasty, an outstanding military strategist, and the grandson of Xiang Yan, the famous general of Chu State.
Brave and martial, he followed his uncle Xiang Liang in an uprising against Qin in Wuzhong in his early years. After Xiang Liang was killed in battle, he led his army across the river to rescue King Zhao Xie. In the Battle of Julu, he defeated the main force of the Qin army led by Zhang Han and Wang Li, and led the army to destroy the Qin state.
Calling himself the Overlord of Western Chu, he established his capital in Pengcheng (now Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province), granted great titles to the generals who had contributed to the destruction of Qin, and supported the descendants of the nobles of the six countries as kings. Liu Bang, the king of Han, sent troops from Hanzhong, setting off a four-year conflict between Chu and Han. Xiang Yu repeatedly defeated Liu Bang on the frontal battlefield.
Peng Yue continued to destroy the Chu army's supplies from the rear. Han Xin unified the north of the Yellow River and marched south. Xiang Yu was headstrong and suspicious of his father, Fan Zeng, and was eventually defeated by Liu Bang.
In 202 BC, Xiang Yu retreated to Gaixia (now Lingbi County, Anhui) and broke through Wujiang (now Wujiang Town, He County, Anhui). In the end, the overlord bid farewell to his concubine and committed suicide by the Wujiang River. ?
As a representative figure of the "Bing Situation" (the Four Situations of Military Strategies: Military Situation, Military Strategy, Military Yin and Yang, and Military Skills) in Chinese military thought, Xiang Yu is a general known for his outstanding personal force. Li Wanfang commented that Xiang Yu was "unparalleled in his bravery throughout history."
3. Zhuge Liang
Zhuge Liang (181-October 8, 234), courtesy name Kongming and nickname Wolong, was born in Yangdu, Langya, Xuzhou (now Yinan County, Linyi City, Shandong) , the Prime Minister of Shu during the Three Kingdoms period, an outstanding politician, strategist, diplomat, writer, calligrapher, and inventor.
In his early years, he followed his uncle Zhuge Xuan to Jingzhou. After Zhuge Xuan died, Zhuge Liang lived in seclusion in Longzhong, Xiangyang. Later, Liu Bei visited the thatched cottage three times to invite Zhuge Liang, and joined forces with Sun Yat-sen to fight against Cao Cao, and defeated Cao's army in the Battle of Chibi. Forming the power of the Three Kingdoms, they also captured Jingzhou.
In the 16th year of Jian'an (211), Yizhou was captured. Then he defeated Cao Jun and captured Hanzhong. In the first year of Shu Zhangwu (221), Liu Bei established the Shu Han regime in Chengdu, and Zhuge Liang was appointed prime minister to preside over the government.
After Liu Chan, the lord of Shu, succeeded to the throne, Zhuge Liang was named the Marquis of Wuxiang and led the pastoral care of Yizhou. Be diligent and prudent, handle all political affairs personally, and strictly enforce rewards and punishments; alliance with Soochow to improve relations with all ethnic groups in the southwest; implement the policy of farming and strengthen war preparations. Six Northern Expeditions to the Central Plains were carried out, but most of them used food to achieve no success.
He eventually became ill due to overwork and died of illness in Wuzhangyuan (now Qishan, Baoji, Shaanxi) in the twelfth year of Jianxing Shu (234) at the age of 54. Liu Chan named him Zhongwuhou, and later generations often called Zhuge Liang the honorific name Wuhou. The Eastern Jin regime named him King Wuxing because of his military prowess.
Zhuge Liang's representative works of prose include "Chu Shi Biao" and "Book of Commandments".
He invented the wooden cow and flowing horse, the Kongming lantern, etc., and modified the repeating crossbow, called the Zhuge repeating crossbow, which can fire ten arrows with one crossbow. Zhuge Liang "dedicated his life to death" and was a representative figure of loyal ministers and wise men in traditional Chinese culture.
4. Wen Tianxiang
Wen Tianxiang (June 6, 1236 - January 9, 1283), was originally named Yun Sun, also named Song Rui and Lu Shan. The Taoist name is Fuxiu Taoist and Wenshan. A native of Luling, Jizhou, Jiangxi Province (now Futian Town, Qingyuan District, Ji'an City, Jiangxi Province), he was a politician, writer, patriotic poet, famous anti-Yuan minister, and national hero in the late Southern Song Dynasty. He was also known as the "Three Heroes of the Late Song Dynasty" together with Lu Xiufu and Zhang Shijie. ".
In the fourth year of Baoyou's reign (1256), he ranked first in Jinshi. In the first year of Kaiqing's reign (1259), he was granted the additional title of Chengshi Lang and Signing Letter Ning Haijun, Judge of Jiedu. In April of the sixth year of Xianchun (1270), he served as war inspector and Quanzhi Academy. He was dismissed from office because he drafted an imperial edict that satirized Quan Xiandao.
In the first year of Deyou (1275), the Yuan army marched eastward along the Yangtze River. Wen Tianxiang spent all his wealth on military resources and recruited 50,000 soldiers to defend Lin'an. Xuan served as an envoy for western Zhejiang and Jiangdong and also knew Pingjiang Prefecture. He sent generals to help Changzhou, but because Huai general Zhang Quan failed to save him when he saw the danger, he was defeated and retreated to Yuhang.
Xuan was appointed You Prime Minister and Privy Council Envoy, and was ordered to go to the Yuan army to negotiate peace. He was detained for denounced the Yuan Prime Minister Boyan, and was escorted back on the way north. In May, he met with Zhang Shijie, Minister of Rites Lu Xiufu, and Right Prime Minister Chen Yizhong in Fuzhou to support King Zhao Shi of Yi as emperor, and made a plan to take the sea route north to recover Jiangsu and Zhejiang. However, Chen Yizhong blocked it, so he went to Nanjianzhou (now Nanping, Fujian). Gather troops to resist the Yuan Dynasty.
In May of the second year of Jingyan (1277), he attacked Jiangxi again, but was finally defeated and retreated to Guangdong due to the situation alone. In December of the first year of Xiangxing (1278), he was captured in Wupoling (now Haifeng North, Guangdong). The following year, Zhang Hongfan, the marshal of both the Mongolian and Han armies of the Yuan Dynasty, escorted him to Yashan (today's Xinhui South) and ordered Zhang Shijie to be surrendered. Wen Tianxiang refused and wrote the poem "Crossing the Lingding Ocean" to clarify his ambition.
He was later transferred to Dadu of the Yuan Dynasty (today's Beijing). Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty, personally persuaded him to surrender and was promised the post of Prime Minister of Zhongshu. Wen Tianxiang was upright and would rather die than surrender.
On the ninth day of December in the nineteenth year of Yuan Dynasty (January 9, 1283), he died in Dadu. Aged 47. He is the author of "Wenshan Poetry Collection", "Guanzhi Lu", "Guanzhi Houlu", "Song of Righteousness", etc.
5. Qi Jiguang
Qi Jiguang (November 12, 1528 - January 5, 1588), whose courtesy name was Yuanjing, also known as Nantang, later named Mengzhu, and his posthumous title was Wu. Yi. Han nationality, native of Penglai, Shandong (some say his ancestral home is Dingyuan, Anhui, and he was born in Luqiao Town, Weishan County, Jining, Shandong). A famous anti-Japanese general of the Ming Dynasty, an outstanding strategist, calligrapher, poet and national hero.
Qi Jiguang fought against Japanese pirates on the southeast coast for more than ten years, eliminating the Japanese pirates that had plagued the coast for many years and ensuring the safety of lives and property of the coastal people.
Later, he fought against the Mongolian tribal invaders in the north for more than ten years, safeguarded the security of the northern territory, promoted the peaceful development of the Mongolian and Han peoples, and wrote the eighteen-volume "New Book of Jixiao" and ten Famous military books such as the four-volume "Records of Military Training", as well as "Zhizhitang Collection" and memorials and amendments submitted to the imperial court in various historical periods.
At the same time, Qi Jiguang was an outstanding weapons expert and military engineer. He transformed and invented various fire attack weapons; the large and small warships and chariots he built made the Ming army's waterway equipment superior. To defeat the enemy, he creatively built a hollow enemy tower on the Great Wall, which could be used to advance, attack, retreat or defend. It was a very unique military project.
Baidu Encyclopedia - Confucius
Baidu Encyclopedia - Xiang Yu
Baidu Encyclopedia - Zhuge Liang
Baidu Encyclopedia - Wen Tianxiang
p>Baidu Encyclopedia——Qi Jiguang