Speaking of the most chaotic period in China's history, it was nothing more than "Five Hus and Sixteen Countries".
This period of history began in the Western Jin Dynasty and ended in Liu Song in the Southern Dynasties. It lasted 136 years. In fact, between 19 and 20 regimes were established during this period. Some come one after another, and some coexist at the same time. Up to eight regimes coexist in northern China for nine to ten years.
Most of the founders of these regimes are ethnic minorities. Including the five ethnic minorities of Xiongnu, Biandi, Biandi, Xianbei and Qiang, it is called "Five Lakes". Among them, the Xianbei nationality established the most political power, with seven. Followed by sandy, four. Three Xiongnu. One is Jie and the other is Qiang, a total of 16 regimes. That's why the phrase "five lakes and sixteen countries" came into being.
Strangely, after this short period of more than 100 years, it is difficult to find these ethnic minorities in history. It is impossible for the living to disappear, let alone these ethnic minorities who once founded the country.
So, where did they go? Where are their descendants now and what kind of life are they living? Today, we will talk about where the "Five Lakes" that once "messed up China" went.
Xiongnu
Let's start with the Huns. We are all familiar with the word Xiongnu. Since the Qin dynasty, it has become a heart disease for rulers of past dynasties. In order to resist the Huns, Qin Huang and Ying Zheng spared no expense to build the Great Wall of Wan Li. High-impedance Liu Bang was trapped in Dengbaishan and had to marry and make peace. Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, spared no effort to concentrate the strength of the whole country and made many northern expeditions.
Unexpectedly, hundreds of years later, during the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Huns stood up and declared that they were the orthodox of China and the true successors of the Han Dynasty. The person who said this sentence is Liu Yuan, a Hun. However, he lived in Luoyang Palace since childhood, read a lot of poems and books, and even got the appreciation of Si Mazhao. It can be seen that this future heir who calls himself "Big Man" is already a Han Chinese through and through, although he is bleeding from Huns.
His son Liu Cong became a famous calligrapher and sinologist in Beijing in his early years. Although he changed his surname to Liu, he still couldn't hide the fact that he was a Hun, and Liu Cong was even more formidable. So later, he could not only seize the throne, but also send the emperor of the Western Jin Dynasty to the guillotine.
Although Liu Yuan claimed to be the heir of the Han Dynasty before, he and his descendants knew that they were just fakes, fakes and knockoffs. Because identity is the biggest problem, and in his heart, he has always recognized the orthodoxy of the Han Dynasty and the authenticity of the Han civilization.
They also think that they are "entering China" instead of "messing up China". Only time does not allow them to prove that just 25 years later, another ethnic minority rising in the north took its place.
It turns out that not only the Han people have a struggle with the Hu people, but also the Hu people have a struggle. National integration still has a long way to go.
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Instead of the Huns, Jie people. It is said that the Jie people may be descendants of the Xiaoyue family and come from the Western Regions. It could be Iranian. Xie itself is an insulting word, which shows that Xie has been discriminated against even among Hu people. Maybe they are Xiongnu prisoners of war or slaves.
And their leader Schleswig-Holstein is such a slave. In that war-torn era, the only way to submit to humiliation was to die. Only when the guns are hardened can their nation truly turn over and liberate. Schleswig-Holstein, who knew this truth, rose up because of the uprising. From looting houses to attacking cities, it gradually became a member of the Xiongnu Han State. By the time Liu Yuan proclaimed himself, he was already holding 200,000 troops.
Unexpectedly, this low-born leader of the Jie nationality has great enthusiasm for China culture. He not only set up a "gentleman's camp" for Han intellectuals, but also listened to the opinions of Zhang Bin, a counselor of Han nationality.
When Schleswig became the king of Zhao, he showed great respect for China culture. Not only be kind to Han intellectuals, but also implement the policy of dividing Han and Hu.
Moreover, Schleswig-Holstein himself attached great importance to the education of China culture, especially to Confucianism. Even in the process of marching and fighting, I want to listen to people read. If it weren't for his illiteracy, he would probably become a sinologist.
How difficult it is for a once barbaric minority! The post-Zhao dynasty also achieved the basic unification of the north, although this was only a short-term unification.
Data input (British) Defence Inteligence)? Density Indicator (density indicator)
The successor of Jieren is De. Miao people probably live in today's Shaanxi Province, so they have a deeper contact with China culture. Miao nationality was originally a vassal of Jie people, but later took advantage of civil strife to establish a country, which was called "pre-Qin" in history.
The most glorious era of pre-Qin Dynasty was Fu Jian's era. It was under his rule that the former Qin dynasty unified the north. It was this emperor who launched the famous "Battle of Feishui" in history.
Many friends are familiar with this battle, because there is a classical Chinese article in our high school called "The Battle of Feishui". What friends don't know is that Fu Jian, the former emperor of Qin who started this war, was even more enthusiastic about China culture than any of his predecessors.
At the age of eight, when other adult conference semifinals only knew how to drink and ride horses, the future monarch was going to study. Facts have proved that Fu Jian's understanding and research on China culture is no less than that of any contemporary famous artist. Some of his questions even Dr. Jason Wu couldn't answer. No wonder he proudly said, "The tradition of Duke Zhou and Confucius has not been cut off in my hands!" " He once regarded himself as the successor of Chinese civilization.
But thousands of people should not, and never should. Fu Jian, who thought his destiny was in his body, launched a battle at the water in an attempt to unify China. Although he respects and loves China culture, he is not from China after all. Destiny is not in the former Qin dynasty.
strong
The fiasco of the Battle of Feishui completely destroyed Fu Jian, the former Qin Dynasty and the United North.
The Qiang people took the opportunity to establish a country called "Houqin". This is also an ancient nation. Even in the Zhou dynasty, it was once brilliant and enjoyed the supreme honor of marrying the Zhou royal family.
However, in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, a hairless phoenix was not as good as a chicken. If it weren't for the Battle of Feishui, the Qiang people might never have a chance to step on the historical stage again, although the performance time left for them was not very long.
"Long-term division must be combined, long-term division must be divided" seems to be the theme of history forever. Half a century after the Battle of Feishui, a new country was established and the old one perished. On the big stage of history, there are always new people to replace the old ones.
The final winner was the Northern Wei Dynasty.
Xianbei or Xianbei
In fact, Xianbei people are not the last "five lakes". In fact, they appeared a long time ago and established several regimes. For example, the Yan State established by Murong, and the Nanliang, which was domineering. However, on the historical stage, the Northern Wei Dynasty of Xianbei nationality is the last and best singer.
When it comes to the Northern Wei Dynasty, the first thing that friends think of is definitely the reform of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, which is mentioned in the history textbook of high school. We'll talk about Emperor Xiaowen later. Let's look at the origin of this nation first.
Xianbei people should be one of the ethnic minorities in Donghu, and they first lived in forest caves in Daxing 'anling. It is also an ancient nation. Later, it moved to the west and south, and in this process, it merged with the local ethnic groups, so in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Xianbei ethnic group had become a mixed-race ethnic group. The kingdom established by their leader Tuoba GUI was the Northern Wei Dynasty.
The Northern Wei Dynasty was not only a minority regime, but also a country of conference semifinals. Entering the Northern Wei Dynasty is no longer the era of "five lakes and sixteen countries", but the era of the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Therefore, the Northern Wei Dynasty was a dynasty, and even the Han people recognized its legitimacy.
Among the five lakes, only the Xianbei nationality established an epoch-making dynasty, which had to be thought-provoking.
Great changes in the Northern Wei Dynasty began with Feng Taihou's comprehensive reform as the empress dowager. These reforms will fundamentally change this ancient nation. The famous Emperor Xiaowen is the grandson of Empress Dowager Tai.
Everyone learned the contents of the reform in high school. In short, it is four words-full China. I won't go into details.
What I want to say is that this is not only a great ethnic integration, but also a great cultural integration. The Northern Wei Dynasty also became the place where Chinese civilization was revived. Emperor Xiaowen is not only the emperor of Xianbei nationality, but also the emperor of China.
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Xianbei people began to intermarry with Han people, and national integration was truly realized. Although these monarchs in Wuhu are ethnic minorities, they all showed great enthusiasm and enough respect for Chinese culture.
They ascended to heaven to worship Confucius and Mencius. Speak Chinese and write Chinese characters. Adhere to the China system and support the people of China. In fact, it was not "Wuhu" that occupied China, but these ethnic minorities were integrated into the eternal civilization of China.
And they have not disappeared from history, just as salt enters the water of the Han nationality. The kings of the Sui and Tang Dynasties who ended the Northern and Southern Dynasties were descendants of these Hu people. Perhaps today, you and I have the blood of these former "five Hu".
Fifty-six nationalities, not one of them can be left behind.
Interpret your familiar history and explore different human nature. Reading history is reading people's minds.