If the motherland is compared to a cock with its head held high, the Yellow River, the mother river of China, is the artery of the cock's heart, which has witnessed the great development trend of the Chinese nation. The Yellow River has a flow of 5,464 kilometers and a drainage area of 752,443 square kilometers. Thousands of tributaries are connected with streams and rivers, like countless capillaries, which continuously convey vitality and vitality to the motherland. The Yellow River (two Yellow Rivers) has a total length of 5,464 kilometers and a drainage area of 752,442.78 square kilometers. It meanders through nine provinces in northern China. Seen from the air, it looks like a huge "Ji", which is a unique totem of our nation-the dragon. Kariqu and Yuegu Zonglie Canal at the northern foot of bayan har are the main sources of the Yellow River, which originated from Yaradazi Peak in Bayan Kara Mountains. The main stream is 4,675 kilometers long, with an average flow of 1774.5 cubic meters per second, and flows into the Bohai Sea in Kenli County, Dongying City, Shandong Province. The dividing point of the upper and middle reaches is Hekou Town, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and the dividing point of the middle and lower reaches is Old Jin Meng, Henan Province. The estuary of the Yellow River is1500m wide, generally 500m, with a narrow part of only 50m and a water depth of 2.5m.. In some places, the depth is only 1.2 ~ 1.5 meters.
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geographical position
Schematic diagram of the yellow river basin
The Yellow River basin is bounded by latitude 32-42 N and longitude 96- 1 19 E, with a difference of latitude 10 between north and south and longitude 23 between east and west. The basin covers an area of more than 752,000 square kilometers, with a total length of 5,464 kilometers and a drop of 4,830 meters from the source to the estuary. Rocky mountain area accounts for 29%, loess hilly area accounts for 46%, sandstorm area accounts for 1 1%, and plain area accounts for 14%. The Yellow River originated in Bayankala, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and its main stream flows through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces and flows into the Bohai Sea. The annual runoff is 57.4 billion cubic meters and the average runoff depth is 79 meters. However, the water volume is not as large as that of the Pearl River, and there are 35 main tributaries along the way. The larger tributaries are in the upper reaches, with Huangshui River, Taohe River, Qingshui River, Fenhe River, Weihe River and Qinhe River in the middle reaches, and Yihe River and Luohe River in the lower reaches. Due to the lack of lakes and high riverbeds on both banks, there are few rivers flowing into the Yellow River, so the area of the lower reaches of the Yellow River is very small. Yellow river valley mountains
Heyuan to Guide is a mountainous and grassland plateau; The ownership of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; Above 3000 meters above sea level; Mountain peaks above 4000 meters; Source valley at an altitude of 4200 meters. Guide's reach from Jinmeng River is the Loess Plateau, with the western slope of Lvliang in the east, Weihe Valley in the south, Ordos Plateau in the north and Lanzhou Valley in the west. The elevation of the Loess Plateau is generally at 1, 000 ~ 1, 300 meters, with uneven terrain and deep slopes. The gully slope is 65,438+0.5 ~ 20 degrees, and the gully area accounts for 40 ~ 50%. Gully density is 3 ~ 5 kilometers per square kilometer, and the cutting depth is more than 1 meter. Below Jin Meng, it enters the low-lying North China Plain, with an altitude of no more than 50 meters. After entering the downstream, the river channel is flat, and the average gradient is only 0. 12%. The water flow slows down, a lot of sediment is deposited, and the riverbed is 4 ~ 5 meters above the ground. Due to the repeated diversion of the Yellow River, fan-shaped ancient riverbed and ancient natural dike alluvial on the ground, becoming an inclined plain with alternating gentle hills and depressions, and the depressions are relatively open and flat. However, whether the specific source of the Yellow River is Kariqu, Maqu or Zhaqu has always been controversial. However, in 1985, according to the historical tradition and opinions of various factions, the Yellow River Conservancy Commission determined Maqu as the source of the river, and set up a sign of the source of the river at Maquguo in the southwest corner of the Yogu Zonglie Basin, with the east longitude of 95 59' 24 "and the north latitude of 35 01'18". The Yellow River runs from Guide to Minhe at an altitude of 3,000 to 1.600 meters, and enters Gansu from Minhe Xiachuankou. The climate in this section is mild and humid, and it has the reputation of "small south of the Yangtze River on the plateau", and the water flow is crystal clear, and it is also known as "the Yellow River is precious in Deqing". Ningxia Plain in Ningxia and Hetao Plain in Inner Mongolia are called the Yangtze River because they are located in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, rich in water resources, convenient for irrigation, developed in agriculture and rich in aquatic plants.
River basin survey
The Yellow River reaches Hekou Town, Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, with a total length of 3,472 kilometers. The middle reaches are from Hekou Town to Jin Meng, with a length of 1206 km. Below Taohuayu is the downstream, with a river length of 786 kilometers. There are many opinions on the division of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, and the division scheme of the Yellow River Water Resources Commission is adopted here. The Yellow River runs through China from east to west, with a length of 1.900 km from east to west and a width of1.654,38+0.000 km from north to south, with a total area of 752,443 square kilometers. Huanghehukou
The Yellow River, like a lion with his head held high, crosses the mountains of Qinghai and Gansu provinces from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Hetao Plain across Ningxia and Inner Mongolia; Pentium in the ravine between Shanxi and Shaanxi; Break through the "Longmen", turn around at the foot of Huashan Mountain in Xiyue, cross the North China Plain, and head for the coast of Bohai Sea. Flowing through 9 provinces; It has gathered more than 40 major tributaries and more than 65,438+0,000 streams and rivers, with a journey of 5,464 kilometers and a drainage area of more than 750,000 square kilometers, making it the second longest river in China. The average annual precipitation in the whole basin is about 400 mm, while the average annual runoff of the Yellow River is only 57.4 billion cubic meters, ranking eighth among Chinese rivers. There are more than 200 million mu of cultivated land in the basin, and the population is about 654.38+0 billion along the Yulu River downstream. Yellow River Jiuqu
The average natural runoff of the whole Yellow River for many years is 58 billion cubic meters, the average annual runoff depth of the basin is 77 mm, the per capita water volume of the basin is 593 cubic meters, and the cultivated land is 324 cubic meters. The middle reaches of the Yellow River flow through the Loess Plateau. Due to soil erosion, tributaries bring a lot of sediment, making the Yellow River the largest river with sediment concentration in the world. The annual maximum sediment discharge is 3965438+ 1 100 million tons (1933), and the maximum sediment concentration is 920kg/m3( 1977). The average sediment discharge of Sanmenxia Station for many years is about 65.438+0.6 billion tons, and the average sediment concentration is 35 kg/m3. The sediment concentration per cubic meter of water in the Yangtze River is less than 1 kg. According to world record association, China, the Yellow River has the largest sediment concentration. The Yellow River has an average annual sediment of1.60 billion tons. If you build a wall with a width of one meter and a height of one meter, its length is equivalent to three times the distance between the earth and the moon (384,400 kilometers) and 27 times the length of the equator.
Since the main dispute, many dynasties have set up river management institutions, and People's Republic of China (PRC) still has such institutions as the Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission, which is very rare in the world. It can be said that the Yellow River has played a decisive role in shaping the character of the Chinese nation and the direction of Chinese civilization.
Edit this section Yellow River regulation
Qian Ning, a sediment expert from China Academy of Sciences, put forward the distinction between the thickness of the Yellow River sediment. On the Yellow River, coarse sand refers to sand with a diameter of more than 0.05 mm, medium sand with a diameter of 0.025~0.05 mm and fine sand with a diameter of less than 0.025 mm. The sediment deposition in the lower reaches of the Yellow River is mainly caused by more than 400 million tons of coarse sand. In this regard, people usually use artificial disturbance of sediment and water and sediment regulation methods. Artificial sand disturbance refers to the mechanical means to stir up the coarse sand at the bottom of the Yellow River and spray it into the main channel of the Yellow River, thus flowing into the ocean. Xiaolangdi Reservoir is widely used to adjust water and sediment, with 12 times. Great progress has been made in harnessing the Yellow River in the past 50 years: 1. More than 3,000 reservoirs have been built in the Yellow River Basin, with a total storage capacity equivalent to the annual runoff of the Yellow River, and the utilization rate of water resources in the Yellow River has reached 60%. The Xiaolangdi project, which was built with the World Bank loan, was closed on schedule on 1998. 2. The dikes in the lower reaches of the Yellow River 1300 km are generally heightened and reinforced for three times. 3. Two fifths of the soil erosion area in the Yellow River Basin has been controlled. During the 48 years from 1950 to 1997, eight provinces (regions) in the Yellow River Basin have completed five major soil and water conservation measures, including terraces, dams, other basic farmland and afforestation and grass planting, reaching 276.5438 billion mu, equivalent to 65.438+0808 million square kilometers, accounting for 8 provinces (. According to the average of 48 years, the average annual progress is 0.83%. In the above-mentioned control areas, there are 46 1.7 1.7 million mu of terraced fields, 5.378 million mu of dam land, 3.381.33 million mu of other basic farmland, 0 1.5094446 million mu of afforestation and 34965438+/kl.
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The vibrant upstream reach-this reach is called the "rich mining area" of the Yellow River's hydraulic resources. Among them, from Longyang Gorge to Qingtongxia, rivers and canyons alternate with each other, with large riverbed gradient and rich hydraulic resources. The planned utilization gap exceeds 1.200m, and the installed capacity exceeds1.0 million kilowatts, accounting for nearly 50% of the whole river. The average annual power generation is nearly 60 billion kWh. The tender and lingering Ningmeng reach-the Yellow River flows peacefully here, irrigating the farmland on both sides and benefiting the local people. Therefore, there is a saying that "Huang Hefu and Ningxia are the best in the world" and "the Yellow River risks only one side is rich". The land near Yinchuan, Ningxia is flat and has a vast area. For more than 2000 years, the Yellow River has been used for gravity irrigation. There are abundant products here, and the precious Chinese herbal medicines Lycium barbarum and Yinchuan rice are of good quality, which is known as "Jiangbei". Photo of Lycium barbarum The Hetao Plain in Inner Mongolia is very dry. In the west, the annual precipitation is less than 200mm. Here, "no water is a desert, and water is an oasis". The Yellow River water has created superior conditions for industrial and agricultural production here. The middle reaches of the Yellow River-Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Gorge, where the Yellow River splits the Wan Ren Mountain like a bamboo, forming the longest continuous canyon section on the Yellow River. There are two famous places in this reach: 1. Hukou Waterfall-The Yellow River rushed here with thunderous momentum and roared away. Hukou Waterfall is not only a symbol of the Yellow River, but also a symbol of the Chinese nation's indomitable spirit of pioneering and forging ahead. The majestic song "The wind is roaring, the horse is roaring, the Yellow River is roaring, and the Yellow River is roaring" sings the elegance of the Yellow River and the heroic spirit of the Chinese nation's invincible and hard struggle. (The lyrics are selected to the Yellow River Chorus) 2. Longmen-The story of "Carp yue longmen" comes from this. It is said that carp can jump over the dragon gate and become a dragon. This legend expresses people's good wishes to reach their ideal state after hard work, and also inspires Chinese children to strive for self-improvement and struggle. According to legend, it is a canyon dug by Dayu, so it is also called Yumenkou.
Xiaolangdi of the Yellow River
Xiaolangdi Scenic Area of the Yellow River is located in Mengjin County, 40 kilometers north of Luoyang City. It is a large-scale project jointly developed by Luoyang Municipal People's Government and National Tourism Administration. It is an important scenic spot of "three points and one line" tourism in Henan Province. With a total area of 1262 square kilometers (including 296 square kilometers of water surface), it is a large mountain lake scenic spot with canyons and rivers as its main features, reflecting the history, culture and natural scenery of the Yellow River. Large-scale hydraulic structures such as Xiaolangdi Dam and intake tower in the scenic area are feats in the history of the Yellow River harnessing of the Chinese nation and are well-known patriotic education bases. Baiya Mountain, Huanglu Mountain, Hong Yashan, Shizu Mountain, Jingzi Mountain and Daimei Mountain in the scenic area are beautiful and rich in human landscape. Bali Hutong Gorge, Longfeng Gorge and Gushan Gorge are deep and deep, and they are known as the "Three Gorges of the Yellow River", with lakes branching vertically and horizontally in a vast area of 296 square kilometers. Heluo culture is the representative of the history and culture of the Yellow River in Xiaolangdi Scenic Area. Located at the downstream of Xiaolangdi Dam 15km. Heluo Cultural Scenic Area consists of three parts: Emperor Guangwu's Mausoleum, Malone pagoda temple and Wang Duo's former residence. Wang Duo's former residence contains 90 stone carvings of Wang Duo's representative calligraphy work Zhuan Shan Yuan Tie, which fully displays Wang Duo's calligraphy art. Malong Futu Temple, also known as Fuxi Temple, is the ancestor of Chinese culture and human roots, and the source of Heluo culture, which attracts a large number of tourists to seek their roots every year. Zhengzhou Yellow River Tourist Area is located 30 kilometers northwest of Zhengzhou. It faces the majestic Yueshan Mountain in the south and the surging Yellow River in the north. Magnificent scenery of rivers and mountains, long-standing cultural landscape, and a series of unique geographical features, such as the starting point of the "hanging river" on the ground, the end point of the Loess Plateau and the dividing line between the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, make it a provincial-level scenic spot integrating sightseeing, scientific research, promoting Chinese culture and popular science education, and become the leader of the national tourist line-the Yellow River tour. Among the nearly 40 scenic spots that have been built and opened to the outside world, such as Wulong Peak, Yueshan Temple and Camel Ridge, there are statues such as Emperor Yanhuang, Nurturing, Dayu, Horse Screaming, and Children of the Yellow River, and there is a forest of steles on the Yellow River.
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654.38+0.5 million years ago, the Xihoudu ape-man appeared in Ruicheng County near the Yellow River in Shanxi Province. Later, Lantian ape-man 6.5438+0 million years ago and Dali ape-man 300,000 years ago fished and hunted along the Yellow River, and continued to work silently for the birth of the Yellow River civilization. 70,000 years ago, the early Homo sapiens in Ding Cun, Xiangfen, Shanxi Province, and the late Homo sapiens in Dagouwan, Uxin Banner, Inner Mongolia, 30,000 years ago played the prelude to the ancient Yellow River civilization. The sites of microlithic culture from 10000 to 7000 years ago, Neolithic culture from 7000 to 3700 years ago, bronze culture from 3700 to 2700 years ago and ironware culture from 770 BC are almost all over the Yellow River basin. Since the Middle Stone Age, the Yellow River Basin has become the development center of ancient culture in China. Suirenshi, Fu and Shennongshi created and invented artificial fire technology, primitive animal husbandry and primitive agriculture, which opened the prelude to the development of the Yellow River civilization. Qin Huang Hanwu, Tang Zong Song Zu, a generation of arrogant Genghis Khan, these emperors led the Chinese nation to push the ancient Yellow River civilization to the brilliant peak that attracted worldwide attention. Gunpowder, compass, papermaking, printing, Tang poetry and Song poetry, and Yuanqu are glittering treasures in the Yellow River civilization. Inventions and scientific achievements not only promoted the development of China, but also spread all over the world and promoted the progress of all mankind. 1. The Yellow River, the second longest river in China, a 5464-kilometer-long river winds in the north of China. Seen from the air, it looks like a huge "Ji", which is a unique totem of our nation-the dragon. Second, the Yellow River is not just a big river. Yellow River, Yellow Earth, Yellow Emperor, Yellow Skin and the legendary dragon, all these yellow symbols sublimate this turbid stream flowing through the heart of China into a holy river. Han Shu Gou Ji regards the Yellow River as the first of all waters: "China has the source of all rivers, and the Yellow River is its ancestor." Third, the theory of loess weathering In the long geological age, in the desert Gobi in the interior of Asia, sand and gravel were everywhere, and they were decomposed and crushed in the harsh environment of sudden cooling and sudden heating until they formed powder. The northwest airflow prevailing in the inland has blown them to the east for many years, and the coarse sand has fallen on the Mongolian plateau, and the most delicate powder has fallen to today's six provinces of Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Qinghai, Ningxia and Henan. After millions of years of transportation and accumulation, a loess plateau has finally formed, starting from the Great Wall in the north, reaching Qinling Mountain in the south, Sun Moon Mountain in the west and Taihang Mountain in the east. Fourth, deep and broad loess layer This is unparalleled loess, with an area of 4 10000 square kilometers, and the thickness of loess coverage is generally above1000 meters. The loess in Longdong, Shaanxi, Shanxi and other places is as deep as 100 to 200 meters, and the thickness in Lanzhou is more than 300 meters. The loess plateau loses 2.2 billion tons of topsoil every year, most of which enters the Yellow River. Five or six thousand years ago, botanists in the Garden of Eden found that although the rainfall in the Loess Plateau was not as abundant as that in the south, the loss of nutrients was less, which was very suitable for the growth of poplar, birch, oak, Chinese pine, spruce, Zizyphus jujuba and Vitex negundo. At that time, lush vegetation gave birth to a warm and rainy Garden of Eden. Today, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia and other provinces have large areas of virgin forests. Henan Province, located in the Central Plains, is referred to as "Yu" for short. It can be seen that in the era of word-making in Cangjie, it was also a place where elephants haunted. The enlightenment of ancient civilization of intransitive verbs In the Houdu human activity site in Ruicheng, Shanxi, more than 6.5438+0.6 million years ago, burnt animal fossils and antler fossils were found, and many carbon deposits were found in Lantian human site in Shaanxi, 6.5438+0.6 million years ago. Since then, Lantian people, Dali people, Dingcun people and Hetao people have all thrived in the embrace of the Yellow River. Until 6000 years ago, matriarchal clan culture represented by Banpo civilization appeared on the yellow land. Our ancestors hunted and gathered in such a green field and spent the golden childhood of Chinese civilization. Seven. The historical account of the merits of transforming nature is true, the light of civilization bathed here first, and it is bound to touch the fire of civilization here first. According to ancient legends, Shennong once taught people to grow crops. What is intriguing is that Shennong is Emperor Yan, that is, Vulcan, and what he teaches is actually burning forests for farming. Mencius recorded the "achievements" of the three emperors and five emperors who burned the forest: "When Yao ... the vegetation was lush, the animals multiplied, the grain was not harvested, and the animals were threatened ... Yao was the only one who was worried, and he handled it well. Make good use of fire. The fierce mountain burned it, and the animals fled. " In the Book of Songs, we heard the song of the ancestors when they cut down trees: "Kan Kan cuts sandalwood, the rivers are clear and the blue waves are rippling." "When logging is tintin, birds sing." Eight, uncovering the bottom of the river A few days ago, a century-old wonder "uncovering the bottom of the river" appeared in Dajinzui and Xiaoshizui of Shanxi Hejin section (Shanxi and Shaanxi sections) of the Xiaobei main stream of the Yellow River, and the sediment at the bottom of the river was rolled up like a carpet by the current. The phenomenon of "uncovering the bottom of the river" is a unique law of sediment movement in the Yellow River, which mainly occurs in Longmen, the main stream of Xiaobei, and Weihe, the tributary of the Yellow River. Its performance is that when the flood peak with high sediment concentration passes by, the riverbed is seriously washed in a short time, and the massive and flaky sediment at the bottom of the river is rolled up like a carpet, and then swept away by the current. Such intense scouring can make this section of riverbed several meters to more than ten meters deep in a few hours to dozens of hours. Due to the special conditions of the phenomenon of "uncovering the bottom of the river", "uncovering the bottom of the river" is called the century-old wonder of the Yellow River. It is reported that the Yellow River was last "uncovered" on July 6, 1977 at/kloc-0. This "river bottom revelation" began at 8: 00 on July 5 and lasted until 8: 40. During this period, in the spur dike section of Xiaoshizui Reconstruction Project 1 in Hejin reach, two large-scale lifting objects 1 with a height of about 1 m and a length of about 7-9 m were hoisted successively with the turbulent underwater sound. At the beginning of July, the tributaries from Wubao to Longmen in the middle reaches of the Yellow River were flooded with heavy rain, and the flood carried a lot of sediment south. On the evening of July 4th, the peak discharge of Longmen Hydrological Station at the source of Hejin reached 4600 cubic meters per second, with the largest sediment concentration.