Nanchong was called Han 'an County and Brazil County in the Three Kingdoms, which was the territory of Shu. Chen Shou was born in the 11th year of Jianxing, Liu Chan, the ruler of Shu, that is, the 11th year after Liu Bei entrusted the orphan to Zhuge Liang in Baidicheng. The hegemony of the three countries has come to an end.
Chen Shou was intelligent and eager to learn when he was a teenager, and he showed special interest in historical works since he was a child. He first read through the oldest history and the Spring and Autumn Annals, studied the Historical Records of Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty and the Hanshu of Ban Gu in the Eastern Han Dynasty in more detail, and became familiar with the methods of writing history books. At the same time, his articles are rich and touching, and won the praise of the elders. When Chen Shou was a child, he studied at home and was always concerned and urged by his father.
"Chen Shou's father joined the army in Ma Su. After losing the street pavilion, Chen Shou's father was punished by Ma Su, and Ma Su was killed by Zhuge Liang, who let the thugs kill him. This is the classic "Zhuge Liang cries and beheads Ma Su" in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. It is also the "chop" in the trilogy of "cutting the air" in the national drama. Chen Shou's father was sentenced to beheading, that is, cutting off his hair, which was a very humiliating punishment at that time, and was subsequently expelled from the military camp. At this time, Chen Shou's father returned to his hometown, married and had children a few years later, and got Chen Shou. Chen Shou's father pinned his indignation and frustration on his son Chen Shou. "
Later, Chen Shou's father died, and Chen Shou hurried home, observing filial piety for three years. However, in the later compilation of the History of the Three Kingdoms, there was no mention of the old father involved in the battle of the lost street pavilion, but Zhuge Liang, who punished his father, praised him greatly. As a result, Chen Shou's father didn't even leave his name in history. Later generations often mention it and can only call it Chen Shoufu.
18 years old, Chen Shou entered imperial academy, the capital of Sichuan, and met the second person who influenced his life-Qiao Zhou, who was also from Nanchong. When studying under Qiaozhou Gate, Chen Shou further studied hard in history, and the story about Chen Shou's hard study has been circulated among Nanchong people for a long time.
Chen shou's teacher
As an important figure in the late Three Kingdoms period, Qiao Zhou may not be known by people today. Chen Shou wrote a biography of this fellow teacher in his History of the Three Kingdoms. Qiao Zhou's language is humorous, and it is said that Zhuge Liang was amused by his humorous words. It is such a humorous person who finally influenced the pattern of the three countries.
In the late Three Kingdoms period, Wei gradually became strong. Neither Shu nor Wu Jun can compete with Wei. When Wei attacked Shu, the soldiers reached a level playing field. At a critical juncture, Qiao Zhou urged the late ruler Liu Chan to surrender to Wei. And dispel concerns, saying that if Wei does not make you king after the fall of Wei, I am willing to take risks with Wei's theory. Liu Chan listened to Qiao Zhou and surrendered to Wei. The pattern of tripartite confrontation among the three countries was broken.
In this way, the late master will not go bankrupt, and all the people in Shu will not go bankrupt.
Chen Shou also commented on his teacher in the History of the Three Kingdoms. However, in the feudal society based on loyalty and righteousness, Qiao Zhou's actions are undoubtedly contrary to the principle of loyalty and righteousness in the eyes of many people, and there are many criticisms of Qiao Zhou by present and future generations.
Nanchong people accepted this controversial fellow villager with tolerance. After Shu surrendered to Wei, Qiao Zhou refused the rewards given by Wang Wei to some senior officials. Seven years later, Qiao Zhou died in his hometown in the turmoil and refused to wear the shroud given to him by Wang Wei. The merits and demerits of this can only be judged by future generations. Today's Qiao Zhou Cemetery is located in a very lively residential area. People don't know if they will occasionally think of this fellow villager who exchanged fame for peace.
After the evolution of the form, as Qiao Zhou expected, two years after Shu was incorporated into Wei, the son of the King of Jin of Wei replaced Wei to establish the State of Jin, that is, the Western Jin in history. In 280 AD, the Jin Dynasty destroyed Wu, and at this point, the 84-year-old separatist regime finally ended.
At the beginning of creation
In the year when Shu Han perished, Chen Shou was 3 1 year old and gradually entered middle age. He stayed in Nanchong, his hometown, and stayed at home. He buried himself in research for several years and made great achievements. He also saw what was happening outside, and the idea of "The History of the Three Kingdoms" probably started in those years.
In 268 AD, 36-year-old Chen Shou left his hometown Nanchong and went to Luoyang, the capital of the Jin Dynasty, to work as a writer in the Western Jin Dynasty, specializing in compiling history books. Since then, his life has entered a new stage. The unified political environment in the world made it possible for Chen Shou to compile The History of the Three Kingdoms. Chen Shou, who grew up in Shu, has already accumulated a lot of information about Shu, and later added information about Wei and Wu. A 65-volume historical masterpiece can finally be compiled.
From the moment the Romance of the Three Kingdoms was completed, it caused a sensation in the contemporary world. After reading the "History of the Three Kingdoms", Emperor Hui of Jin immediately issued a letter and ordered every household in the country to copy the "History of the Three Kingdoms", which also made the stories in the "History of the Three Kingdoms" spread quickly among the people. In the Tang Dynasty, a new industry-storytelling appeared in the society, which further promoted the popularity of the stories of the Three Kingdoms among the people.
The characters and stories in the History of the Three Kingdoms have been circulated among the people in the form of storytelling for more than 1000 years. Today, we can still hear many ballads telling the story of the Three Kingdoms in the old teahouse in Nanchong. In circulation, people choose the historical stories recorded in the History of the Three Kingdoms according to their own values. Later, Luo Guanzhong's Romance of the Three Kingdoms was written according to the storyteller's records.
In Nanchong's folk paper-cutting art, there are a lot of stories and characters drawn from the Three Kingdoms, but most of the records in The History of the Three Kingdoms are historical facts, and few characters are described, which gives future generations great imagination and development space. There are many different versions of characters and stories.
Han Heng and Zhang Houfei lived in Langzhong, Nanchong for seven years, and there were many legends about Zhang Fei in the local area. Over time, the local people have doubts about Zhang Fei's inherent image of a leopard head with eyes.
"So what does Zhang Feichang look like? We have a statue here, which is the statue of Zhang Zun, the son of Zhang Bao, the eldest son of Zhang Fei. Look at this statue, the face is very handsome, which is in line with the aesthetic taste of modern people. At the same time, this statue has been made like this in the temple of Zhang Fei. This is well-founded. Therefore, from the point of view of modern genetics, his grandfather Zhang Fei would not be too ugly if he were upside down. This is a proof! The second proof is that, according to historical records, one of Zhang Fei's two daughters was made queen by the late Liu Chan, and the other later became Liu Chan's concubine. The two sisters in succession were attracted by the beautiful Liu Chan. Think about it, then what image will their father Zhang Fei be? Not too ugly, right? "
The reflection records that Zhang Fei, a valiant soldier, died in Langzhong and was harmed by his subordinates Fan Jiang and Zhang Da, but it doesn't explain why Fan Jiang and Zhang Da killed Zhang Fei. The legend of Zhang Fei's death in Nanchong has also been adapted into a shadow play in northern Sichuan by local people. Explained the reasons in detail.
Zhang Fei said in Langzhong that his second brother Guan Yu was defeated in Maicheng and was injured by Wu Jun. Very sad and angry, he ordered his men and Zhang Da to make white helmets and white armor to punish Wu's second brother. Fan Jiang and Zhang Da mistakenly thought that it was a hundred helmets and a hundred armour, thinking that they would be dead if they could not finish the task, so they were tempted to kill Zhang Fei, who was asleep after drinking, and went to Soochow with Zhang Fei's head. But on the way, he threw Zhang Fei's head in Yunyang, Sichuan. Therefore, there is another saying in Nanchong that Zhang Feitou is in Yunyang and in Langzhong.
Later, in order to avenge his two younger brothers, Liu Bei rushed to Dongwu and died in Baidicheng after his defeat. The scene of "Three Marriages in Taoyuan" left people with endless aftertaste. Although Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei failed to die on the same day of the same year, they also died one after another because of mutual affection. This friendship has become the most brilliant part in the story of the Three Kingdoms. The relationship between Liu, Guan and Zhang established by Chen Shou in the annals of the Three Kingdoms has also become a model of the relationship between monarch and minister in feudal society since then, which is highly respected. Nanchong carved the golden body of the emperor to show respect for Zhang Fei, but he did not forget his relationship with Liu Bei and made him a vassal. In this way, the story of the Three Kingdoms spread among the people.
The controversial Biography of Chen Shou, written by Fang and others in the Book of Jin in the Tang Dynasty, not only admits that Chen Shou has a good narrative and a good history, but also thinks that Chen Shou was expressed in the book out of personal grievances. It is said that "Ding Yi and Ding Kun are famous ministers of Wei, and their longevity refers to their son's saying: You can find a kilometer to meet and make a good biography for respecting the public. Ding didn't cooperate with him, but he didn't make a biography. Records of Ma Su joining the army were condemned by Zhuge Liang. Records also sat beside the quilt, Zhuge Zhan suicide. Life is the spread of light, which means that the light will be a little longer, and no one can meet the enemy; It is an exaggeration to say that only words and deeds are examples. There are few discussants. "
Only a few historians, such as Liu Qiu in the Northern Zhou Dynasty and Liu Zhiji in the Tang Dynasty, believe this historical material about Chen Shou's secret in the Book of Jin, but most historians think it is untrue and false. Pan Mei, a Qing Dynasty scholar, pointed out in Textual Research on the History of the Three Kingdoms: "Ding Yi and Ding Kui, the officials just stabbed and raped Huang Menfu, but they didn't have the power to destroy the front and meet the challenge, and they didn't have the effect of capturing the temple inside. In the hands of Wang Chen, the party shook their heirs and angered their flesh and blood. If they fail, they will be punished and have committed the crime of Wei, so they can't make a biography. " In fact, after Cao Pi ascended the throne, he killed Rockett, Ding Ling and the men. They have no children. "Book of Jin" said that Suomi wanted to make a biography, which is the most ignorant statement. Zhao Yi also pointed out in the Notes on the Twenty-two Histories: The Book of Jin said that "Shoufu joined the army for Ma Su, was slandered by Zhuge Liang, and was killed, so Shoufu was named Legend of Light, which means that Shoufu will be slightly inferior. This is really ignorance. You don't have to be good at fighting where the light can't reach. Guan shou revised Zhuge Ji, stating that "science and education are strict, rewards and punishments must be believed, no evil is not punished, and no good is not shown." As for officials, rape is not allowed, and people are motivated. Up to now, the people of Liang and Yi have sung praises in Gan Tang, but the songs of the people of Zheng have accomplished nothing. "After" Bright Biography ",he commented:' Bright is the rule, sincere is the public, good is meticulous, and evil is not falling. Finally, within the national territory, those who are afraid and love each other, although the criminal law is severe and there is no resentment, earnestly exhort the public. "His praise of Confucius can be said to be unique." Thus, it can be seen that the book of Jin derogates from Chen Shouzhi, which is a false word and should not be taken seriously.
The History of the Three Kingdoms is a biographical and dynastic history, which records the history of the three countries of Wei, Shu and Wu. Among them, Shu Wei has 30 volumes, Shu Shu 15 volumes, Wu Shu has 20 volumes and * * * has 65 volumes. It records the 60-year history from 220 (the first year of Huang Chu, Wei Wendi) to 280 (the first year of Taikang, Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty).
Chen Shou was a minister of the State of Jin, who succeeded Wei and won the world. Therefore, The History of the Three Kingdoms respects Wei as orthodox. In Shu Wei, Cao Cao wrote a biography, while Shu Shu and Wu Shu just passed it on without discipline. Liu Bei is called a great master, and Sun Quan is called a great master. This is an example of compiling history books to serve politics, and it is also a feature of the History of the Three Kingdoms.
Although Chen Shou respected Wei as orthodox in name, in fact he wrote a Book of Wei Shuwu, which truthfully recorded the tripartite confrontation between the three countries, showing that they were independent, not subordinate to each other and had equal status. As far as notation is concerned, Biography of the First Master and Biography of the Military Master are also the national latitudes of the year, which are exactly the same as Ji, but they are not called Ji. This way of dealing with Chen Shou was in line with the actual situation at that time, showing his outstanding knowledge and originality. Generally speaking, the history of the Three Kingdoms is relatively simple, which may be related to the quantity of historical materials. Chen Shou was from the Three Kingdoms period. Shu died at the age of 365,438+0. The History of the Three Kingdoms, edited by him, belonged to modern history at that time, and many things he experienced, heard and saw were relatively real, so it was speculated that he had the conditions to collect historical materials. However, because of the recent years, many historical materials have not been made public; At the same time, due to the lingering grievances, it is difficult to be fair, which also brings certain difficulties to the selection of materials and the revision of history.
Comparing the three books of Wei, Shu and Wu, there are only fifteen volumes, which is simpler than Wei and Wu. This is probably the reason why Wei and Wu have more historical materials than Shu. When Chen Shou wrote The History of the Three Kingdoms, Wei had Shu Wei and Yu Qian's Wei Lue, and Wu had Wu Shu for reference, which provided great convenience for Chen Shou to collect historical materials. However, there are neither historians nor ready-made history books in Shu and Han dynasties, so it is very difficult to collect historical materials. Chen Shou worked hard and even paid attention to searching for some fragmentary articles. Shu Shu only got fifteen volumes. The deeds of many important figures in Shu Shu are recorded very briefly, which shows that the historical materials of Shu Han are quite lacking. In addition, due to political reasons (or perhaps his rigorous attitude towards scholarship), Chen Shou may also give up some materials, such as some disgraceful things involving Sima Yi, which is inconvenient to write and has to be given up.
Wan Juan Lou Chen Shou was born in Han 'an County (now Shunqing District, Nanchong City, Sichuan Province) in 233 (Jianxing 1 1). When he was young, he studied under the great scholar Qiao Zhou, and served as chief bookkeeper of Jiang Wei, secretary of the East View of Shu State, pavilion director and assistant minister riding the Yellow Gate. After Shu's death, he returned to his hometown and lived in Wanjuanlou. He died in 297 (the seventh year of Yuankang in the Western Jin Dynasty) at the age of 65.
In 280, the Western Jin Dynasty wiped out Wu, and China was reunited after more than a hundred years of division at the end of the Han Dynasty. Chen Shou undertook the important task of studying and writing the history of the Three Kingdoms. He stayed up all night, extensively collected and sorted out the archives and documents of the Three Kingdoms period, searched around for anecdotes and visited the remains of celebrities in the Three Kingdoms. After 10 years of hard work, the historical masterpiece "The History of the Three Kingdoms" handed down from generation to generation was completed. The History of the Three Kingdoms is a biographical history of the Three Kingdoms. There are 440 biographies of historical figures in the Three Kingdoms in the book. The book, with 65 volumes and 367,000 words, completely describes the historical panorama of China's transition from division to unification in the last hundred years from the end of Han Dynasty to the beginning of Jin Dynasty.
Wanjuanlou at the foot of Yuping Mountain in Nanchong, Sichuan, is the place where Chen Shou grew up and lived in seclusion in his later years. According to historical records, Wanjuanlou was built in 222-237 (during the Jian Xing period of Shu and Han Dynasties in the Three Kingdoms). It is a wooden and stone pavilion with triple eaves, and a new Kanluoji in the Tang Dynasty was built in front of it, forming a building complex with Han and Tang styles. During the Cultural Revolution, Wanjuanlou was severely damaged.
In order to commemorate the great historian Chen Shou, carry forward the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation, and create a cultural tourist attraction in the Three Kingdoms, the people of Shunqing District of Nanchong City rebuilt the magnificent Wanjuan Building on the beautiful Yuping Mountain, the former site of Wanjuan Building that Chen Shou 1990 was familiar with.
Not far from Wanjuanlou is Chen Shou's former residence. On the wall of the former residence, there is a brief history of Chen Shou's parents' family and a brief introduction of his people's life. All the furnishings in the room are modeled after the characteristics of the Han Dynasty dwellings. Beside the boulevard outside the old residence, there are many stone carvings depicting Chen Shou's hard work in his youth.
Wanjuan Building covers an area of more than 65,438+000 mu, including reading building, memorial hall, library pavilion and elegant corridors, corridors and wings. It is built according to the mountain, with harmonious layout and simple and solemn. The roof is supported by double cornices and bucket arches, covered with black tiles, surrounded by cloisters and pavilions, with smooth lines and beautiful contours, cinnabar lacquered doors and windows, and a simple row of window lattice fences, which reproduces the Han Dynasty legacy of Wanjuan Building.
Reading Room shows Chen Shou's life and family profile. The calligraphy screen in front of us is a woodcut "Biography of Chen Shou" inscribed by Chang Qu. The whole article describes Chen Shou's bumpy experience in writing books and writing history with concise pen and ink. The surrounding walls describe Chen Shou's family background, his academic career and official career. In the memorial hall, there are more than 300 carefully imitated animal riding figurines, wooden horses and oxen, waterwheels, infantry, weapons, chariots, warships, coins, Ding Han and other cultural relics from the Three Kingdoms period. A large number of words, pictures, books, photos, objects and other materials, this paper introduces in detail Chen Shou's writings and their influence on later generations. The library pavilion is a two-story building imitating the Han Dynasty. It shows different versions of the History of the Three Kingdoms and Romance of the Three Kingdoms in different periods, as well as books, materials and audio-visual products related to the history and culture of the Three Kingdoms.
Standing at the foot of Yuping Mountain, along the long stone steps in front of Wanjuan Building, you can see the huge plaque of Wanjuan Building hanging high above the reading building. The giant stone tablet with gold characters on a black background is 4.7m long and1.8m high. It was inscribed by Mr. Zhao Puchu, the late Vice Chairman of China Calligraphers Association and President of Chinese Buddhist Association.
In the middle of the courtyard of Wanjuanlou, there is a bronze statue of Chen Shou with bamboo slips in his arms and a brush in his hand. The statue is 5 meters high and weighs 1 ton. Its shape is lifelike and full of charm. Around the bronze statue, a circular pool is paved with black granite, which means "taking history as a mirror". In the center of the courtyard exhibition hall, the bronze bust of young Chen Shou, with a high bun and resolute eyes, reproduces the mental outlook of a generation of historians. The plaque on the top of the exhibition hall "Together" comes from Ren Changqu's high evaluation of Chen Shou in Huayang Guozhi. He praised Chen Shou's historical contributions in the History of the Three Kingdoms, which can be compared with Sima Qian and Ban Gu. On the doorframe of the main building of Wanjuanlou, there are many couplets praising Chen Shou: "A thousand years' pen writes a thousand years' history, and Wanjuanlou hides thousands of books", "Breaking thousands of books to explore the true meaning of life in the universe, compiling and editing the annals of the Three Kingdoms, and carrying forward the spirit of the Chinese nation", and "Without three books, China will become eternal hatred, and the world will have to admire the first floor".
Chen Shou's poems and songs are all devoted to the cultivation, which is good for Fu Liangyin. He is eight feet long, and every time he compares himself with Guan Zhong and Le Yi, he is incomparable. Cui and Yingchuan of Boling are straightforward and bright, friendly and honest. Be the first master to station a new field. When Xu Shu met the first master, he took care of the equipment first. He said, "Zhu Gekongming, Wolong, do you want to see him?" The late Lord said, "Come with me." Cao Shu said, "You can meet this man, but you can't give in to him. The general should be in charge. " Therefore, it is clear that we should see each other from time to time. Because the screen man said, "The Han Dynasty is dead, the traitor stole his life, and the Lord was covered with dust. Lonely and incompetent, want to believe in human justice; And wisdom is short, so use it. As for today. However, the ambition is not over yet, and you said that the plan will come out? " Liang replied, "Since Dong Zhuo came, there have been many heroes, and countless people have crossed the state and even the county. Compared with Yuan Shao, Cao Cao has a small name and few people. However, Cao defeated Shao and defeated the strong with the weak. Not only was the weather bad, but he also suppressed others. Today, millions of Cao Cao are vassals with the emperor. This sincerity is indisputable. According to Sun Quan, he lived in Jiangdong for three generations, and the country was in danger of the people. He can use it. It can be used for aid, but not for profit. Jingzhou is bordered by Han and Mian in the north, benefiting from it; it is connected with Tongba and Shu in the east and adjacent to it in the west. This is a martial arts country, but its owner can't keep it. This is almost a day, so it is a general. Does the general care? Yizhou is a dangerous place, fertile land is thousands of miles away, and the land of abundance makes Gaozu emperor. Liu Zhang is weak, Zhang Lu is in the north, the people are rich but don't know how to keep shirts, and the wise think of the wise. The general is both the emperor's palace and loyal to the four seas. He is a hero, eager for wisdom. If there are advantages and interests, he will protect his rock resistance, he will be brave in the west and brave in the south, and he will do a good job in foreign relations and domestic politics with Sun Quan. If the world changes, a general will be ordered to lead Jingzhou troops to Wan and Luo, and the general will lead Yizhou people out of Qinchuan. Who dares to meet the general without eating kettle pulp? If this is the case, the hegemony can be reached and the Han family can flourish. " The late Lord said, "Good!" So I got very close to Liang Qing. Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and others were unhappy, and the late master explained, "There is a hole in the sky alone, and there is water in the fish. May you say nothing. " Feather, flying is the only way. -Wei, Jin and Chen Shou's Longzhong Dui
Wei and Jin Dynasties: Chen Shou
Working hard at Longmu is good for Fu Liang Yin. He is eight feet long, and every time he compares himself with Guan Zhong and Le Yi, he is incomparable. Cui and Yingchuan of Boling are straightforward and bright, friendly and honest.
Be the first master to station a new field. When Xu Shu met the first master, he took care of the equipment first. He said, "Zhu Gekongming, Wolong, do you want to see him?" The late Lord said, "Come with me." Cao Shu said, "You can meet this man, but you can't give in to him. The general should drive for nothing.
Start reading the full text ∨ Liang Geng Long Mu, and make a good song of Fu Liang. He is eight feet long, and every time he compares himself with Guan Zhong and Le Yi, he is incomparable. Cui and Yingchuan of Boling are straightforward and bright, friendly and honest.
Be the first master to station a new field. When Xu Shu met the first master, he took care of the equipment first. He said, "Zhu Gekongming, Wolong, do you want to see him?" The late Lord said, "Come with me." Cao Shu said, "You can meet this man, but you can't give in to him. The general should be in charge. "
Therefore, it is clear that we should see each other from time to time. Because the screen man said, "The Han Dynasty is dead, the traitor stole his life, and the Lord was covered with dust. Lonely and incompetent, want to believe in human justice; And wisdom is short, so use it. As for today. However, the ambition is not over yet, and you said that the plan will come out? "
Liang replied, "Since Dong Zhuo came, there have been many heroes, and countless people have crossed the state and even the county. Compared with Yuan Shao, Cao Cao has a small name and few people. However, Cao defeated Shao and defeated the strong with the weak. Not only was the weather bad, but he also suppressed others. Today, millions of Cao Cao are vassals with the emperor. This sincerity is indisputable. According to Sun Quan, he lived in Jiangdong for three generations, and the country was in danger of the people. He can use it. It can be used for aid, but not for profit. Jingzhou is bordered by Han and Mian in the north, benefiting from it; it is connected with Tongba and Shu in the east and adjacent to it in the west. This is a martial arts country, but its owner can't keep it. This is almost a day, so it is a general. Does the general care? Yizhou is a dangerous place, fertile land is thousands of miles away, and the land of abundance makes Gaozu emperor. Liu Zhang is weak, Zhang Lu is in the north, the people are rich but don't know how to keep shirts, and the wise think of the wise. The general is both the emperor's palace and loyal to the four seas. He is a hero, eager for wisdom. If there are advantages and interests, he will protect his rock resistance, he will be brave in the west and brave in the south, and he will do a good job in foreign relations and domestic politics with Sun Quan. If the world changes, a general will be ordered to lead Jingzhou troops to Wan and Luo, and the general will lead Yizhou people out of Qinchuan. Who dares to meet the general without eating kettle pulp? If this is the case, the hegemony can be reached and the Han family can flourish. "
The late Lord said, "Good!" So I got very close to Liang Qing.
Classical Chinese in junior high school, praising writers