At the same time, this period is also a period of free and open thinking and extremely extended personality. It criticized and reformed the previous culture, which made the culture of this period present a diversified face. During the post-Han period, the consorts and eunuchs of the imperial court took turns to take power, which led to the deterioration of social atmosphere. However, the disaster of blocking political parties in the later period, the chaos of the Yellow Scarf Army, and the subsequent Three Kingdoms period greatly hit the intellectuals' heart of serving the country.
They began to criticize the society at that time with the pen as a tool, and at this time, the court adopted the "nine-grade system" to control officials to a certain extent, which aroused the dissatisfaction of the scribes at that time. They gradually broke away from the secular life, abandoned the Confucian moral standards, and turned to pursue Taoist inaction, forming a unique Wei-Jin demeanor.
First, the seven sages of bamboo forest in Wei and Jin Dynasties. During the reign of Wei Zhengshi, the imperial court was in crisis. Sima Group and Cao Shi Group competed for the throne, which triggered a cruel political struggle and caused people's misery. Scholars in this period not only failed to display their talents and ambitions, but also worried about their lives from time to time. In the muddled times, they began to advocate the philosophy of Lao zi and Zhuang zi, seek spiritual sustenance from the illusory realm of immortals, exile mountains and rivers, and seek the detachment of things
There are seven people in the world:
Ruan Ji, Ji Kang, Hanoi, Guo Pei, Ruan Xian of Liu Chen, Xiang Xiu of Hanoi, Lang Rong.
The seven of them often gather under the bamboo forest and indulge in outdoor activities, so the world calls them "the seven sages of the bamboo forest".
The Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest were outstanding talents and celebrities at that time. They "abandon Confucian classics and respect Laozi and Zhuangzi, but despise propriety and respect freedom", and express their hatred of hypocritical morality and ethics and their admiration for self-nature, innocence and nature with dissolute words and deeds. They are light and gentle, simple but elegant and detached. Dan Tao is honest, Ji Kang is unyielding, Ruan Ji is dissolute, Liu Ling is alcoholic, Xiang Xiu is studious, Ruan Xian is enlightened and Wang Rong is changeable. The seven of them have seven different personalities.
Dan Tao is self-contained but not arrogant, upright and upright, and advocates the philosophy of Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi.
Ji Kang is a talented person who is familiar with temperament, loves playing the piano and is good at calligraphy. He wrote many poems and literary essays.
Ruan Ji is not bound by etiquette. In order to prevent Si Mazhao from getting drunk every day, he often drives around alone with wine. At the end of the road, he will cry, as if he had no choice.
Wang Bo wrote in the preface to Wang Teng-ting: "Ruan Ji is rampant, and it is useless to cry at the end of the road."
Liu Ling was addicted to alcohol and despised etiquette. He took carrying forward Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi's thoughts and drinking and singing as his pleasure in life.
Xiang embroidery is knowledgeable and once worked as an official in the imperial court.
Ruan Xian likes playing the pipa, studying its melody and pursuing freedom.
Wang Rong is very smart since he was a child, and he has the ability to deal with emergencies that ordinary people don't have.
In ancient times, literati had their own feelings about life. They regard the Seven Arts as a matter of cultivating self-cultivation and sentiment, cultivating personal thoughts in daily life and improving their understanding of life. Each of these seven kinds of arts represents a traditional culture in China.
Guqin is the earliest stringed instrument of Han nationality, with simple shape, elegant sound quality and strong penetration. It is not only the essence of ancient musical instruments in China, but also a perfect work of art in itself.
"Chess, easy also; Chess players also have art. "
Games are an ancient skill of the Chinese nation and a pastime of the ancients. They cultivate people's thoughts and artistic sentiments. Between black and white, outside the boundary of Chu and Jianghan, everything is integrated into a chess game; Between square inches, wisdom and tolerance are fully displayed, and winning or losing lies in one thought.
Fragrance is the beauty of nature, which can not only relax in the piano room of the study, but also develop the mind; You can also be ethereal at the temple altar to calm your nerves. Light a furnace of incense, your thoughts will drift away, and your mind will return to peace.
Calligraphy is a traditional art in China. With the emergence and development of Chinese characters, it has continued to this day, and has become a rich cultural heritage through the tempering and innovation of famous calligraphers in past dynasties.
Literature is an important manifestation of culture. Drinking tea and writing poems are not only a kind of life interest of literati, but also a carrier to convey ideas and express feelings.
Zen is the theory of Zen Buddhism. Zen stresses practice. Through practice, the temptation of the outside world is eliminated, and through Buddhist theory, troubles are eradicated, evil is turned into good, and spiritual liberation is obtained.
Bo Gu is a kind of elegant taste, and literati often look at antiquities carefully and feel the precipitation of years on it.
These seven kinds of arts constitute the leisurely life style and elegant life interest of the seven sages of bamboo forest.
Even though the Seven Sages ignored the world and hid in the bamboo forest, they still failed to escape the struggle of the imperial court. Ji Kang is a very talented person. Si Mazhao took a fancy to his talent and invited him out of the mountain many times. But Ji Kang doesn't like Si Mazhao's style and doesn't want to be with him, so Si Mazhao bears a grudge. Later, he was framed and imprisoned by Zhong Hui. He has a chance to be released. Because of his quarrel with Si Mazhao, Si Mazhao decided to execute him.
It is said that on the day of execution, 3,000 students wrote to Ji Kang asking for pardon, but to no avail. Ji Kang's look has not changed from beginning to end. Before the execution, he played a song "Guangling San". After the play, he sighed:
Guangling San is unique today! "
Awkward.
After Ji Kang's death, the seven sages of the bamboo forest fell apart, some had to take refuge in Sima Group, and some continued to pretend to be crazy and avoid the world. In that chaotic era, the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest" failed to die a natural death in the end.
Second, Xie, the king of Wei and Jin Dynasties. Liu Yuxi famously said in the Tang Dynasty, "Wang Xietang died in the old society and flew into the homes of ordinary people."
Xie Wang in this sentence refers to two great families in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Wang Jia and Xie Jia, which are beyond the reach of future generations. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the country was in chaos and the state power was in jeopardy. Wang Dao saw the scene at that time. In order to save the regime, he suggested that Si Marui move the regime to Jiangzuo, and Si Marui followed his advice and immediately moved to Jiangzuo. It is precisely because of this move that Jiang Zuo's political power maintained its rule for another century after the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty. Wang Dao became a great hero and made the Wangs a big family at that time. At that time, there was a saying that "the king and the horse, * * * the world", which was enough to see the position of the Wangs at that time.
At that time, people often said: "If you don't take the king as the queen, you must take the king as the prime minister." In this distinguished family, there were nine queens and countless senior officials. Wang Dao once assisted the emperors of Yuan, Ming and Cheng, and most of his brothers held high positions. Wang Dao was the prime minister, Wang Dun was the general of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi were famous calligraphers.
Wang Xizhi's accomplishments in calligraphy are quite profound, and he has always been regarded as a master. His Preface to Lanting is known as "the best running script in the world". The Wangs were very famous at that time. An old minister wanted to choose one of Wang's children as his husband. When Wang's children heard about it, they all made careful preparations, and they were all graceful, but Wang Xizhi was lying in bed, looking like he had nothing to do with him. Finally, the old minister chose Wang Xizhi as her husband. It is not surprising that he appreciates Wang Xizhi's talent, which is why the idiom "son-in-law in the east bed" is widely circulated.
As the son of Wang Xizhi, Wang Xianzhi's ability cannot be underestimated. He and his father are also called "two kings". Liang Wudi ZSZSZSZ once commented that Wang Xianzhi's calligraphy is "unparalleled, and no one can imitate it", saying that Wang Xianzhi's calligraphy is uninhibited and others can't imitate it.
Wang Xizhi is good at regular script, and his font is relatively regular. On the basis of inheriting his father's regular script, Wang Xianzhi learned cursive script and running script, and created a writing form with both regular script and running script, which can be said to be more than his father's.
Xie An is a pivotal figure in Xie's family, another big family. Xie Jia was just an ordinary gentry in the early years of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Until the victory of World War I, Xie Jia led his troops to win the battle of Feishui and defend the country. Xie's victory in a war concerning the fate of the country naturally attracted the attention of the imperial court. Since then, the career has been smooth sailing. In order to reward them, the emperor paid tribute to the position of the Xie family many times. All the glory, his glory also led to the glory of the whole family. Xie Jia became a first-class gentleman.
This family is also full of talented people. Xie An is a famous star in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, as well as a famous poet Xie Lingyun, who is very similar to the Wangs in this respect. Xie An became famous after he led him to win the battle of Feishui. He is not only very successful in politics, but also versatile in life. He is good at Xie Shuhang and likes to study music.
Although Xie Lingyun was born in a famous family, he did not seek fame and fortune. Later, Xie Jia didn't lag behind. With his own talents, he could still occupy a decent position in the court. With the change of political situation and government at that time, Xie Lingyun was always appreciated by the rulers and wanted to reuse him.
However, Xie Lingyun may be an aversion to officialdom or an unrestrained yearning. He often refuses to appear in court because of illness. At that time, Emperor Liu Yilong only scolded him. Later, he became more and more willful and asked to resign and return to China on the grounds of illness. He is free in his hometown and doesn't care about political affairs. The court finally couldn't stand his position. He broke the lake in his hometown and was reported to the court. Liu Yilong still didn't punish him, but sent him to Linchuan as an official. Linchuan is located in a remote place, which gives Xie Lingyun a good opportunity to display his talents.
Xie Lingyun is good at writing poems, especially "landscape poems". In the days of Linchuan, he returned to nature and his heart was clean. While describing nature, his poems also contain reflections on life. He developed landscape poetry into prosperity, and later there was pastoral school.
Wang Xiejia, two big families, was the mainstay of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. They have made great achievements not only in politics, but also in culture.
Third, the Wei, Jin and Five Heroes, Mr. Liu and Tao Yuanming. "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan"
Mr. Wu Liu Tao Yuanming can be said to be an idyllic poet we are very familiar with. He is also keen on officialdom and wants to show his ambition. He also served as an official in officialdom twice and served as Pengze county magistrate. However, being an official brought him not an extension of his own talent, but the darkness of intrigue in officialdom. He "doesn't bend his back for five bushels of rice" and doesn't want to take bribes like others for salary. After all, he couldn't go with the flow and was tired of the dirty officialdom, so he chose to retire from the mountains and live a life without competition.
From then on, he was just a farmer who "hoes home on the moon", working at sunrise and resting at sunset. His Migration describes his cordial communication with farmers, who really regard him as a friend, and there is no intrigue between them in officialdom, which further highlights the sinister nature of officialdom.
Tao Yuanming's poems are peaceful and diluted, full of natural beauty. As a famous pastoral poet, Tao Yuanming's poems are not just pastoral poems. In Ode to Jing Ke, his hatred and resistance to the rebels are incisively and vividly expressed, impassioned and full of lofty sentiments. In addition to pastoral poems, Tao Yuanming has also made great achievements in prose, such as Peach Blossom Garden, Biography of Mr. Wuliu and Xi Ci.
Tao Yuanming's thought of "Peach Blossom Garden" in "Peach Blossom Garden" has brought Wei and Jin dynasties to a new height. The Peach Blossom Garden can be said to be Tao Yuanming's idea of an ideal society and a satire on the dark society at that time.
"yellow hair hangs down and enjoys itself", "I have to go home and put wine to kill chickens for food",
It can be seen that Tao Yuanming's ideal society is harmonious neighborhood and happy family. His longing for rural life can also be seen in "Gui Xi Ci", which shows Mr. Wu Liu's determination to return to the field, his happiness on the way back to the field and his inner joy after returning to the field, and is full of his ease from officialdom. This essay can be said to be a true portrayal of his own life. He became an official and chose to retire under the oppression of all kinds of darkness in officialdom. Return to the original, send feelings to the mountains and rivers.
He fled the officialdom and forgot its darkness. He sat in front of the door, watching the birds fly by and feeling the wind blowing. He felt that the world at this time was peaceful and leisurely, and he smiled. For him, this kind of life is really "there is real meaning in it, and I have forgotten what I want to say."
Wei and Jin demeanor can be said to be the product of that era. Political turmoil and social chaos have led to a large number of literati abandoning their posts and retiring. They saw the darkness of officialdom, intrigue between people, it is difficult to display their talents. Whether it is the Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest, Xie Lingyun, or Mr. Tao Yuanming in May or June, they all live in a turbulent era. They all advocate nature, they are indifferent to the world, and they indulge in the landscape lifestyle, forming a unique "Wei-Jin demeanor" in Wei and Jin Dynasties.
The demeanor of Wei and Jin Dynasties was a true celebrity demeanor, and a large number of literati created brilliant culture in this period. Although the political situation was unstable and the society was turbulent in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it became a utopia that later scholars yearned for.