In English, some nouns can be used as verbs and some adjectives can be used as adverbs or verbs. This method of taking one part of speech as another without changing its form is called transformation.
1) Verbs into Nouns
Many verbs can be converted into nouns, and most of them have little change in meaning (as follows); Sometimes the meaning changes (as follows); Some use verbs and indefinite articles to form phrases to express actions (as follows). For example:
Let's go for a walk. Let's go for a walk outside.
He is a strong man. He is a strong man.
Let's go swimming.
2) Nouns are transformed into verbs
Many nouns representing objects (as shown in Figure ① below), body parts (as shown in Figure ② below) and some people's nouns (as shown in Figure ③ below) can be used as verbs to express actions, and some abstract nouns (as shown in Figure ④ below) can also be used as verbs. For example:
Have you reserved a seat on the plane? Have you reserved a seat on the plane?
Please pass me the book. Please pass me that book.
She nursed her husband back to health. She nursed him back to health.
We had lunch together. We had lunch together.
3) Adjectives are transformed into verbs.
Some adjectives can be changed into verbs. For example:
We will try our best to improve our living conditions. We should try our best to improve our living conditions.
4) Adverbs are transformed into verbs
Some adverbs can become verbs. For example:
The murder will be revealed. Evil things will eventually be revealed.
5) Adjectives are transformed into nouns
Adjectives expressing colors can often be converted into nouns (as follows); Some adjectives, such as old, young, poor, rich, sleepy, involved and so on. Used with to indicate a class of people. When the subject is used, the predicate is plural (as follows). For example:
You should wear black at the funeral. You should wear black at the funeral.
The old people in our village live a happy life. The old people in our village live a happy life.
Deduction method
Adding a prefix before the root or a suffix after the root to form a new word with similar or completely opposite meaning to the original word is called derivation.
1) prefix
Except for a few prefixes, prefixes generally change the meaning of words without changing the part of speech; Suffixes generally change the part of speech without changing the meaning.
(1) Disa-, IL-, IM-, In-, IR-, MIS-, Non-, UN- and so on are commonly used prefixes that express negative meanings. Adding such prefixes before words will often form new words with opposite meanings. For example:
Appearance appears → disappears.
Correct → incorrect → incorrect.
Guide and guide → mislead and guide wrongly.
Stop → keep going.
(2) Prefixes expressing other meanings are often used as a- (mostly predicative adjectives) and anti- (against; Resistance), auto- (automatic), co-(* * with), en- (make), inter- (mutual), re- (again; Again), points-(below; Second; Small), tele- (emphasizing distance), etc. For example:
Separate antigas anti-gas
Automatic chart
Cooperation, cooperation, enjoyment and happiness.
Internet Internet reuse
Subway telephone
2) Suffix
English words can form new words not only by adding prefixes, but also by adding suffixes. Suffixes usually change the part of speech of words and form other parts of speech with similar meanings; A few suffixes will also change their meanings and become new words with opposite meanings.
(1) The suffixes that make up nouns are -ence, -(e)r/ -or (a person engaged in something), -ese (a person from a certain place), -ess (female), -ful (a ...),-Ian (an expert ...) and -ist (a professional). State), -ness (natural; State)，-tion(action； Process) and so on. For example:
Difference is different from → difference.
Write → Writer Writer
Japan Japan → Japan Japanese
Acting → Actress Actress
Mouth to mouth → bite at a time.
Music Music → Musicians Musicians
(2) The suffixes that make up verbs are -(e)n (mostly used after adjectives), -fy (making ...) and -ize (making ...). For example:
Width → widening → widening
Beauty → beautification and beautification
Purity → purification
Reality → realization
Organ → organization
(3) The suffix that constitutes an adjective is -al,
-able (capable), -(a)n (Chinese), -en (indicator substance after ous), -ern (directional), -ese (Chinese), -ful, -(ic)al, -ish, -ive, -less (negative),-for example:
Natural natural → natural natural
Reason makes sense → reason makes sense.
America America → America America
China, China → People in China, China
Gold gold → gold gold
East → East
Children children → childish
Snow → snow
(4) The commonly used suffixes of adverbs are -ly (mainly used after adjectives to indicate the way or degree) and -ward(s) (mainly used after words indicating the direction). For example:
Anger → Anger → Anger
In the direction of …, in the direction of ….
Dongdong → Dongdong
(5) The suffixes of numerals are -teen (decimal), -ty (decimal) and -th (ordinal). For example:
66 → 166 → 166
44 → 440 → 440
Syntheticism
1) synthetic nouns
Examples of word formation
Noun+noun weekend
Noun+verb dawn
Noun+Gerund Handwritten Calligraphy
Noun+transitive verb +er/or painkiller
Noun+preposition+noun editor-in-chief
Pronoun+noun she-wolf female wolf
Verb+noun typewriter typewriter
Gerund+noun reading room reading room
Now participle+noun flying fish flying fish
Adjective+noun gentleman
Adverb+verb outbreak
Preposition+noun afternoon
2) Synthetic adjectives
Noun+adjective snow-white
english-speaking
Nouns++to++Nouns Face to Face
Noun+past participle artificial
Number+noun unidirectional unidirectional unidirectional
Numbers+nouns+adjectives Two years old.
Number+Noun +EDF Five Layers and Five Layers
Verb+adverb transparent
Adjective+noun advanced advanced advanced
Adjective+noun+noble thought noble
Adjective+adjective light blue light blue
Adjective+present participle looks good.
Adverb+adjective evergreen
Adverb+present participle industrious
Adverb+past participle is well known.
Fast food specializes in fast food service
Preposition+noun downhill downhill
3) Synthetic verbs
Noun+verb sleep-walking sleepwalking
Adjective+verb whitewash paint
Adverb+verb overthrow
4) Synthetic adverbs
In a hurry
Adjectives and adverbs are everywhere.
Adverb+inverse adverb.
Preposition+noun first
Preposition+adverb forever and ever
5) Synthetic pronouns
Pronouns accusative +self her self
Master pronoun myself
Adjective+noun anything
6) Synthetic prepositions
Adverb+noun in it ...
Preposition+adverb within is within.
Adverb+preposition enters the entry
Truncation (abbreviation)
Truncation means that the abbreviation, meaning and part of speech of words remain unchanged, mainly in the form of truncation, truncation and truncation.
1) is truncated.
Telephone → telephone
Aircraft → aircraft
Comprehensive → bus
2) Tailing
Mathematics → mathematics
Cooperation → cooperation
Examination → examination
Kg → kg
Laboratory → laboratory
Taxi → taxi
3) truncation
Influenza → flu
Refrigerator → refrigerator
Prescription → script
Hybrid method (hybrid method)
Mixing method, that is, mixing two words or taking parts of each to make a new word. The second half represents the subject; The first half represents attributes.
News broadcast → news broadcast
Television broadcast → television broadcast
Smoke and fog → smoke
Heliport → Heliport
acronym
Abbreviation, that is, to form a new word with the first letter and the last letter of the word. There are two main pronunciation forms, that is, each letter is pronounced separately; As the pronunciation of words.
Very important person →VIP (reading alphabetic sounds) VIP; big shot
TV → TV (reading letters and sounds) TV
English as a foreign language test → TOEFL TOEFL
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Cutting, especially in informal usage, sometimes we reduce some polysyllabic words into one syllable, thus producing truncated words. Generally speaking, cutting methods can be divided into the following three types (the latter two methods are not common):
A. Truncation suffix: ad = advertisement, demo = demo, expo = exposition, pro = professional, gents = gentlemen's toilet (men's toilet), pub = public house (hotel) and stereo (hotel).
B. Truncated words: telephone = telephone, airplane = airplane, parachute = parachute, helicopter = helicopter.
C. Truncate the beginning and end of the word: flu = influenza, tec = detective, refrigerator = refrigerator.
Mixed method
Patchwork is a method of combining one word with another word to form a compound word. From the morphological structure, the hybridization method can be roughly
Divided into the following four categories:
A. Take the beginning of the first word and the end of the second word.
-Motel (car+hotel)
-Channel Tunnel (Channel+Tunnel)
-brunch (breakfast+lunch) brunch
Television broadcasting (TV+radio)
-Smoke (smoke+fog)
-bit (binary number) bit (binary unit)
Keep the original form of the first word and delete the first part of the second word.
-News broadcast (news+radio) news report
-Travel (Travel+Catalogue) Travel Experience Seminar
-lunarnaut (Moon+Astronaut) Astronaut on the Moon
-airtel (Aviation+Hotel) airport hotel
-Faction (fact+fiction) documentary literature
-slimnastics (Slim+Gymnastics) weight-loss gymnastics
Keep the original form of the second word and delete the tail of the first word.
-paratroopers (paratroopers+troops) airborne troops
-docudrama (documentary+drama)
-medicare (Medicare+Nursing) health care plan
-helipad (helicopter+helipad) helipad
-psywarrior (psychology+warrior) psychological warfare expert
-Remote diagnosis (TV+diagnosis) remote detection
D. delete the end of the first word and the second word.
-Interpol (International Police)
-Motor-propelled dual-purpose vehicle (motorcycle) light pedal motorcycle.
Communication satellite (communication+satellite)
-Situation comedy (situation+comedy) Situation comedy
-Comint (communication+intelligence) communication information
-Science fiction (science+fiction) Science fiction
In modern English, many mixed words have been firmly established, which have become powerful examples of the formation of new words. For example: from cheeseburger (sandwich with cheese) to beefburger (sandwich with beef), shrimpburger sandwich with shrimp); From motel to botel (boat+hotel) and aquatel (water+hotel); From washeteria (laundromat washing+cafeteria) to candyteria (self-service candy store) and luncheteria (self-service snack bar).
Back forming method
The reverse order method is just the opposite of the affixation method in the next section. Affix method is to use this affix to form a heart word, and reverse order method is to remove the wrongly recognized suffix to form a new word. For example, by deleting -- ion from TV, TV was reversed. The new words created by this word formation are called reverse words. Most negative words belong to verbs, and nouns and adjectives are the prototype words that constitute the most negative words.
A. Nouns-> Verb. For example:
-peddlers peddle
-Liar? Fraud (fraud)
Beggars (beggars)
-Donation Donation (donation)
-editor edit
-The speaker
Thief (theft)
-Resurrection? Resurrection (Resurrection)
Aggressive (aggressive)
-Temporary guardianship
-Freedom Association Freedom Association (AFA)
To automate (make automatic)
-Upgrade (gradual upgrade)
-Laser? Laser (emitting laser)
-Helicopter helicopter (transported by helicopter)
B. Adjective-> Verb. For example:
-Irritable
-Gloomy Gloomy (darkening)
-cozy à coze (make you feel comfortable)
-Laze (Laze)
-Greed? Greed (greed)
-It's creepy
additional
English affixes can be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Generally speaking, prefixes only change the meaning of words, but not the part of speech. Suffixes not only change the meaning of words, but also change the part of speech of words.
Prefix method
A. prefix indicating negation
In-, im-, il-, ir- means "no" and "conversation" For example: inefficient, infrequent, inappropriate, impossible, illiterate and irregular.
No means "nothing", "lack" and "opposite". For example: non-aggression, non-conductor, meaningless, non-smoking, non-fiction, non-violence, non-production, non-existence and uninterrupted. For example: unhappy, unemployed, indifferent, unsuccessful, unhappy, revoked, silent, uninstalled.
B. prefixes indicating the opposite order or negation
De- stands for "reverse action", such as dispersion, thawing, desegregation and demotion.
Dis- stands for "reverse action" and "no". For example: disappearance (disappearance), discount (discount), disagreement (inconsistency), disadvantage (disadvantage), disobedience (disobedience), disorder (disorder), djsloyal (injustice).
C. prefixes expressing contempt
Mal means "serious", "bad" and "bad", such as abuse, deformity, malfunction and malnutrition.
Misstands for "wrongly" and "astronomy". For example: misleading (misleading), misconduct (misconduct), misreading (mispronouncing), misunderstanding (misunderstanding), misconduct (wrong behavior), misprinting (misprinting).
Fake-meaning "fake", "fake" and "imitated". For example: pseudoclassicism, pseudograph, pseudomorphology, pseudonyms.
D. Prefixes indicating degree or scale
Co stands for "ly" and "On the basis of equality". For example: co-education (common education system), Coheir (common heir), copilot (co-pilot), cohabitant (cohabitation) and cooperative (cooperation).
Mini stands for "small", such as minibus, taxi and mini-bar.
Over- means "too much". For example: excessive anxiety, overpopulation, overcrowding, overwork, and exorbitant prices.
Sub means "below", "below" and "further". For example, subconscious, subordinate, substandard, secondary and sub-average super means "beyond" and "very special". For example: supernatural, supermarket, superman, super sensitive.
E. prefixes indicating direction and attitude
Anti means "against" such as: anti-war (anti-war), anti-imperialism (anti-imperialism), anti-missile (anti-missile), anti-music (unorthodox music) and anti-poet (unorthodox poet).
Contra- stands for "opposite" and "contrast". For example, counter-attack, counter-revolution, counter-representative "opposition", "in return" and "in response". For example: offset, countermeasure, counterclaim, anti-culturist, counterattack, counterpart.
F. Prefixes indicating time and order
Ex stands for "former", for example, former president, former soldier and ex-husband.
Fore- means "before", "before" and "in advance", for example, prediction, foretaste, prediction, forerunner, forerunner-means "after" For example, post-war, post-election, post-classic period and post-liberation) pre mean "before". For example, before the war, before school and before marriage, it means "again" For example: recall, reassembly, reconsideration, rearrangement.
G. prefixes representing numbers
Bi- means "two" and "there are two". For example: bimonthly (once every February), bilateral (bilateral), bilingual (bilingual)
Poly-, multi-stands for "many", such as polygon (people who know several languages), polygon (polygon), polygamy (monogamy), multi- lateral (multiracial) and multi-objective semi-stands for "half" and "part". For example, semicircle, semiconductor, semi-skilled mono- and uni- mean "single" and "one". For example: monoxide (monoxide), monosyllable (monosyllable), mono language pent (a)-meaning "five". For example: pentagon, pentahedron, pentathlon, pentathlon DEC (a)-meaning "ten" for example: decathlon, decathlon, decathlon.
Suffix method
A. noun suffix
1) Noun suffix derived from nouns:
——DOM means "domain", "realm" and "condition". For example: freedom, kingdom, martyrdom, boredom, bureaucracy. -eer stands for "good at" and "engaged in". For example: mountaineer (climber), auctioneer (auctioneer), engineer (engineer), profiteer (speculator, profiteer), essayist (pamphleteer), blackmailer (blackmailer).
-ful means "the quantity or number to be filled". For example, a bite, a hug, a full basket, a spoon, a handful and a full bag mean "status" and "conditions". For example: friendship, relationship, members, authors, leaders, dictatorship.
2) Noun suffixes derived from adjectives
-ity is a very common suffix used to form abstract nouns from adjective roots. For example, sound, false
(Dishonest), quickness, diversity, realism, decency, realism and regularity can be added to any adjective quite freely. For example: carelessness, happiness, usefulness, kindness, selfishness and accidents.
3) Noun suffixes derived from verbs
-al stands for "the act or result of". For example, arrival, rejection, removal, survival and signal ants are the main forms of actors. For example, containment, competitor, participant and lubricant -ee stand for "the person who is the object of the verb". For example, absentee, refugee, employee and nominee -er/ or nouns that constitute actors. For example, creators, survivors, drivers, new york people, singers, actors and executives-age means "actions" and "examples". For example, covering, draining, shrinking and leveraging mean "the process or state of" and "the product of". For example: protection, completion, examination, consideration, organization, hunger, recognition, foundation.
-ment means "the result of", such as: arrangement, surprise, announcement, management, employment, entertainment.
B. Verb suffix
There are few common verb suffixes in English, and only -ize has the strongest word-formation ability.
-ate is mainly combined with noun roots, such as: orchestrate (orchestral), laminate (sliced), hyphenate (hyphenated) -en and adjectives, such as: deafen (deaf), sadden (sad), tauten (tight), quick (fast) and ripple (fast). Broaden, harden and broaden-if combined with adjectives and nouns, such as simplification, amplification, coding, beautification, identification and electrification-freely combined with adjectives and nouns, such as modernization (modernization), symbolization (symbolic expression), education (civilization), commercialization (commercialization), centralization (centralization) and equalization.
C. adjective suffix
1) comes from the adjective suffix of nouns.
-ed stands for "possession", such as simple mind, blue eyes, strange shape, blond hair and blue eyes. -full means "full" and "offering". For example: useful (useful), meaningful (meaningful), concerned (serious), doubtful (doubtful), successful (successful), helpful (helpful) -ish means "something similar". For example: naive, stupid, snobbish, Swedish, Turkish-less means "no". For example: careless (careless), useless (useless), meaningless (meaningless), harmless (harmless), homeless (homeless)
-like means "like". For example, childlike, monkey-like and politician-like means "having the quality of …" For example: friendliness, loving mother, brother, cowardice, daily, weekly.
2) Adjective suffixes derived from verbs
-able stands for "the kind dominated by v-ed" For example: acceptable (washable), drinkable (drinkable), manageable (inevitable), visible (visible) -ive For example: attractive (attractive), effective (effective), possessive, productive, expansive and expandable.
D. adverb suffix
-ly can be widely added after an adjective, which can usually be interpreted as "in a certain way" or "to a certain extent". For example, personal (in person), calm (obviously), extreme (extremely), obvious (cordial), eager (eager) and sincere (simple) -wise can be used to express ways and scales, such as horizontal. But it is most commonly used to mean "in …", which is equivalent to "as far as …". Weather (as far as weather is concerned), education (as far as education is concerned), taxation (as far as taxation is concerned) and curriculum (as far as curriculum is concerned). These new words are adverbials in sentences, which are equivalent to ….
For example:
In terms of dollars, business is better than ever, but not so good in terms of profits. Judging from the dollar amount of transactions, business is indeed more prosperous than in the past, but in terms of profits, the situation is not necessarily better than in the past.
"From the figures, the problem is not serious," Mr. Ji Lennhammer said. Mr. Ji Lennhammer said: "From a numerical point of view, the problem is not that serious."