During the Sixteen Kingdoms Period in Wuhu (304-439), the Western Jin Dynasty perished in 365,438+06, and the northern part of China fell into a scuffle of division. Ethnic minorities such as Xiongnu, Xiongnu, Xianbei, Di and Qiang fought against the Han nationality, and established 2 1 regime at the earliest, among which 16 countries were occupied by historians of the Northern Wei Dynasty. During this period, the Eastern Jin Dynasty (3 17-420) continued the Jinshi regime of the southern Han people, and several northern expeditions did not receive the final result. Before the defeat in the Battle of Feishui in 383, Qin went south strongly and continued the confrontation between the north and the south. In 420 AD, Emperor Wu of Song usurped the throne, replacing the Eastern Jin Dynasty; In 439 AD, Tuoba Tao unified the north. At this point, the history of China entered the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
When the "Eight Kings Rebellion" was still going on in the Western Jin Dynasty, in 304, Liu Yuan, a Xiongnu aristocrat, rebelled against the rulers and became the "Hanwang". In the same year, Li Xiong, the leader of refugees in Shu, claimed to be the King of Chengdu and established the Han regime. The Han army was on a roll, and gradually formed the trend of destroying gold. After two wars near Luoyang in 309, Jin Jun's victory temporarily eased the tension. The following year, Liu Yuan died, and Liu Cong killed the new emperor and became independent. In the same year, the Han general Schleswig looted Jianghan area through Wancheng and Xiangyang, and returned to the north the following year. Soon, the Jin Dynasty was in civil strife, and the elite Jin Army was slaughtered to 3 165438. In 3 13, Emperor Huai of Jin was killed, Abatti Giresse Concorde succeeded to the throne in Chang 'an, and Liu Cong sent Liu Yao to continue the attack. In 3 16, Emperor Chen of the Jin Dynasty surrendered and the Western Jin Dynasty perished. Around 3 15, Tuoba Yao Lu was made king; In the northwest, Zhang Bao left Liangzhou as his predecessor. In 3 17 AD, with the support of Jiangnan gentry headed by Si Marui Wang Dao, the prince of the Western Jin Dynasty proclaimed himself emperor in Jiankang, which was known as the "Eastern Jin Dynasty" in history.
In 3 18, Liu Xie succeeded to the throne and was killed by Jin Zhun (Han nationality) who seized power. When Liu Yao and Schleswig learned about this, the crowd was excited. The following year, Liu Yao proclaimed himself emperor and changed his country name to "Zhao", which was known as the former Zhao in history. After learning about it, Schleswig-Holstein was also called the King of Zhao in Guo Xiang, and was known as the Empress Zhao in history. The two sides broke up in discord. Liu Yao settled Qiang, Bian, Bian and other customs, and took the former cool, ranking high in Guanzhong. Schleswig sent Shi Hu to defeat Duan Pi, the general of Jin, to seize Youzhou, and Cao Ben to seize Qingzhou. Zu Ti, the secretariat of Yuzhou in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, once recovered a large area of lost land in Henan and died without regret. Later, Zhao occupied Huaibei and ruled it with the Eastern Jin Dynasty. After Schleswig occupied Kanto, Liu Yao was conquered by the Western Expedition in 328, and the former Zhao perished, and the latter Zhao unified the whole northern China except Liangzhou in the northwest and Liaodong in the northeast. The former Liang-Han regime, due to fewer wars and the influx of refugees, preserved the laws and regulations of the Jin Dynasty and formed the "Hexi culture" for a long time. Liaodong is a place where Xianbei people rose. Yuwen, Murong and Duan were formed during the Three Kingdoms period. In the forty-ninth year of Murong Hui, the war in North China was in full swing, which attracted a large number of exiled scholars and made Murong Department flourish rapidly. First, the husband was destroyed in the north, then defeated Yuwen Department in 302, and then defeated the combined forces of Yuwen, Duan and Koguryo in 3 19. In 333, Mu Rongchui died of illness, but his descendants came forth in large numbers and began to compete in the Central Plains.
In 330 AD, Schleswig proclaimed himself emperor, a legendary figure who was born in a humble position in Hu Jie and worked as a slave when he was young. Finally, I boarded the throne of Wancheng and stood out from the crowd. In 334, Schleswig died and his nephew Shi Hu succeeded him the following year. The good situation in the post-Zhao era has ceased to exist because of extortion and years of disasters. In addition, Pu Hong and Yao, Miao people, each led the tribal people to migrate eastward from Guanzhong, laying the groundwork for another war ten years later. After the establishment of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Wang family gradually seized power, and died young after Wang Pingdun's rebellion in 324 AD, which triggered the Soviet rebellion. In the end, it took eight years to settle down. In 338, Li Shou usurped the throne and changed his country name to "Han".
In 337, Murong Mu ended the war of brothers, defeated Duan, established, defeated Hou Zhao for the first time the following year, surrendered to Koguryo in 343, destroyed Yuwen Department the following year, and unified Liaodong. In 347, Huan Wen, the secretariat of Jingzhou, conquered Han in the Western Expedition, and Yizhou, Liangzhou and Ningzhou were recovered in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Zhang Jun of Liangzhou also seized the opportunity to conquer the western regions, set up a capital protection office, and in 345, he called himself the fake cool king. In 349, Shi Hu died in disappointment and pain, and the post-Zhao regime was in chaos. Under the command of "Hu Ling", more than 200,000 conference semifinals were killed. In 350 AD, it returned to the Han surname Ran and was founded. The stone is the throne of the empress Zhao. Murong Jun, the new owner of Yan Qian, took the opportunity to send troops south. Although the latter Zhao invited Yao and reinforcements, it was still defeated by the battle of Wei and Zhao. In 35 1 year, Wei Ran was defeated in the Yan-Wei War. After this melee, Xiongnu and Jie accelerated their decline, and Xianbei people from the northeast and people from the northwest filled the blank of the Central Plains Jin Dynasty.
Yan Qian was unstoppable in the Central Plains, Fu Jian occupied Guanzhong and established the pre-Qin Dynasty, and Yao Xiang led many people to join the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Before Huan Wen's Northern Expedition in 354, Chang 'an, Qin Dou won first and then lost. Two years later, it invaded Luoyang again. After Fu Jian ascended the throne in 357, he appointed Wang Meng to rule the country with an iron fist; Yan Qian spent seven years cleaning up the mess in Kanto and became the world's first power at that time. In 360, Murong Jun died, and seven years later, Murong Ke died. In 369, Huan Wen launched the largest third Northern Expedition in his life, but Mu Rongchui was forced to go to the former Qin Dynasty after winning the battle. Fu Jian took the opportunity to destroy Qianyan in 370, Qianyan in 373, Liangzhou and Yizhou captured in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and then destroyed Qianyan and Daiguo in 376 to unify the north.
At this time, Fu Jian became the most successful monarch in the history of sixteen countries. He was generous, gave the monarch and his subjects official positions to lead the old army, and moved to Guanzhong, making Di Ren's power in the forefront of the country. His ethnic policy did ease the vendetta between ethnic groups and promoted the integration of all ethnic groups, but it also buried huge hidden dangers. 378 years ago, the Qin Dynasty attacked Xiangyang and began to fight against the Eastern Jin Dynasty to prepare for the great cause of reunification. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, after the death of Huan Wen, who tried to stand on his own feet, Xie An created unprecedented unity. In 383, Fu Jian led the national army to the Eastern Jin Dynasty in three directions, and the battle of Feishui was defeated. In the second year, the conference semifinals became independent. Mu Rongchui established Houyan in Hebei, Murong Hong and Mu Rongchong established Xiyan in Guanzhong, and the former powerful Qin Dynasty established Yao Chang as Houqin. In the second year, the Xiyan army captured Chang 'an, and Fu Jian was finally killed by Yao Chang, and Yu Jinyang succeeded to the throne. Xianbei will ask Fu Guoren to stand on his own feet in the Western Qin Dynasty; Qiu Chibian's History of Restoration is called Hou; In the third year, Tuoba GUI of Xianbei represented the land to revive the country, with the title of "Wei"; Lv Guang occupied Liangzhou in Xiding, and it became cold after the founding of the People's Republic of China. Within three years, eight northern countries coexisted, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty also took the opportunity to recover Henan, making the situation even more chaotic.
However, Mu Rongchui soon disdained Kanto, re-entered the Huaihe River in the south, conquered Helan in the north, defeated Koguryo in the northeast to occupy Liaodong, and destroyed Xiyan in Bingzhou in 394; In the same year, Qin Yaoxing and Xi Qin begged for help to destroy the former Qin Dynasty. The Northern Wei Dynasty became powerful at this time. In 392, the Xiongnu's Tiefu Department was almost destroyed, and in 395, the Yan army was defeated. The following year, after Mu Rongchui's death, Tuoba Gui invaded and besieged Zhongshan, the capital of Houyan, and moved the capital to Pingcheng in 398. Murong Sheng and Murong De proclaimed themselves emperors, and Hou Yan split Southern Yan. From then on, the situation in Kanto was basically a confrontation between the Northern Wei Dynasty and Eryan in the first decade of the fifth century. As far as Guanlong is concerned, Lv Guang failed to conquer the Western Qin Dynasty. In 397, Xianbei Bald Maoguwu established Nanliang in Hexi; In 40 1 year, Meng Xun, another giant canal of the Huns, replaced Duan Ye to build Beiliang; And 405 years later, Li Yao, the governor of Dunhuang, rebelled against Beiliang and established Xiliang. In 399, Luoyang was captured by the late Qin Dynasty, and towns in the East Jin Dynasty, Huaihe River and the north of Hanshui River joined in succession. In 400, the Western Qin surrendered, and the three cool countries, South, North and West, paid tribute, and the post-Qin power reached its peak. However, it was quickly defeated by the Northern Wei Dynasty in 402, which led to Liu's rebellion against Qin in 407 and the establishment of Fox Summer. After that, the state of Qin declined greatly. In 4 14, the Western Qin Dynasty restored the country, and sought help from Chi Pan to extinguish Liangnan, and the Western Qin Dynasty occupied Longxi. In Liaodong, in 409, Feng Ba killed Mr. Murong and supported him. Later, Yan died. After that, Feng Ba succeeded to the throne, known as Beiyan in history.
After Xie An died in the Battle of Feishui, the political situation in the Southern Eastern Jin Dynasty was in chaos. In 402, Huan Xuan invaded Jiankang and became emperor the following year. Emperor Wu of Song, who gained great fame in the rebellion between En and Lu Xun, took charge of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In 465 and 438+00, he conquered Southern Yan in the Northern Expedition, and in 405, he attacked the warlord Qiao Zong and recovered the southwest. 4 16 and 12 years later, Qin Yaohong was founded at the beginning, and Emperor Wu launched the second Northern Expedition. 8 jin j in the following year even attack changan, luoyang, later qin wu. Later, Helian Bobo used the left-behind generals to attack Chang' an, according to relevant reports; In 420, Emperor Wu of Song usurped the throne, with the title of "Song"; 1996 Jiuquan was captured by Beiliang and Xiliang died. In 422, the Northern Wei Dynasty occupied Henan due to the death of Emperor Wu of Song. In 423, Tuoba Tao of the Northern Wei Dynasty succeeded Tuoba Si and went deep into the desert twice to defeat Rouran. He died in the summer of 430, Yan in the north in 436 and Liang in the north in 439. At this point, the Northern Wei Dynasty unified North China and entered the "Southern and Northern Dynasties".
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