What is basic knowledge of Chinese?
Basic knowledge of modern Chinese
1. Teaching hours: 6 hours.
2. Teaching focus: basic knowledge of modern Chinese
3. General knowledge overview:
Modern Chinese is named after the Chinese language and is the language of the modern Han nation. ***Same terms. The main contents of modern Chinese include: pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar.
Speech—Language is a combination of sound and meaning. The thoughts and feelings that humans want to express are usually reflected with the help of sound. The sound of this language is called speech, and is usually likened to the shell of matter.
Vocabulary----Vocabulary, also called vocabulary, is the sum of words and phrases used by a language or a person. It is the sum total of all words in use, including all words, commonly referred to as building materials.
Grammar - the rules of language combination that people who use the same language can all understand, accept and abide by. It is the rules for changing words and connecting words to form sentences. a synthesis of rules. If language is a tool and weapon, then grammar is the criterion for testing speech or composition.
4. Chinese characters:
Chinese characters are written symbols that record Chinese. They are one of the oldest writing systems in the world. They have a history of more than 5,000 years and were created by working people in practice. .
1. The nature of Chinese characters - the unity of sound, shape and meaning, always belongs to the ideographic system.
Mr. Lu Xun said: "To recognize a word, you must recite it orally, hear its sound, observe its shape with your eyes, understand its meaning with your heart, and use all three gods. The power of one word is complete." This shows that true recognition requires A Chinese character must be mastered from three aspects: its pronunciation, glyph shape and meaning. It is incomplete without any one aspect. At present, the first three questions in the first major question of the Chinese language test paper of the college entrance examination test these three contents. Therefore, students should increase their efforts in this aspect when reviewing. While recognizing new characters, they should also pay attention to correcting the old characters they have accumulated in order to prepare for the college entrance examination and future work and study.
Example: "赅", the sound is gāi, the left shape is the right tone, the meaning is: complete, complete. "cover", the sound is fù, the upper shape is lower than the sound, and it has three meanings: ① cover. ② turn the bottom up. ③ the same as "fu".
2. The development and evolution of Chinese characters:
Chinese characters are characters of the ideographic system. Symbols of the ideographic system are used to represent words or morphemes in Chinese. A Chinese character usually represents a word or a morpheme in Chinese. This forms a Chinese character that is a unity of sound, shape, and meaning. Characteristics. Chinese characters are square-shaped characters composed of strokes, so they are also called square characters and non-pinyin characters.
After more than five thousand years of development and change, the evolution process of Chinese characters is:
Yin Shang oracle bone inscriptions----Western Zhou Dynasty bronze inscriptions (also known as Zhongdingwen)
Qin Qiu large seal script----Qin Dynasty small seal script (also known as Qin seal script)
Han Dynasty official script- ---Cursive script, regular script and running script in Wei, Jin and today.
In Jinwen (Zhongdingwen), before the Warring States period, copper was called gold when "Jing Ke Assassinated the King of Qin" mentioned General Fan. The correct translation of the sentence "Purchasing a thousand catties of gold will bring thousands of families to the city" should be "The King of Qin used a thousand catties of copper and a fiefdom with a population of 10,000 households as a reward to buy his head."
There are two types of official scripts : ① Qin Li (ancient official script) ② Han Li
There are two types of cursive script: ① Zhangcao (official script cursive style) ② Jincao (cursive script after Jin Dynasty)
Regular script is also called regular script Zhengshu and Zhenshu were produced in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.
Oracle bone inscriptions to small seal scripts of the Qin Dynasty are collectively referred to as "ancient scripts". Official scripts from the Han Dynasty to cursive scripts, regular scripts and running scripts are generally referred to as "modern scripts". The seven fonts of "Gold Seal, Li, Cao and Kaixing" are called "Seven Chinese Characters".
3. The method of creating Chinese characters - six books. Xu Shen of the Han Dynasty wrote in "Shuowen Jiezi" In one book, the character-formation structures of Chinese characters are divided into six types, referred to as six books. In the six books, pictograms, meanings, and pictophones are the character-formation methods, while transfer and borrowing are the character-formation methods.
① Pictograms, Xu Shen said: "Pictographs are drawn into their objects and follow the body language, such as the sun and the moon." This is a method of making characters that uses lines to depict the shape and characteristics of physical objects.
For example, the words "sun", "moon", "eye" and "water" are the sun, moon, human eyes and water flow drawn with lines. Hieroglyphic characters are single characters, no matter how many strokes there are, such as "dance", "fish", and "dragon" are all one character and cannot be analyzed further. Xu Shen*** summarized 364 words of this kind, accounting for 4.
Common pictograms in the test paper:
(1) Human body type: human, female, husband, heart, hand, teeth, hair, eyes, ears, tongue, body, face , ghost, dance, big, corpse, mouth, owe, minister, head.
(2) Animals: dogs, cattle, sheep, insects, meat, feathers, shells, horns, tigers, rabbits, horses, birds, fish, deer, elephants, flying, rats, swallows, dragons , turtle
(3) Plants: wood, grass, rice, bamboo, melon, lei, leek, mulberry, Qi
(4) Clothing and utensils: knife, dagger , Ding, Li, Er, Ji, towel, bow, household, piece, tile, Ge, Li, book, spear, arrow, clothing, boat, net, cart, tripod
(5) Astronomy and geography Category: mountains, rivers, earth, clouds, air, wells, fire, hills, forever, travel
②Referring to things, Xu Shen said: "Those who refer to things can be recognized by looking at them, and their meaning can be seen by observing them. ", up and down are also", which is a method of making characters using symbolic symbols or adding referential strokes on this basis. Xu Shen*** summarized 125 words of this kind, accounting for 1.1.
(1) Symbolic symbols: up, down, together, almost, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten
(2 ) additional referential strokes: edge, cun, yuan, dan, yue, chi, gan, ben, mo, zhu, xue
③Understanding the meaning, Xu Shen said: "Those who understand the meaning are analogous to Heyi , "Seeing refers to the meaning of the word, Wu Xin is also", which is a method of making characters by combining two or more pictographic characters or referring to things, and embodying new meanings from the relationship between them. Huiyi characters are combined characters, which are divided into two categories: one is the same type of Huiyi, which is composed of two identical characters, such as "cong" and "shuang"; the other type is heterogeneous Huiyi, which is composed of two different characters. , such as "rest" and "prison". Xu Shen*** summarized 1167 words of this kind, accounting for 12.
Commonly known words in the test paper: Cong, Zhong, Shuang, Jing, Jing, Miao, Bi, Chu, Sen, Lin, Lei, Tu, You, male, female, animal husbandry, Miao, Wu, Cai, Ming, Gu, Disaster, Zhao, Young, Beautiful, Sweet, Benefit, He, Blowing, Tail, Bark, Jue, Bad, Sharp, Sitting, Seeing, Chu, Delete, Chu
④Phonetic , Xu Shen said: "Phonetic-phonetic ones are named after things and use examples to complement each other, such as rivers." This is a method of making characters by combining ideographic symbols and phonetic symbols. For example, the ideographic symbol of "觝" is "禾" and the phonetic symbol is "center", forming a new character, which means plant seedling. Xu Shen summarized 6797 words of this kind, accounting for 82 of them.
There are eight ways to structure the phonetic characters:
(1) Left phonetic and right phonetic: hum (from mouth, heng sound) hehe (from water, can sound) xiang (from shi) , Sheep sound) Ji (from meat, several sounds)
(2) Right-shaped left sound: Ling (from page, order sound) Gong (from force, work sound) Female (from 鹹, this sound) ) Shao (from Yi, calling for sound)
(3) The upper shape and lower sound: Yu (from the door, Yu Sheng) Li (from the bamboo, Li Sheng) Lin (from the rain, the forest sound) Que ( From the mountain, the sound of the bird)
(4) The lower form and the upper sound: Yu (from the four, the sound of Yu) Ax (from the Jin, the sound of the father) Qiu (from the clothes, the sound of seeking) Shang (from the shell, Shang Sheng)
(5) Appearance and inner voice: Yuan (from the mouth, member voice) Ge (from the door, each voice) Zhongzhong (from the clothes, middle voice) Yamen (from the line, my voice)
(6) Internal appearance and external sound: hearing (from the ears, the sound of the door) mourning (from the mouth, the sound of clothes) arguing (from the words, the sound of the quilt) asking (from the mouth, the sound of the door)
(7) Sounds occupy one corner: Qi (from, its sound) Tu (from, earth sound) Fang (from household, square sound) Bing (from 疒, Bing sound)
(8) The shape occupies one corner: Zai (from the car, the sound) Ying (from the grain, the sound of the moment) Teng (from the horse, the sound of me) Ren (from the female, the sound of benevolence)
The same radical, due to the different positions of the combination , often have different shapes:
人 (today) 仺 (you) 人 (with) hand (holding) stabbing (beating) heart (thinking) 忄 (pleasure) (honor) fire (lamp) 灬(Point)
Common phonograms in the test paper: river, river, pine, cypress, poplar, peach, pear, wealth, goods, capital, loan, gift, cheap, push, pull, control, brilliance , reason, stupid, marry, zodiac, star, urgent, yun, 雳, 罽, dad, morning, scold, lonely, gang, weng, basin, blind, ridge, state, village, wing, sunburn, spinning, zai, curtain , Xia, Zai, Chang, Marriage, Oxygen, Press, Touch, Pull, Lift, Lease, Pao, Ting, Lie, Listen, An, Bully, Xia
⑤Repost, Xu Shen said: "Repost "It is a method of using words that are synonymous words formed by phonetic variation and used to explain each other." For example, the meaning of the word "老" is "Kaoye", and the meaning of the word "Kao" is "老ye". Their initial consonants are different and their final consonants are the same. Another example is that the word "ding" is interpreted as "dingye", and the word "ding" is interpreted as "dingye". Their finals vary and their initials are the same.
⑥ Borrowing, Xu Shen said: "Those who borrow under the guise do not have their own words at all. They rely on the voice to entrust things, and the order is long." It means that you do not specifically create a word for a certain word, but borrow an existing word. A workaround to mark the word with a homophone. For example, the word "lei" in Dangmai is used as the word "lai" for coming and going, and the word "qi" in relatives is used as the word "qi" for a big axe, etc.
4. Strokes of Chinese characters: Strokes refer to the various points and lines that make up the glyphs. There are eight basic strokes in Chinese characters, they are: dot (氵) horizontal (ㄧ) vertical (丨) left (ノ) 捺 (乀) pick () hook (亅) fold (ㄑ)
The strokes of Chinese characters are used for writing, which is the stroke order. The rules are: first horizontal and then vertical, first left and then back, first up and then down, first left then right, first outside then inside, first first then close, first middle then both sides. .
5. Chinese characters that are easy to write wrong:
①Different strokes: Dao (sword and gun)----Diao (making things difficult), Tian (Cangtian)----Yao (escape)
② The number of strokes is different: Yi (cruising)----Ge (fighting), Hou (time)----Hou (Hou's surname)
③The arrangement is different: Wei (Weizhuang)---- Mo (end), Zhuang (solemn)----pressure (pressure)
④Different shapes and sides: trivial (trivial)----lock (iron lock), blind (blind)--- -蓓(end-of-life)
⑤Different pronunciations: fishing (fishing)----hook (hook), breaking (breaking)----demolition (demolition)