Lu Shen is the first scenic spot of the Ming Tombs, which consists of stone archway, Dahongmen, stele building, stone statue, dragon and phoenix gate, etc.
Stone archway is the first building in front of the mausoleum area, which was built at 1540 (the 19th year of Jiajing). The archway structure is five elements, six columns and eleven floors, all carved from white marble. The forehead and pillars are carved with dragon, moire and unicorn, lion and other reliefs. These patterns used to be decorated with various colors of paint, but they have been completely eroded because of their age. The whole archway is magnificent in structure and exquisitely carved, which embodies the superb level of stone building technology in Ming Dynasty.
After passing the stone archway, you can see two hills on the left and right of Shinto. To the east is Longshan (also called Mangshan), which looks like a galloping black dragon. To the west is Tiger Mountain (commonly known as Tiger Valley), which looks like an alert tiger. In ancient Taoism in China, it was said that "the left green dragon and the right white tiger" were auspicious signs, and the "dragon" and "tiger" were left and right respectively, guarding the gates of the Ming Tombs with dignity.
Dahongmen is located in the south of Yuling District. Divided into three holes, also known as the Grand Palace Gate, it is the main entrance of the cemetery. On both sides of the gate stands a stone tablet engraved with the words "Officials are waiting to dismount here". Anyone who comes to pay homage to the mausoleum must enter the cemetery from now on to show the supreme dignity of the imperial tomb. There used to be two corner gates on both sides of the gate, which were connected by a red 80 Li Long fence. In the winding city wall, there is another xiaohongmen and ten entrances and exits, all of which are heavily guarded and forbidden to the people. These walls have collapsed, and some remnants are still discernible.
The avenue behind Dahongmen is called Shinto, also called Lingdao. It starts from the stone archway, passes through Dahongmen and leads to Changling. Originally built for Changling, it later became the main mausoleum road in the whole mausoleum area. The road runs through the north and south of the cemetery with a total length of 7 kilometers. There are a series of buildings along the road, which are scattered and spectacular.
Located in the center of Shinto, the Monument Pavilion is a tall square pavilion with double eaves and four corners, which was built by Changling. There is a 6-meter-high stone tablet carved with a dragon-headed turtle in the pavilion. The inscription on the tablet of immortal virtue in Changling in Ming Dynasty is more than 3,500 words long. Written by Zhu Gaochi in Ming Dynasty and written by Cheng Nanyun, a famous calligrapher in early Ming Dynasty. The inscription was written in 1425 (the first year of Hongxi), but it was carved in 1435 (the tenth year of Xuande). On the dark side of the monument, there are also thirteen rhymes of Mourning the Ming Tombs written by Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty. The inscription records in detail the damage of the tombs of Chang, Yong, Ding and Si. On the east side of the monument is a record of the cost of repairing the Ming Tombs by the Qing court. In the west, Emperor Jiaqing discussed the reasons for the demise of the Ming Dynasty. Four white stone China watches stand on the four corners of the pavilion, and a strange animal named Kong is squatting on the top of the pavilion. The huabiao and the stele pavilion set each other off, which is very solemn and vigorous. On the east side of the pavilion, there used to be a palace, which was the dressing place for the queen when she came to worship the mausoleum. Now it is gone.
The stone carving group is the stone carving man and beast placed in front of the mausoleum, which was called stone life in ancient times (the stone carving man was also called Weng Zhong). Twenty-four stone beasts and 12 stone men are neatly arranged on both sides of the thousand-meter Shinto from the two hexagonal stone pillars in the north of Beiting to Longfengmen, which are vivid in shape and finely carved, and are deeply loved by tourists. Its large number, large shape, exquisite carving and well-preserved are rare in ancient cemeteries. There are 6 kinds of stone beasts, 4 of each kind, all kneeling. It is meaningful to show them here. For example, lions are mighty and good at fighting; Avengers, as legendary beasts, are good at distinguishing loyalty from treachery, and always touch evil people with one-horned heads. Lions and horses are both guardians who symbolize guarding the mausoleum. Kirin, the legendary "benevolent beast", means good luck. Camels and elephants are loyal and kind, and can travel long distances with heavy loads. A good horse is good at running and can be used as a mount. Stone men were divided into four ministers, four civil servants and four military attaché s, all of whom were closely related courtiers before the emperor died. They are all handed over statues, strong and pious. This kind of stone statue was set up in the imperial tomb as early as two thousand years ago in the Qin and Han Dynasties. It mainly plays a decorative role, symbolizing the majesty of the emperor before his death, indicating that after the emperor's death, there are still civil and military officials and various livestock to drive away, and they can still dominate everything.
Lingxingmen is also called Longfengmen. The three doorways are composed of four stone pillars. The doorpost is similar to China's watch, with clouds and animals on it. In the center of the three doorways, there is also a stone fireball, so the door is also called "flame archway". On the northwest side of Longfengmen, there used to be a palace, which was a resting place for the queen to sacrifice to the mausoleum.
Changling
Located at the southern foot of the main peak of Tianshou Mountain, the Ming Changling Mausoleum is the tomb of the third emperor (Yongle) and empress Xu of the Ming Dynasty. Among the Ming Tombs, the building scale is the largest, the construction time is the earliest, and the ground buildings are also the best preserved. It is the ancestral mausoleum in the Ming Tombs and one of the most important tourist attractions in the mausoleum area.
The building area of Changling Mausoleum Palace is about 6.5438+0.2 million square meters. Its plane layout is circular. The square in front of it consists of three courtyards connected in front and back. Enter the courtyard first, and there is a mausoleum gate in front. It is a palace gate building with a single eaves resting on the top of the mountain, with five rooms wide. The eaves, cornices, eaves rafters and single-angle third-order bucket arches under the eaves are all glass components. There are three red coupon doors under it. There is a platform in front of the Lingmen, and there are wall-hung corner doors on the left and right (removed and blocked). There were five kitchens (left) and five storage rooms (right) in the courtyard in the Ming Dynasty, and a pavilion was built in front of the kitchen. The God Chef and the God Library were destroyed in the middle of Qing Dynasty, while the Monument Pavilion has been preserved to this day.
Dingling
Dingling Underground Palace Ming Dingling is the tomb of Zhu Yijun, the 13th emperor of Ming Dynasty. His two queens are also buried here. The mausoleum is located at the foot of Dayu Mountain, southwest of Changling, and was built in 1584 ~ 1590 (from the 12th year of Wanli to the 18th year of Wanli). The main buildings are Enmen, Endian, Baocheng, Minglou and Underground Palace. Covering area182000m2. This is the only tomb excavated in the Ming Tombs. Dingling underground palace can be visited by tourists.
The overall layout of the ground buildings in the Ming Dingling is the front circle and the back circle, which contains the symbolic significance of China's ancient philosophy. Dingling was started long before the death of Emperor Wanli, and started in the 12th year of Wanli (A.D. 1584), which took six years to complete and cost eight million and two thousand yuan. The emperor was only 28 years old when the mausoleum was built, and it was not officially opened until 1620. This mausoleum has been idle for 30 years. Dingling became one of the three major cemeteries in the Ming Tombs. Its ground building * * * accounts for 6.5438+0.8 million square meters, with a wide courtyard in front and a tall treasure city behind. In front of the mausoleum is a three-legged white marble bridge. Crossing the bridge is a tall pavilion. There are more than 300 buildings around the pavilion, such as temple sacrifice department, sacrifice pavilion and Dingling prison. Then there is the outermost wall of the cemetery-Wailuocheng (the wall outside the wall).
Zhaoling
Located at the eastern foot of Dayu Mountain, Zhaoling in Ming Dynasty is the tomb of the 12th Emperor (Qin Long) and his three empresses. Zhaoling is the first large-scale restoration cemetery in the Ming Tombs, and it is also one of the tourist attractions officially opened in the cemetery.
Zhaoling has a building area of 35,000 square meters, with complete Fenen Gate, Fenen Hall and its east and west affiliated halls, Fangcheng, Minglou and Baoding. Mu Zong Zhu Zaihou, the 12th emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and his three empresses were buried here. Mu Zong, with the year number of Qin Long (1537 ~ 1572), was a mediocre emperor among 16 emperors in the Ming Dynasty. After six months on the throne, he refused to ask about government affairs and never publicly expressed his political views.
Yongling
Located at the southern foot of Yang Cuiling, Ming Yongling is the tomb of the 1 1 th emperor (Jiajing) and three queens, Chen, Fang and Du. The construction of Yongling Mausoleum was in the fifteenth year after Emperor Sejong ascended the pole. It was the "first merit" he built when he was in office. However, the location of Buxuanling was when Empress Chen died in the seventh year of Jiajing (1528). At that time, Sejong ordered Zhang Cong, assistant minister, and Luo Yongqing, minister of war, to choose the mausoleum for Queen Chen. At the same time, I also secretly chose my own tomb.
Luo Yongqing was famous for his mastery of Feng Shui during Jiajing period. After he came to Tianshou Mountain, he chose two auspicious places, Acorn Ridge and Shibadaoling, for Sejong. Later, Sejong led Qin ministers and officials to visit two auspicious places that Luo Yongqing chose for him. After reading it, I thought that Shibadaoling had the best feng shui and decided to build a mausoleum there. But still not at ease, he sent people to Jiangxi to find the descendants of famous Feng Shui masters Yang Junsong, Emperor Zeng Wendi and Liao Sanchuan to check again. Finally, Shibadaoling was determined as the location of the mausoleum. Sejong suspected that the name of Eighteen Ridges Mountain was indecent, so he changed his name to "Yang Cuiling". On April 22nd, the 15th year of Jiajing (1636), the work of Daling started. Emperor Sejong personally presided over the ceremony of offering sacrifices to Changling, and Hou Guoxun and Wuding Assistant Minister Shi Li were ordered to build the Prime Minister's Mountain Mausoleum. On this day, there are seven other mausoleum reconstruction projects, the Shinto stone in Changling and the stone platform protected by stone statues. ...
Fairy spirit
Ming Xianling Mausoleum is located at the foot of the west peak of Tianshou Mountain. It is the mausoleum of Ming Chengzu (Hongxi) and Ming Chengzu Zhang. The construction of the Xian Mausoleum began after the death of Injong. On his deathbed, Injong wrote an imperial edict: "Since I am facing the sun, I don't appreciate the people and I can't bear to work hard. The Shanling system is frugal. " After Zhu Zhanji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, ascended the throne, he built a mausoleum according to Injong's testamentary edict. He called Shang Zhou and Xia Yuanji to the palace and told them that the country buried their relatives with the wealth of the four seas, so why bother? However, the ancient emperor Wang Ming was frugal. As a dutiful son, I just want to preserve the remains of my loved ones forever, and I don't want to be buried with a thick burial. The disadvantages of thick burial in Qin and Han dynasties are clear enough. What's more, the imperial testamentary edict was built from frugality, and it is well known in the world that mountains and tombs should be built. what do you think of it ? Zhou Yi and others replied: Sages see lofty ideals, which are derived from filial piety and benefit future generations. Therefore, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty decided to standardize the cemetery, and appointed Wang Tong, Prime Minister Huangfu and Minister of Industry, to repair the cemetery. It took only three months from July of the first year of Hongxi to the completion of Xuan Ying and the burial of Injong. Ground buildings are also under construction. In August, ordered by the Ministry of Industry, the gatehouse, palace, left and right halls and kitchen were built. In the seventh year of the Orthodox Church (1442), Jianming Building was built in December, and the mausoleum was built in March of the following year. Participating in the construction of the cemetery are the sergeant 1 10,000 commanded by Nanjing Xiangcheng garrison, the craftsman1kloc-0/8,000 of Weibei Army near Nanjing Shipyard, and 50,000 civilian workers recruited by Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Zhili, Fengyang and Daming. ...
Qingling
Located at the southern foot of the second ridge of Huangshan Temple in Tianshou Mountain Mausoleum, Changping, Beijing, the Ming Qing Mausoleum is the tomb of the 14th Emperor of Ming Dynasty and his Empresses Guo, Wang and Liu.
The underground Xuan Palace in Qingling was built in March of the first year of the Apocalypse (A.D. 162 1) and closed in Longmen on July 29th. It lasted for four months and cost 1.5 million yuan. Moreover, the quality of the project is fine, except that the Xuan Palace is all made of stone, and its "back, middle and front halls" are all separated by "heavy doors". In the sixth year of the Apocalypse (AD 1626), the ground building was completed. Its cemetery building consists of Shinto, Mausoleum Palace and ancillary buildings outside the Mausoleum Palace. Build an empty stone bridge on Shinto. Near the mausoleum, there is a monument pavilion of Shengde. The pavilion is a monument, and the decapitated turtle falls silent.
The overall layout of the mausoleum building is circular, covering an area of about 27,600 square meters. There are two square yards in front, which are not connected with each other. There is a Shinto connection between the two courtyards, and there are three empty stone bridges behind the first courtyard. The first one entered the courtyard, taking the tomb door as the door and resting on the top of the mountain, with a single eaves and three rooms wide. There are five temples in the yard, five on the left and five on the right. Two sacred silk furnaces. Second, into the courtyard, there are three doors in front, two-column archway doors and a stone archway. There are stone incense burners, two in Thailand and two vases on the case, with Yuanbao City behind the square yard. There is a square platform at the entrance of Baocheng, and there is a Ming-style building with double eaves and mountains on the platform. There is a sacred monument in the building, engraved with "Daming" and "the tomb of Guangzong Zhenzong". Houbaocheng, an open building, is filled with loess, and a cylinder with a bottom diameter of about 28 meters is rammed in the middle. The retaining wall in front of the tomb is the same height as the Baocheng wall, and forms a crescent-shaped flat courtyard with Baocheng platform and two side walls-the dumb courtyard, with a glazed wall hanging in the courtyard. In addition to odd jobs, there are some ancillary buildings, such as sacrifice pavilion, god kitchen, god library, temple sacrifice department, shrine supervisor, Fangchao, orchard, hazelnut factory, Shenma house and so on.
Maoling
Located at the foot of Jubaoshan on the right side of Yuling, the Ming Mausoleum is the burial tomb of the eighth emperor of Ming Dynasty and three empresses Wang, Ji and Shao. The mausoleum name of Maoling was set on September 15th in the 23rd year of Chenghua (1487). On the same day, Zhu Youtang, the heir of Emperor Xiaozong, ordered the construction of a mausoleum. The location of the mausoleum was determined by Ni Yue, the right assistant minister of the Ministry of Rites, and Zheng Lihua, the supervisor of Qin Tian. Huang Shun, the eunuch in charge of the internal official prison, Li Liang, the eunuch in charge of the royal horse prison, Zhu Yong, a teacher and prince, and Zheng Chen, the left assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry, were ordered to be the prefect of the sergeant craftsmen. On September 19, the mountain began to break ground and 40,000 troops entered Beijing. 1February 17, Xian Zong and Empress Xiao Mu were buried. On April 24th, the first year of Hongzhi (1488), the mausoleum project was completed, which lasted more than seven months. The mausoleum system is generally like Yuling, but there are steps in the left and right direction behind the glazed wall of Baocheng, which can climb Baoshan, which is different from other tombs.
Kangling
Ming Kangling Mausoleum, located at the east foot of Jinling (also known as Lotus Hill or Babao Lotus Hill), is the mausoleum of Zhu Houzhao, the tenth emperor of Ming Dynasty, and Shi Xia, the empress.
Tinkling
Ming Jingling, located at the foot of Tianshou Shandong Peak (also known as Montenegro), is the tomb of the fifth emperor (Tang Xuanzong Zhang) and empress of the Ming Dynasty. The construction of Jingling began after the death of Xuanzong. After Zhu Qizhen acceded to the throne, Yingzong immediately sent people to Tianshou Mountain Tomb Area. On the 11th day of the first month of the tenth year of Xuande (1435), the construction of the mausoleum officially began. Eunuch Mu Jing, Hou Fengcheng Lixian, Minister Wu Zhong of the Ministry of Industry and Assistant Minister Cai Xin were ordered to supervise the work. Lord protector Zhu Yong, the newly-built Li Yu, the viceroy Shen Qing, the inner government yamen, the Royal Guards, etc. * * * sent 65438+ ten thousand military and civilian craftsmen to start service. On June 21st, Xuanzong was buried. In the seventh year of Tianshun (1463), the mausoleum was completed on March 19th. It lasted off and on for 28 years.
The cemetery system, first, follows the system of offering tombs and saving money. Its Shinto branch from the south to the east of Wukong Bridge in the north of Changling Shinto, about 1.5 km long, and a single empty stone bridge was built on the way. The mausoleum is 55o north-south and covers an area of about 25,000 square meters. The treasure-forming terrain is built into a slender shape with a round front and a round back. The square yard in front is connected with the treasure city in the back. On the central axis, buildings such as Yunen Gate, Yunen Hall, Sanmen, Xingxing Gate, Shigong 'an, Fangcheng and Minglou were built in turn.
residue
Ming Tailing, located at the southern foot of Bijia Mountain in Shandong Province, is also called "Shijiatai" or "Shijiashan". This is the burial tomb of Ming Chengzu (Hongzhi period) and his queen Zhang.
The planning of Tailing was after the death of Emperor Xiaozong of Ming Dynasty. According to the records of Wuzong in Ming Dynasty, after Wuzong ascended the throne, he began to organize the funeral of Xiaozong. Li Jie, the left assistant minister of the Ritual Department, Ni Qian, the deputy supervisor of Qin Tianjian, and Dai Yi, the eunuch of the supervisor, said to Wu Zong, "There is a place called Shijiatai in the west of Maoling, which is a auspicious place to build a mausoleum. The mausoleum of the great emperor can be built there." Xu Tianxi, a right engineer, also suggested to Wu Zong that people who are proficient in geomantic omen in courtiers should go and have a look again. He also suggested: "If in doubt, please move to Jiangxi and other places. Looking for warlocks, visiting famous mountains, the strength of clothing, the atmosphere of gathering, the depth of water and soil, the correctness of acupuncturing, and the strength. As Zhu said, you can worship the gods and pray for the help of the country. " Also agree to this proposal. Therefore, Wu Zong ordered eunuchs Fu An, Qin Guan, right assistant minister Wang Hua to visit Shijiatai, and finally decided to build Xiaozong Mausoleum here.
Delin
Mingde Mausoleum, located at the west foot, is the mausoleum of the late Ming Dynasty emperor and the fifteenth emperor Zhang.
Yuling
Ming Yuling is the tomb of the sixth emperor of Ming Dynasty and his empress Qian and Zhou. Built in A.D. 1464, it consists of stone sacrifice, treasure city and Ming building. The mausoleum system is very simple.
navigate by water/air
Ming Siling is located at the south foot of Jinping Mountain in the southwest corner of the mausoleum area. It is the burial tomb of the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty and his empress Zhou and Huang Feitian.
After the Qing Dynasty entered the Central Plains, in order to win the hearts of the people and win over the Han landlord class to serve the Qing Dynasty, the concubine tomb buried by Emperor Chongzhen was named "Siling". After the emperor Chongzhen was reburied, garden buildings on the ground were built. According to Records of the Qing Ancestors, the Qing court ordered the emperor Chongzhen to be reburied with ceremony, and the Siling Building was built in May of the first year of Shunzhi (1644).