Su Shi (January 8, 1037 - August 24, 1101), also known as Zizhan and Hezhong, was also known as Dongpo layman, and was known as Su Dongpo and Su Xian in the world. Han nationality, a native of Meishan, Meizhou (now part of Meishan City, Sichuan Province) in the Northern Song Dynasty. His ancestral home is Luancheng, Hebei Province. He is a famous writer, calligrapher and painter in the Northern Song Dynasty. [1] [2] In the second year of Jiayou's reign (1057), Su Shi became a Jinshi. During the reign of Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty, he served in Fengxiang, Hangzhou, Mizhou, Xuzhou, Huzhou and other places. In the third year of Yuanfeng (1080), he was framed for the "Wutai Poetry Case" and was demoted to Huangzhou as deputy envoy of Tuanlian. After Zhezong of the Song Dynasty came to the throne, he served as a bachelor of Hanlin, a bachelor of imperial examination, and a minister of the Ministry of Rites. He also went to Hangzhou, Yingzhou, Yangzhou, Dingzhou and other places. In his later years, he was demoted to Huizhou and Danzhou because of the new party's rule. Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty was pardoned and returned to the north, but died of illness in Changzhou on the way. During the reign of Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty, he was posthumously given the title of Grand Master, with the posthumous title "Wenzhong". Su Shi is the representative of the highest achievements in literature in the Song Dynasty, and has achieved high achievements in poetry, lyrics, prose, calligraphy, and painting. His poems have broad themes, are fresh and bold, are good at using exaggerated metaphors, and have a unique style. Together with Huang Tingjian, he is also known as "Su Huang". He is a representative of the bold and unrestrained style of poetry, and together with Xin Qiji, he is also known as "Su Xin"; his prose writings are grand and bold, and he is known as "Ou Su" together with Ouyang Xiu, and is one of the "Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties"; Su Shi is also good at He is one of the "Four Schools of Calligraphy" in the Song Dynasty. He is good at painting, especially good at ink bamboo, strange rocks, dead wood, etc. There are "Dongpo Seven Collections", "Dongpo Yi Zhuan", "Dongpo Yuefu" and so on. Life of the character
Early experience
Su Shi was born in Meishan, Meizhou, on December 19, the third year of Jingyou's reign (January 8, 1037), Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty. He was the minister of the early Tang Dynasty. After the taste. Su Shi's grandfather was Su Xu, whose cousin was Zhongxian, and his grandmother was Shi. Su Shi's father, Su Xun, is the "Su Laoquan" mentioned in the "Three Character Classic" who "started to work hard at twenty-seven." Although Su Xun started working late, he worked hard. Su Shi's name "Shi" originally means the handrail in front of the car, which means he is unknown but helps people in distress and is indispensable. Su Shi was open-minded and straightforward by nature, and was deeply influenced by Taoism. Good friends, good food, many delicious food creations, good tea, and elegant travels in the mountains and forests.
Going to Beijing to take the exam
In the first year of Jiayou (1056), Su Shi left Sichuan for the first time and went to Beijing to take part in the imperial examination. Su Xun took the 21-year-old Su Shi and the 19-year-old Su Zhe from the remote Xishu area eastward along the Yangtze River to Beijing to take the exam in the second year of Jiayou (1057). The chief examiner at that time was Ouyang Xiu, a leader in the literary world, and the junior examiner was Mei Yaochen, a veteran in poetry. These two people were determined to innovate poetry, and Su Shi's fresh and free style of writing suddenly shocked them. The title of the policy paper was "On the Perfection of Punishment and Rewards," Su Shi's "On the Most Honesty of Punishment and Rewards" was appreciated by the examiner Ouyang Xiu. However, Ouyang Xiu mistakenly believed that it was written by his disciple Zeng Gong. In order to avoid suspicion, he had to write the first essay. two. Su Shi wrote in the article: "Gaotao was a scholar who would kill people. Gao Tao said to kill three, Yao said to forgive three." Dukes Ou and Mei admired his article, but they did not know the source of these sentences. Su Shi thanked him and asked him about it. Su Shi replied: "Why do you need to know the source?" After hearing this, Ouyang Xiu couldn't help but admire Su Shi's boldness and innovation. He also foresaw Su Shi's future: "This man is good at reading. If you make good use of books, your articles will be unique in the world."
Famous in the capital
Under Ouyang Xiu's repeated praise, Su Shi became famous for a while. Whenever he has a new work, it will be spread throughout the capital immediately. When the father and son became famous in the capital and were about to show off their talents, the sad news suddenly came that Su Shi and Su Che's mother had died of illness. The two brothers returned to their hometown for the funeral with their father. In October of the fourth year of Jiayou's reign, he returned to Beijing after the mourning period. In the sixth year of Jiayou's reign (1061), Su Shi took the high school examination, which is commonly known as the "Three Years of Beijing Examination", and entered the third class, becoming the "No. 1 in a century" , was awarded Dali to judge affairs and sign letters as a judge of Fengxiang Mansion. Four years later, he was sentenced to Wenguyuan. In the second year of Zhiping, Su Xun died of illness. Brothers Su Shi and Su Che returned home with their coffins and observed mourning for three years. Three years later, Su Shi returned to the court, and Wang Anshi's reform, which shocked both the government and the public, began. Many of Su Shi's mentors, including his mentor Ouyang Xiu, who had admired him at the time, were forced to leave Beijing because they opposed the new law and had political disagreements with the new prime minister Wang Anshi. The old rain in the government and the field has withered, and what Su Shi sees in his eyes is no longer the "peaceful world" he saw when he was twenty.
Invited to leave Beijing
In the fourth year of Xining (1071), Su Shi wrote a letter discussing the shortcomings of the new law. Wang Anshi was very angry and asked Xie Jing, the censor, to tell Su Shi's faults in front of the emperor.
Su Shi then requested to serve in Beijing: from the fourth to seventh years of Xining (1074), he was sent to Hangzhou as a general judge. In the autumn of the seventh year of Xining (1074), he was transferred to Mizhou (Zhucheng, Shandong) as magistrate. ) from April to March of the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), he served as magistrate of Xuzhou. In April of the second year of Yuanfeng, he was transferred to Huzhou as magistrate. Innovation eliminates disadvantages and facilitates the people through law, which has considerable political achievements.
The Wutai Poetry Case
In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), Su Shi was forty-three years old and was transferred to the post of magistrate of Huzhou. After taking office, he immediately wrote a "Huzhou Express of Thanks" to the emperor. This was a routine matter, but Su Shi was a poet and his writing was often emotional. Even in official articles, he could not forget to add a personal touch, saying that he was "stupid and untimely". , it is difficult to follow the newcomers" and "the old man does not cause trouble, but he can shepherd the small people". These words were criticized by the New Party, saying that he was "fooling the government and being arrogant", saying that he "carried resentment and anger" and "criticized "Cheng Yu", "harboring evil intentions", mocking the government, being reckless and rude, and being disloyal to the emperor. Such a serious crime can be said to be worthy of death. They picked out sentences from a large number of Su Shi's poems that they thought contained sarcastic meanings. For a time, there was a voice against Su Shi in the court. On July 28 of this year, only three months after he took office, Su Shi was arrested by officials from Yushitai and deported to the capital. Dozens of people were implicated. This is the famous "Wutai Poetry Case" in the Northern Song Dynasty (Wutai, that is, Yushitai, is called Wutai because of the cypress trees planted on it, where crows live all year round).
The huge blow of the Wutai Poetry Case became a turning point in his life. The new parties must put Su Shi to death. Rescue activities were also carried out by both the government and the public. Not only did many elders who shared Su Shi's political views write letters, but some knowledgeable people from the reform faction also advised Shenzong not to kill Su Shi. Wang Anshi retired to Jinling at that time, and he also wrote a letter saying: "Is it necessary to kill talented people when there is a holy world?" With everyone's efforts, the poetry case was "solved with one word" by Wang Anshi, and Su Shi was given a lighter sentence and demoted to Huangzhou. (Today's Huanggang, Hubei Province) Deputy envoy of Tuanlian, resettled in the prefecture, and monitored by local officials. Su Shi spent 103 days in prison and was on the verge of being beheaded several times. Fortunately, during the Northern Song Dynasty, the national policy of not killing scholar-bureaucrats was established during the reign of Emperor Taizu Zhao Kuangyin, so Su Shi was able to escape the disaster.
Demoted to Huangzhou
After his release from prison, Su Shi was demoted to deputy envoy of regiment training in Huangzhou (now Huanggang City, Hubei Province) (equivalent to the deputy captain of the modern civil self-defense force). This position was quite humble and had no real power. At this time, Su Shi had become disheartened after this battle. After taking office, Su Shi felt depressed. He visited Chibi Mountain outside Huangzhou City many times and wrote "Red Cliff Ode" , "Hou Chibi Ode" and "Nian Nujiao·Chibi Nostalgia" and other timeless masterpieces are used to express his thoughts and feelings when he was exiled. In his spare time, Yu Gong led his family to reclaim a piece of sloping land in the east of the city and farm to help supplement their livelihood. It was at this time that he came up with the nickname "Dongpo Jushi".
Resurgence
In 1084 (the seventh year of Yuanfeng), Su Shi left Huangzhou and went to Ruzhou to take office. Due to the long journey and exhaustion from the journey, Su Shi's infant died unfortunately. The road to Ruzhou was far away, and the travel expenses had been exhausted. Coupled with the pain of losing his son, Su Shi wrote to the court, requesting not to go to Ruzhou for the time being, but to live in Changzhou first, which was later approved. When he was about to return south to Changzhou, Shenzong died. The area of ??Changzhou is intertwined with water networks and has beautiful scenery. Living in Changzhou, he had no worries about hunger and cold, and could enjoy the beautiful scenery. Moreover, he was far away from the political disputes in the capital, and could get along with his family and many friends day and night. So Su Dongpo finally chose Changzhou as his final place.
In 1085, Zhezong of the Song Dynasty came to the throne. Empress Dowager Gao took charge of the government in the name of Zhezong's young age. Sima Guang was re-appointed as prime minister, and the new party headed by Wang Anshi was suppressed. Su Shi returned to the imperial court and served as the governor of Zhidengzhou (Penglai). Four months later, the doctor of the Ministry of Rites was summoned back to the court. In the first half of the morning, he was promoted to Jusheren. Three months later, he was promoted to Zhongshusheren. Soon after, he was promoted to Hanlin scholar, knowing the imperial edicts and tributes of the Ministry of Rites. When Su Shi saw that the emerging forces were desperately suppressing the figures in Wang Anshi's group and abolishing the new laws, he believed that they were just the same as the so-called "royal party" and once again made suggestions to the emperor. He criticized the corruption that had been exposed after the old party came to power. As a result, he aroused strong opposition from conservative forces, and was falsely accused and framed. Su Shi could neither be tolerated by the new party nor forgiven by the old party, so he once again asked for external support.
Building Su Causeway
In the fourth year of Yuanyou (1089), Su Shi was appointed as the bachelor of Longtuge and learned about Hangzhou. Since the West Lake has not been dredged for a long time, more than half of it has been silted up. "The flat lake in Kuangtai has been overgrown for a long time, and the people are still withering after years of prosperity." The lake gradually dried up and the lake was covered with weeds, which seriously affected agricultural production.
The second year after he came to Hangzhou, Su Shi led a crowd to dredge the West Lake, mobilized more than 200,000 migrant workers, fired Fengtian, restored the old view, and built three pagodas (today's Three Pools Reflecting the Moon) in the deepest part of the lake as a symbol. He gathered the excavated silt and built a long embankment across the West Lake. The embankment was connected by six bridges for the convenience of pedestrians. Later generations named it "Sugong Embankment", or "Su Embankment" for short. In the early morning of spring, Su Causeway is surrounded by smoked willow cages, shimmering tree shadows, and birds singing. It is one of the famous ten sceneries of the West Lake, "Spring Dawn on Su Causeway."
“Su embankments are built everywhere on the east slope.” Su Shi built three embankments in his life