Fangshan Shijing is the largest and oldest cultural treasure among the existing Buddhist Shijing in China. It is stored in Shijingshan, Yunju Temple, Fangshan County, Beijing. The Sui Dynasty, which was carved at the beginning of the seventh century, lasted for more than a thousand years after the Tang, Liao, Jin, Yuan and Ming Dynasties. There are 14278 major and minor sutras, and 357 volumes of Buddhist sutras 1 122. It is an important material for studying the social economy, politics, culture and art in ancient China, especially the history and classics of Buddhism, and it is also a valuable cultural heritage in the world.
Shijingshan is located in the east of Yunju Temple, so it is also called Dongfeng. It is about 500 meters high and has nine holes, which are divided into two floors. There are two holes in the lower floor, the first and second holes are from south to north; There are seven holes in the upper floor, with Lei Yin hole as the center, the third and fourth holes on the right, the fifth hole in Lei Yin, and the sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth holes on the left. Among the nine caves, Lei Yin Cave is the earliest. The original Jing Tang was called Shi Jing Tang, and Shi Jing households could switch it on and off. The remaining eight holes were filled with stone classics and sealed with molten iron from Shisai Lake. During the Liao and Jin Dynasties, two crypts were opened in the southwest corner of Yunju Temple at the foot of the mountain, and the stone scriptures were buried into one, and a tower was built on it, called the pressure tower.
Fangshan Shijing was carved by Sui Jingwan (Zhiyuan). Jing Wan inherited the teacher's last wish, and began planning from the year of Sui Daye (605-6 17) to the thirteenth year of Tang Zhenguan (639), and died after carving the Nirvana Sutra. According to research, Jingwan is not only engraved with Nirvana Sutra, but also engraved with Huayan Sutra of eight years of Zhenguan, and 146 scriptures such as Vimalakīrti Sutra and Victory Sutra embedded in the cave wall of Lei Yin. There are four disciples who inherit Jingwan's business of engraving scriptures, namely Daogong, Gong Yi, Siam Gong and Fagong. During the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, with the support of the Imperial Palace, Hui Xian, the fourth generation disciple of Jingwan, opened two new halls (now the first and second caves) under Lei Yin Cave (Shi Jingtang) to engrave the Book of Songs. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, with the support of local officials and the help of Buddhists, more than 100 stone scriptures were carved successively, and more than 4,000 stone scriptures were hidden in nine caves.
In the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, the stone carving classics came to a standstill. The Liao dynasty continued to carve. According to Zhao Zunren's Inscription on the Achievements of Four Classics in the Fourth Year of Qing Ning (1058), Han Shaofang, the secretariat of Zhuozhou, counted the number of stone scriptures hidden in caves: from the seventh year of Taiping (1027) to the third year of Qing Ning, there were 80 volumes of Prajna Sutra, accounting for 240 pieces; Carved "The Treasure Classic" 1 volume, 360 pieces. This is in terms of Prajna and Baoji. In fact, according to the inscription on the rubbings of Shijing, the Shijing carved by Daozong from the second year of Qingning to the ninth year of Daan (1093) should be 16 1 656 volumes, about 1084 pieces of Shijing. Since then, some monks have continued to engrave 44 Buddhist scriptures and 4080 small tablets. His disciple Tian Qing in the eighth year (1 1 18) was good, sharp and good. He dug the ground into a cave, buried the stone scriptures carved by Daozong and Tongli in it, and built a pagoda to hold it. Later, the reasonable disciple Fu Shan and others continued to carve.
The continuation of stone carvings in the Jin Dynasty began in the tenth year of Tianhui (1 132). The day after tomorrow, in the year of 14, a monk at Fu Yuan Temple in Yanjing continued to engrave The King of Metropolis1(volume10); From the first year to the ninth year of the imperial system (1138-1149), the monks of Baoning Temple in Fu (now Zhuolu, Hebei Province) and their disciples Shi, successively carved 39 Tantric Classics. From the ninth year of the imperial system to the early years of Ming Chang (1149-1190), Emperor Bo Hanwang, Prime Minister Liu's wife and Zhang Zongren carved Ahan continuously for 20 years. In addition, there are no inscriptions by unknown people, such as "King Kong Crushes the Maharani Sutra", "Collection of Names of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas in Tibetan Buddhism" and "Collection of Maharani, the Best Collection of Buddhism and Buddhism". Except for The King of the Great God, which is hidden in the third cave of Dongfeng, all the gold-engraved stone scriptures are buried in the crypt under the pagoda.
The classic stone carvings in Yuan Dynasty came to a standstill again. In the Ming Dynasty, the court renovated Yunju Temple and Shijingshan. During the years of Wanli, Apocalypse and Chongzhen, the shaman of Xing Wu really persuaded the layman Ge Yilong and Dong Qichang, who were officials in Beijing, to continue to engrave the Book of Songs. There are more than ten kinds in the plan, such as Forty Huayan Sutra, Magic Tanjing, Baoyun Sutra, Buddhist Legacy Sutra, Forty-two Chapters Sutra, Dafang Guangzong Baoguang Mingjing Sutra, Brahma Sutra and Amitabha Sutra. Because the original cave was completely hidden and closed, a small hole was opened on the left side of Lei Yin Cave, with masonry as the wall, which contained engraved scriptures. Dong Qichang, a famous calligrapher, wrote the word "Bao", commonly known as "Bao Cave" (the sixth cave). The stone sutra of Yunju Temple has been carved, and this is the ending. According to statistics in recent years, there are more than 14000 Tibetan scriptures in and out of the nine caves in Shijingshan.
Fangshan Shijing, a Buddhist classic that has been engraved for more than 1000 years since Sui and Tang Dynasties, contains extremely rich historical materials in Buddhist studies, epigraphy calligraphy, political history, social economy, culture and art, and has very important academic and cultural values. Since Ming and Qing Dynasties, it has attracted the attention of scholars. Zhou Chen in Ming Dynasty, Shi Jingfen and Ye introduced its value in travel notes and writings. But they are mainly based on calligraphy of steles, and rarely studied from the perspective of Buddhism. Starting from 1956, the Chinese Buddhist Association began to carry out comprehensive sorting and rubbing. Fangshan Shijing is the largest and oldest cultural treasure among the existing Buddhist Shijing in China. It is stored in Shijingshan, Yunju Temple, Fangshan County, Beijing. The Sui Dynasty, which was carved at the beginning of the seventh century, lasted for more than a thousand years after the Tang, Liao, Jin, Yuan and Ming Dynasties. There are 14278 major and minor sutras, and 357 volumes of Buddhist sutras 1 122. It is an important material for studying the social economy, politics, culture and art in ancient China, especially the history and classics of Buddhism, and it is also a valuable cultural heritage in the world.
Dunhuang Tibetan scriptures cave is the common name of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes 17. This cave was originally built in the north wall of CaveNo. 17 of Mogao Grottoes in the fifth year of Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (85 1), and it was the shadow cave of Buddhist monks in Hexi at that time. About 1 1 century, when Xixia ruled Dunhuang, before the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty occupied Dunhuang, the monks of Mogao Grottoes, considering the disaster of war, sealed all the scriptures, documents, archives and Buddhist paintings preserved in the temple for generations in this cave, and then built external walls and painted murals to hide people's eyes and ears. Later, because monks also fled the war, the caves were decadent, and they were blocked by wind and sand, so they were claustrophobic for nearly 800 years. In the 26th year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1900), the Taoist King of Mogao Grottoes led people to "dredge the sand in the three-story cave with running water", and the secret room began to appear in the world, which was called the "Tibetan Sutra Cave". The largest document in Dunhuang suicide note was unearthed in the Tibetan Sutra Cave, especially in the famous historical and cultural city. It has also become an important material for studying the civilizations of Eastern Han, Jin, Northern Wei, Western Wei, Liang, Northern Zhou, Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties, Northern Song, Xixia and Yuan Dynasties.