The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the integration period of China's garden architecture. During this period, feudal literati not only built large-scale royal gardens, but also built a large number of home gardens with mountains and rivers as the backbone and interesting mountains and forests as the content to meet the needs of daily gatherings, leisure, banquets and living. The private gardens of feudal literati were mostly built in cities or suburbs, which were associated with houses. In a small area, the pursuit of spatial artistic change, elegant and exquisite style, to achieve the artistic conception of seeking interest in the middle, and to meet the novel requirements. Home gardens are mostly "urban forests", with many pavilions and trees. In terms of quantity, it is almost all over the country, and its three relatively concentrated places are Beijing in the north and Suzhou, Yangzhou, Hangzhou and Nanjing in the south. Among them, Jiangnan private gardens are the most typical representatives. Private gardens in the south of the Yangtze River are natural landscape gardens that mainly open ponds to build mountains. There are many rivers and lakes in the south of the Yangtze River, with unique natural conditions and many gardening materials such as Taihu Stone, which provide very favorable conditions for gardening activities in the south of the Yangtze River. Jiangnan gardens are not only different from northern gardens in style, but also have certain differences in use requirements. Jiangnan gardens are mainly located in Yangzhou, Wuxi, Suzhou, Huzhou, Shanghai, Changshu, Nanjing and other places, among which Suzhou and Yangzhou are the most famous and representative, and Suzhou is the place with the most private gardens. To this end, Suzhou is also known as "the first garden in the south of the Yangtze River, and the first garden in the south of the Yangtze River in Suzhou". Yangzhou, an ancient cultural city, had more than 0/00 gardens/kloc, large and small, during the Kanggan period of the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, there is a saying that "Yangzhou wins with gardens". Because Yangzhou is located between the north and the south, it combines the artistic techniques of gardening between the north and the south, forming a unique style of Yangzhou gardens called "Northern Xiongnan Xiunan". Since Sui and Tang Dynasties, due to Yangzhou's economic prosperity, rich businessmen and literati gathered, which greatly promoted the development of Yangzhou gardens. Suzhou, located in the water town south of the Yangtze River, is characterized by criss-crossing waterways, suitable climate, lush plants, rich varieties of flowers and trees, and locally produced lake stones. The skill of piling stones on the mountain is brilliant, the gardening conditions are particularly superior and the materials are very rich. Therefore, the rich Suzhou has become an important place for bureaucrats to plunder and enjoy themselves. At the end of feudal society in Ming and Qing dynasties, economically developed Jiangnan became the focus of private gardens, and afforestation activities in Suzhou reached a climax. Bureaucratic landlords rushed to build gardens, which became fashionable for a while. The wind of gardening lasted for more than 300 years, and Suzhou became the focus of private gardens. Royal gardens are generally balanced, symmetrical, solemn, luxurious and majestic. Private gardens in the south of the Yangtze River are mostly built in cities and connected with houses. Covers a small area, ranging from one or two acres to dozens of acres. In dealing with the landscape, he is good at making great changes in a limited space and skillfully forming ever-changing scenic spots and tourist routes. Pink walls, flower windows or corridors are often used to divide landscape space, but they are continuous and interesting. Through the leaking window like a picture frame, different pictures are formed, which are endless and meaningful, and stimulate tourists' interest in exploring secluded places. There is a virtual reality, the scene changes, the priorities are clear, the scene is meaningful and interesting. For example, in Suzhou Humble Administrator's Garden, the center of the garden is Yuanxiang Hall, surrounded by beautiful panes, like a painter's view frame, and people can enjoy the scenery through the panes in the hall. Opposite Yuanxiangtang, on the hill covered with green leaves, there is a snowy cloud pavilion with wintersweet planted around it. In the east corner, pavilions and rockeries are dotted with slender magnolia and bright peach blossoms; Looking to the west, the lotus wind of Zhu Hongdong's beam surrounds the pavilions and willows, and it is quiet and quiet in the spring moonlight. There are many kinds of plants and flowers in China. Planting trees and flowers is full of interest, and the architecture is exquisite and lively, giving people a relaxed feeling. Skillful borrowing is another feature of Jiangnan gardens. Use the technique of borrowing scenery to make the full land look like the earth. The way to borrow scenery is usually to combine the distant or near landscapes at home and abroad organically by leaking acres, so that the limited space can be extended indefinitely, which makes it inevitable for people to visit China. Sometimes China also has countries, big countries and small countries, which leads to changeable space and rich levels. This kind of garden in the garden often has a wound on my only road and passes through a sheltered depression, but when you feel that there is no way to answer the question, the team is "another village", which makes me sometimes "detour" to borrow his things and distant scenery for me to have, so as to enrich the landscape. Private gardens in the south of the Yangtze River are mostly run by feudal literati, literati and landlords. Compared with the Royal Gardens, they operate on a smaller scale, so they pay more attention to details and exquisite architecture. Inside the private garden buildings in the south of the Yangtze River, there are all kinds of calligraphy and painting, handicrafts and exquisite furniture. These handicrafts and furniture are in harmony with the architectural function, and after careful arrangement, they form the unique indoor exhibition art of China garden architecture, which greatly highlights the ornamental value of garden architecture. For example, Nanmu Hall in Suzhou Liuyuan Garden is furnished with Nanmu, and the interior decoration is beautiful, exquisite, simple and generous, forming an appreciative and elegant indoor environment. One kind adopts the customary symmetry method in indoor layout, and the calligraphy and painting hanging screen on the wall and the outdoor stone case and pier also adopt symmetrical layout, which is full of rhythm in repetition. Indoor and outdoor decoration and furniture display are mainly in three colors, such as jujube red, black and chestnut shell color, which are in harmony with the purple blue and white of other parts of the garden, reflecting the quiet requirements of indoor and outdoor design of garden buildings. This is in stark contrast to the pursuit of luxury and grandeur in the royal palace building, which uses red and green tones. Combining couplets, poems and gardens, and using literary means to deepen people's understanding of garden scenery, stimulate people's imagination and make gardens more poetic and picturesque are also extremely successful in Jiangnan gardens. Gardeners are good at beautifying the landscape with the artistic charm of literary thinking in images, and couplets of halls, halls, pavilions and pavilions are often explanations for appreciating the landscape. For example, the "Begonia Spring Five" in the Humble Administrator's Garden refers to the small courtyard with begonia in the court, which takes a nap on Yichun Day; Pavilion "wind on all sides" refers to a small pavilion facing the pool on all sides, which is suitable for enjoying the cool in summer nights; Citrus reticulata is planted around the pavilion as frost, which should be planted in late autumn; Chimonanthus praecox is planted around the "Xiang Xue Wei Yun" exhibition hall, and it snows in winter. Literary Federation has both the beauty of calligraphy and the introduction of appreciation. During this period, more literati painters participated in landscape design and gardening practice, such as Zhang Nanyang, Zhou Bingcheng and Ji Cheng in Ming Dynasty, and Zhang Lian, Zhang Ran and Ye Tiao in Qing Dynasty. They are all good at painting and gardening. Among them, Ji Cheng summed up the theory of gardening and wrote a book "Gardening and Casting"; Zhang Lian stacked white bamboo, Jiangcun stone wall; Ji Chengdie Yingyuan Mountain; Shitao stacked stone mountain house, Shiwan Garden, etc. Their practice and theory greatly promoted the development of garden art in Jiangnan. The artistic conception of private gardens in the south of the Yangtze River in Ming and Qing Dynasties reached the organic unity of natural beauty, architectural beauty, painting beauty and literary wood. Different from ordinary art, it is mainly a comprehensive art work composed of architecture, landscape, flowers and trees. Successful garden art can not only reproduce the beauty of natural mountains and rivers, but also be higher than nature, leaving no traces of artificial axes.
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