Zhang Fei
By the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the overall aesthetic trend had changed greatly, and Zhang Fei's bold and reckless character could not enter the eyes of literati. On the one hand, they reshaped the image of Zhang Fei through "archaeology" and other means.
The representative of this is Yang Shen. The opening word of The Romance of Three Kingdoms is "The Yangtze River flows eastward ..." It was written by him (he didn't write it for the Romance of Three Kingdoms, but it was later put in the title by Jin Shengtan). He was not hated by the emperor all his life and was banished to Yunnan. He cares nothing but arranging flowers and taking prostitutes. This is creative archaeology. The abstract of Sikuquanshu said that he was "writing ancient books with good and false."
He is the initiator of Zhang Fei's case.
During the Daguan period of the Song Dynasty, someone made a seal and a hook in front of Zhangfei Temple in Fuzhou, and the farmer dug up a Diao Dou on the north side of the temple. According to this, a poet in Song Dynasty praised Zhang Fei: "The hero in the world only cares about Yuzhou, and my aunt doesn't hold a grudge." Mountains and rivers are divided into three countries, and the universe is famous. Yan Jianpei, a ancestral temple on the river, has seen a silver hook in Diao Dou. When I am free, Zhuge Qin will let you know who Liu will be. "Judging from this poem, the author praises Zhang Fei's force and believes that this cultural relic is true.
Judging from the sentence "Diao Dou sees a silver hook on earth", there are words on the Diao Dou, but I won't say what words are written. Later, Wang Xiangzhi, a scholar of the Southern Song Dynasty, visited the temple, saw these three cultural relics with his own eyes, recorded them in Ji Sheng, and quoted this poem. He didn't judge whether the cultural relics were true or not.
In the annals, the Song people also unearthed the seal of Shou. Hong Mai pointed out that Guan Yu was the official residence of Hanshou, and Hanshou was a place name. This Chinese character cannot be omitted. (See my article "Guan Yu actually wrote a poem and two paintings, and the letter to Cao Cao was also preserved. Let's have a look ")
This Diao Dou, like the seal of Shou Hou Ting, was probably forged by someone who did something wrong. Zhang Fei Temple and these three cultural relics were also mentioned in Ming Dynasty's Ming Dynasty's Da Ming Hui Ji, saying that Zhang Fei's name was engraved on the Diao Dou.
In fact, the inscription on the name does not mean that it is an antique. Even if it is really a cultural relic of Shu and Han, there is no evidence that it was written by Zhang Fei.
However, Yang Shen's "Dan Lead General Record" said: "Fuling has Zhang Fei's" Diao Douming ",which is very skillful in writing." Directly as Zhang Fei's book, and said that calligraphy is very good. Then Yang Shen discovered the "original works" of Zhang Fei's calligraphy.
Diao Dou
Ma xiansheng authentication
He said in "All Shu Literature and Art Records" that Zhang Fei was found in Liujiang County, Sichuan Province, and combined it with history, saying that this was a gift to Zhang Fei after he broke Zhang He. It reads: Zhang Fei, a general of the Han Dynasty, led thousands of people to death. The thief first entered the Bashang Mountain and immediately pulled out the stone.
Speaking of which, it's very vivid. After Zhang Fei defeated Jiang Wei, he drank to celebrate. When he was in a good mood, he painted these dozens of words on the mountain with his spearhead.
These words are no longer visible in Mount Bamon. It is said that it was destroyed by cracks in the wall, but there are lettering in Qishan, Shaanxi, Duxiufeng, Guilin, Guangxi, Yunyang, Chongqing and Langzhong, Sichuan. Interestingly, there are various versions of these words. The word written by Yutaishan in Langzhong, Sichuan Province is "Zhang Fei, a thief of the Han Dynasty, immediately turned Zhang He into a stone in tune". The most suspicious thing is that even the inscriptions with the same content, the arrangement of inscriptions and the style of official script are different, and the inscriptions experts use them differently from Han Libi. The inference was forged by the Ming and Qing dynasties.
Limamin
Limamin
Become an inscription
Yang Shen found more than one place. He found Zhang Fei's inscription in Zhenduo Mountain:
Wang collected herbs in this mountain, and the boy sang "Jade Furnace, Three Rivers Snow" and believed it.
This is even worse. Zhenduo Mountain is a mountain full of fairy tales.
(You can refer to my article Li Zhenduo, the strangest fairy in the legend, the classic of getting pregnant before marriage and having a boy. )
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Wang was an alchemist in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. It is said that he became immortal through cultivation. Ge Hong has a special chapter in fairy tales. Zhang Fei's inscription said that Wang collected herbs here, and the boy sang "Jade Furnace Three Rivers Snow" here, and left after a night.
Zhang Fei actually has an intersection with this fairy. You know, in Wang's fairy tale, there is a fairy named Cai Jing, and the method of teaching is autopsy. If according to this imagination, Zhang Fei was beheaded by the rebels at night, it was also an autopsy.
It's ok to write a novel, but Yang Shen is very serious about archaeology. However, there are many loopholes in this sentence. First of all, Jade Furnace Three Rivers Snow is the epigraph name of the Song Dynasty, which was changed from Xijiangyue by Wang Zhongyang, the founder of Quanzhen. Did Wang come to Zhang Fei from the Song Dynasty?
Yang Shen had a great influence in the literati circle at that time. That's what he said, and later many people echoed him. Later, a man named Cao Xuequan found another cultural relic: a letter written by Zhang Fei to Zhang Liao.
This letter is still engraved on a stone in Langzhong. Zhang Liao is really a good pen pal of the Three Kingdoms. Not only did Guan Yu love to write to him (see my article "Guan Yu actually wrote poems", but also two paintings, and the letters to Cao Cao were also preserved. Let's see "), Zhang Fei, a person who doesn't have much overlap, actually wrote a letter, and a personal letter was actually engraved on a stone. It seems that Zhang Fei is afraid that others will not know that he can read.
Later, during the apocalypse, it was said that Zhang Fei was good at painting, and he was also good at painting beauty-it was amazing.
In the Qing dynasty, some people embellished it. When Kangxi wrote Nai Wen Bian, Zhang Guangzu said that Zhang Feijia was a scholar and was interested in scientific research. I heard that Dong Zhuo is a chaotic person, which is why he joined the army. Seeing his intention to advance the imperial examination from Sui and Tang Dynasties to the Eastern Han Dynasty, he knew that what he said was not credible. Although he doesn't write novels, his imagination is wild and unconstrained.
With the efforts of scholars, Zhang Fei's image in many people's minds has completely broken away from the image of a savage in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms and become a refined general. Many people believe this, including the famous Ji Xiaolan, who wrote, "When you are generous, you can't write freely. Who knows that rubbings the word cliff, and the general writes by car? " -What I said was immediately engraved. Another poet, Zhenwu, wrote Zhang Yide Temple: "Guan Hou satirized Zuo Jia and wrote more books by car. Although civil and military interests are different, the ancients tasted more than enough. It is difficult to think about your wrist with a spear. " It is said that Zhang Fei's calligraphy is not even as good as Zhong You's and Emperor Zun's, and Zhang Fei is praised to the sky. This poem is quoted a lot on the Internet, and the author is described as Zhenwu of the Yuan Dynasty, as if everyone in the Yuan Dynasty knew Zhang Fei and Ma Ming. In fact, Zhenwu in the Yuan Dynasty was a painter, and this poem should have been written by Wu Zhen, a poet in the Qing Dynasty, because this poem was included in Zhuo Xianzhi in the Republic of China, and other earlier versions were not included. )
The modern Mr. Deng Tuo was also taken in by Yang Shen. He wrote an article on Zhang Fei's Painting and Calligraphy, which was preconceived. He inscribed "Ming Dow, the new pavilion" as proof that Zhang Fei was good at calligraphy. It is recorded in Tao Hongjing's Records of Ancient and Modern Swords. It is said that when Zhang Fei was a new Tinghou, he built a knife with the inscription "General Shu Emperor of the New Tinghou" on it, but this is obviously problematic. Zhang Fei made a new one. Deng Tuo jumped into Yang Shen's trap and ignored such a simple question.
In fact, if you think about Yang Shen's passion for remolding, I'm afraid it has something to do with his native place. He is a Sichuanese and admired by Guan Yu, a native of Shanxi. Although Zhang Fei is a Yan, he has made great achievements in Sichuan. Yang Shen cited him as his hometown, and his character was rebellious, which attracted the attention of the world.