During this long time, the scale and landscape of Yuanmingyuan have changed greatly, but the golden age of Yuanmingyuan was in the Qianlong period, and the style of Yuanmingyuan was formed at this time. Sixty years of Qianlong was the heyday of the Qing Dynasty.
At this time, feudal centralization has reached its peak. Gan Long once said: "In this dynasty, the family law, since the emperor's ancestors and the emperor took the exam, all people have the right to listen to them, and there is no side door."
He added: "I read this chapter myself, and the minister cannot participate in compromise." It can be seen from the imperial edict about Yuanmingyuan preserved in the First Historical Archives of China, the materials about Yuanmingyuan preserved in the National Library and the poems about Yuanmingyuan written by Gan Long himself that the chief designer of Yuanmingyuan is Gan Long.
Whether Schleswig-Schleswig, who designed China gardens, or Lang Shining, benoit and Wang Zhicheng, who designed western architecture, they were only executors of Qianlong's last wish. Gan Long is a Manchu, but he has profound attainments in the traditional culture of China.
He can write poems, write lyrics, write compositions, draw pictures and have a certain level of calligraphy. Have high cultural accomplishment and artistic appreciation ability.
He has many insightful views on gardening. He said in Qingyi Garden: "The lake is made of water, and the mountain is named after the lake.
With the victory of lakes and mountains, can there be no embellishment of pavilions? Everything has a reason, and there is quality in the text. He believes that there are beautiful natural landscapes such as Kunming Lake and Wanshou Mountain, and there must also be human landscapes such as pavilions and pavilions.
Architecture is the relationship between culture and quality, and it is interdependent with lakes and mountains. However, this embellishment is not hasty, but deliberate management.
There are more than 100 scenic spots in Yuanmingyuan, which are organically combined with architecture, landscape and flowers and trees to form a poetic realm. "Although it was made by people, it was self-opened."
From the landscaping of Yuanmingyuan, we can not only clearly see the close relationship between Yuanmingyuan and the history and culture of China, but also clearly see the important role of architecture in forming the style of Yuanmingyuan. Pinghu autumn moon, in the northwest corner of Fuhai, surrounded by three trees.
The west is the sound of running water. The northeast passes through the mountain pass and faces the river, which is Huayu Gao Lan.
Turning to the southeast, Du Qiao is a double-peak cloud, the southeast is a landscape music, and the north is a gentleman's pavilion, which is a secret building. Gan Long said in the preface to Autumn Moon in Pinghu: "The lake is surrounded by mountains and dense bamboo forests, and the left and right branches of Banqiao are connected.
This lake can have dozens of hectares. Autumn is crisp, the moon is in the sky, sparkling and endless. On the shore of Sugong dike, it's almost enough to win. "
Su Gong is Su Shi, a great writer in the Song Dynasty. Sugong Dike is the long dike of the West Lake built for water control when he was the magistrate of Hangzhou.
The word "Sugongdi" tells us that this scenic spot is a scene with the same name among the ten scenes that simulate the West Lake. Pengdao Yaotai is in the middle of Fuhai.
Gate three, south. Seven trees in the hall.
There are three islands of China in the east and three islands in the west in front of the temple. In the east, it is a peaceful room, and in the west, it is good news of peace between the sun and the moon.
From the Dongnandu Bridge in Yaotai, Pengdao to the host, there is a pavilion called Yinghai Xianshan. Northwest Bridge is the North Island, and there are three trees in front of it.
In the Preface to Poems of Pengdao Yaotai, Qianlong said: "The three islands of Fuhai, like Li Sixun, mean a castle in the fairy mountain. I am elegant, and I would like to have twelve jade buildings in the Hardware Hall. "
Li Sixun was a famous landscape painter in Tang Dynasty. This scenic spot is the reappearance of his masterpiece "A Pavilion on the Fairy Hill".
Go up and down to the western sky, turn south, and the bridge is Xinghua Spring Pavilion. Northwest is Chunyuxuan.
Xuanxi is Xinghua Village. To the south of the village is a clear valley between stones.
Behind the Spring Rain Pavilion, there is the Water Mirror Studio in the east, Zhai Yi in the northwest and Cuiwei Hall in the west. In the Preface to Guan Chun's Poems in Xinghua, Qianlong said: "From the mountain pavilion, you stumbled into it, and the house was short and hedged. Something was wrong.
Apricot trees are planted around, with warm spring flowers and deep flowers, and they are as bright as clouds. I opened a small nursery before, mixing vegetables and melons.
Know the scene of Noda village. "The scenery here is so similar to the Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival written by the Tang Dynasty poet Du Mu.
Chen's Corner Garden in Haining is one of the famous gardens in the south of the Yangtze River. 1762, Qianlong made a southern tour and stayed here, named An Lan Garden.
Because "I like its good structure and I want to return to it." On the convenience of Xiusiyi Bookstore, "the left and right are just the places that pass by, as unique as Chen Yuan's twists and turns".
Because the blueprint of this garden is Chen Garden in Haining, the garden in this garden is also named An Lan Garden. An Lan Garden's Zhengyang Wuying is Sisi Lee Bookstore, and its southeast is? After the pavilion, Caifangzhou is in the south, followed by Qifei Pavilion, and the green curtain boat is in the northeast.
Siyi Bookstore is a pavilion with infinite romantic scenery in the southwest, Qiu Han Pavilion in the southwest, Yanyue Building in the north, Yuanxiushan Room in the south and Xiayanlou in the north. For these buildings, Qianlong wrote poems one by one, which is called Ten Poems of Anlan Garden.
Some of the above four scenic spots simulate natural scenery, some reproduce the artistic conception of predecessors' poems and paintings, and some transplant famous gardens in the south of the Yangtze River, representing several main sources of materials for the landscape of Yuanmingyuan. From the historical documents and existing sites of Yuanmingyuan, it can be seen that there is no scenic spot in Yuanmingyuan that is not an organic combination of architecture and landscape flowers and trees, which complement each other; There is no one without rich historical and cultural connotations.
These picturesque scenic spots make up the style of Yuanmingyuan. 1860, a British chaplain who had seen the scenery of Yuanmingyuan wrote in his works: "Only talented people such as poets, painters, historians, art appraisers and China scholars can draw the scenery and describe it vividly."
The rich historical and cultural connotation of Yuanmingyuan is well proved by the priest's words. When we are repairing Yuanmingyuan, if we only restore the mountain-shaped water system, flowers and trees, but not the buildings of some scenic spots, these scenic spots will lose their souls.
Pengdao Yaotai is a good example. Now, Fuhai has restored the clear water landscape. However, the buildings imitating the paintings of Li Sixun, a painter in the Tang Dynasty, have not been restored, so it is hard for people to imagine the fairyland on earth described by Gan Long in "Preface to Poems of Pengdao Yaotai".
Pinghu Qiuyue, Xinghua Guan Chun and An Lan Gardens will lose their historical and cultural connotations if they only restore the mountain water system, flowers and trees, but not the corresponding buildings. If every scenic spot has no architectural, historical and cultural connotation, it will be empty talk to restore the original appearance of Yuanmingyuan.
2. Introduction to the History of Yuanmingyuan Yuanmingyuan is located in the northwest suburb of Beijing and the east of Haidian District. Originally a large-scale royal garden in the Qing Dynasty, covering an area of about 5,200 mu. It is a world-famous royal garden.
Yuanmingyuan consists of Yuanmingyuan, Changchun Garden and Wanchun Garden. The plane layout is inverted and built around Fuhai. The total area is 350 hectares.
There are more than 10,000 square meters of the Forbidden City on the land of Yuanmingyuan, and the water area is equal to a Summer Palace, with a total area equal to 8.5 Forbidden Cities! 1860101October 6-18 British and French troops looted Yuanmingyuan, and the buildings in the park were burned and cultural relics were robbed. Today, the miraculous and mythical Yuanmingyuan is in ruins, leaving only broken walls for tourists to mourn.
The name comes from Yuanmingyuan, which was named by Emperor Kangxi. The three-character plaque of Michelle Ye Imperial Book hangs on the lintel of Yuanmingyuan.
Yong Zhengdi has an explanation for the name of this garden. It is said that the word "Yuan Ming" means: "The circle is fascinating, and the gentleman is also in the middle; Bright and shining, the wisdom of talents is also. " It means "round", that is, a person's moral character is perfect, beyond ordinary people; "Ming" means bright, perfect and wise political achievements.
This can be said to be the ideal standard for the ruling class to flaunt the wisdom of the monarch in feudal times. In addition, "Yuanming" is the Buddhist name that Yong Zhengdi has been using since the time of the Prince. Yong Zhengdi believes in Buddhism and has a deep study of Buddhism.
He is the author of Quotations of Imperial Selection (19) and Distinguishing between Demons and Different Records. In the pattern of Buddhist sects in the early Qing Dynasty, Yong Zhengdi was a very important figure in the history of Buddhist development. He claimed to be the master of Zen, exerted influence on Buddhism as the "master of the world", and strongly advocated the unity of the three religions and the purity of Zen.
When Emperor Kangxi presented the Garden to Yin Zhen (later Yong Zhengdi), the title of the Garden "Yuanmingyuan" was taken from the Buddhist name "Yuanming" of Yongzheng. Garden Architectural Features Yuanmingyuan brings together the landscape features of several famous gardens in the south of the Yangtze River at that time, and integrates the essence of China's ancient gardening art. With the artistic technique of the garden in the garden, it integrates poetry and painting into ever-changing scenes.
The southern part of Yuanmingyuan is the imperial court area, where the emperor handles official business, the most famous of which is Zheng Da Guangming Hall, which listens to politics in the court. There are 40 scenic spots in other areas, of which more than 50 scenic spots directly imitate famous gardens in other places, such as the Ten Scenes of West Lake in Hangzhou and Lion Forest in Suzhou, which not only imitate architecture, but also copy names.
There is also the Ancestor's Anyou Palace, the high-rise buildings with high water in the banquet mountains, and the Pengdao Yaotai, which simulates the castle of Xianshan, to reproduce the spring scenery of Wuling in the Peach Blossom Garden. More interestingly, Yuanmingyuan also has a western-style garden scenic spot.
The most famous "Dashui Law" is the fountain, flowers and Haiyan Hall in the west, all of which have the style of Italian Renaissance. There is also a model of Venice in the lake, and the emperor can enjoy the "water city scenery" thousands of miles away from the mountain on the shore.
Artistic features Yuanmingyuan is a treasure house and a large royal museum, with many treasures, books and masterpieces. There are famous calligraphy and painting, secret house classics, Zhong Ding treasures, gold and silver jewelry and other precious cultural relics, which condense the essence of ancient culture.
Yuanmingyuan is also a garden of exotic flowers and plants, with millions of rare flowers and trees. Westerners who have witnessed Yuanmingyuan completely call her "the king of ten thousand gardens".
Indeed, if today is the same as 140 years ago, this super giant garden is well-deserved "the king of world gardens". [Edit this paragraph] Historical Development Yuanmingyuan is a famous royal garden in Qing Dynasty.
Yuanming Three Gardens covers an area of more than 5,200 mu, with more than 50 scenic spots/kloc-0. Yuanmingyuan was originally a garden given by Emperor Kangxi to his fourth son, Yin Zhen (later Yong Zhengdi).
In the forty-sixth year of Kangxi, namely 1707, gardens had begun to take shape. In the same year 1 1 month, Emperor Kangxi visited the Yuanmingyuan.
After Yong Zhengdi ascended the throne in 1723, the original garden was expanded, and Zheng Da Guangming Hall, Qin Zhengtang and the value rooms of the Cabinet, Sixth Department and Military Department were built in the south of the garden to "avoid noise and listen to politics". Emperor Qianlong reigned for 60 years, spending millions to build Yuanmingyuan, repairing porcelain every day, digging water and moving stones.
In addition to the partial addition and reconstruction of Yuanmingyuan, he also built Changchun Garden in the immediate east and merged it into Qichun Garden in the southeast. By the thirty-fifth year of Qianlong, that is, 1770, the pattern of Yuanming three gardens had basically taken shape.
Jiaqing Dynasty mainly renovated and expanded Qichun Garden, making it one of the main garden places. During the Daoguang period, state affairs declined and financial resources were insufficient. However, I would rather withdraw the furnishings of Wanshou, Xiangshan and Yuquan, stop the summer vacation in Jehol and Mulan hunting, and still do not give up the reconstruction and decoration of Yuanming Three Gardens.
In the forty-eighth year of Kangxi (1709), Emperor Kangxi (that is, Michelle Ye of the Qing Dynasty) gave his fourth son, Yin Zhen, a garden with the inscription "Yuanmingyuan" in the north of Changchun Garden in the northwest suburb of Beijing. In the third year of Yongzheng (1725), Yong Zhengdi (Emperor Yin Zhen of the Qing Dynasty) built a palace office in the south of Yuanmingyuan, with the area expanded from 600 mu to more than 3,000 mu.
From then on, Yuanmingyuan was not only a place for the Qing emperors to rest and visit, but also a place for them to meet foreign envoys and handle their daily affairs. During the Qianlong period (that is, Emperor Li Hong, Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty), after he ascended the throne, he adjusted the garden landscape in Yuanmingyuan, added buildings, and built Changchun Garden and Qichun Garden in the east and southeast of Yuanmingyuan (Tongzhi renamed Wanchun Garden).
These three gardens are managed by the management minister of Yuanmingyuan, and are called Yuanming Three Gardens. In August of the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), the British and French allied forces invaded Beijing.
On October 6th, 65438/kloc-0, Yuanmingyuan was occupied. From the next day, the officers and men began to rob and destroy crazily.
In order to force the Qing Dynasty to accept peace conditions as soon as possible, British Minister Erkin and British Commander Grant imprisoned British and French prisoners in the Yuanmingyuan under the pretext of the Qing Dynasty, and ordered Lieutenant General Mitchell to lead more than 3,500 invading troops into the Yuanmingyuan on June+65,4381October+August 8, 5438 and set them on fire. The fire lasted for three days and nights.
During the Tongzhi period (1862~ 1874), the Tongzhi emperor prepared to restore the Yuanmingyuan for the Empress Dowager Cixi to live in. Later, due to financial difficulties, it was forced to stop work and rebuild other buildings.
1900, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing and the Yuanmingyuan was destroyed again. After the demise of the Qing Dynasty, some warlords, politicians and bureaucrats stole the buildings of Yuanmingyuan.
3. When was Yuanmingyuan built and how did its history develop? Yuanmingyuan is a famous royal garden in Qing Dynasty.
Yuanming Three Gardens covers an area of more than 5,200 mu, with more than 50 scenic spots/kloc-0. Among them, the most famous ones are Zheng Da Guangming Hall, Anyou Palace for ancestor worship, high-rise buildings with high water in feast mountains, Pengdao Yaotai which simulates the pavilions and pavilions of Fairy Mountain, and Wuling Spring Scenery in Peach Blossom Garden.
Some famous gardens in the south of the Yangtze River, such as the Lion Forest in Suzhou and the Ten Scenes of the West Lake in Hangzhou, are also imitations. Changchun Garden also has a group of European-style buildings, commonly known as the West Building.
Yuanmingyuan is also a large royal museum with many treasures, books and artistic masterpieces. The following is the historical development of Yuanmingyuan and related historical events: In the forty-eighth year of Kangxi (1709), Emperor Kangxi (that is, Emperor Michelle Ye of the Qing Dynasty) presented a garden in the north of Changchun Garden in the northwest suburb of Beijing to his fourth son, Yin Zhen, with the inscription "Yuanmingyuan".
In the third year of Yongzheng (1725), Yong Zhengdi (Emperor Yin Zhen of the Qing Dynasty) built a palace office in the south of Yuanmingyuan, with the area expanded from 600 mu to more than 3,000 mu. From then on, Yuanmingyuan was not only a place for the Qing emperors to rest and visit, but also a place for them to meet foreign envoys and handle their daily affairs.
During the reign of Emperor Qianlong (that is, Emperor Li Hong, Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty), after he ascended the throne, he adjusted the garden landscape in Yuanmingyuan, added buildings, and built Changchun Garden and Qichun Garden in the east and southeast of Yuanmingyuan (Tongzhi renamed Wanchun Garden). These three gardens are all managed by the management minister of Yuanmingyuan, which is called Yuanming Three Gardens.
In August of the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), the British and French allied forces invaded Beijing. On October 6th, 65438/kloc-0, Yuanmingyuan was occupied.
From the next day, the officers and men began to rob and destroy crazily. In order to force the Qing Dynasty to accept peace conditions as soon as possible, British Minister Elgin and British Commander Grant imprisoned British and French prisoners in the Yuanmingyuan under the pretext of the Qing Dynasty, and ordered Lieutenant General Mitchell to lead more than 3,500 invading troops into the Yuanmingyuan on June+65,4381October+August 8, 5438 and set them on fire.
The fire lasted for three days and nights. During the Tongzhi period (1862~ 1874), the Tongzhi emperor prepared to restore the Yuanmingyuan for the Empress Dowager Cixi to live in.
Later, due to financial difficulties, it was forced to stop work and rebuild other buildings. 1900, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing, and Yuanmingyuan was destroyed again.
After the demise of the Qing Dynasty, some warlords, politicians and bureaucrats stole the building materials of Yuanmingyuan, and the site of Yuanmingyuan was further destroyed. During the People's Republic of China (PRC) period, after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the state attached great importance to the protection of Yuanmingyuan site.
1979, Yuanmingyuan site was listed as a key cultural relics protection unit in Beijing. After that, the repair work of Yuanmingyuan site gradually began.
Now it has become the Yuanmingyuan Ruins Park.
4. Historical materials of Yuanmingyuan Yuanmingyuan is located in the western suburbs of Beijing and the east of Haidian District. Originally a large-scale royal garden in the Qing Dynasty, it covers an area of about 5,200 mu and has an inverted zigzag layout. Yuanmingyuan consists of Yuanmingyuan, Changchun Garden and Qichun Garden, with a total area of 350 hectares.
Its land building area is as big as the Forbidden City, and its water area is equivalent to a Summer Palace. Yuanmingyuan combines the characteristics of several famous gardens in the south of the Yangtze River at that time, melts the essence of ancient gardening art in China, and melts poetry and painting into ever-changing scenes with the artistic technique of garden in the garden. The southern part of Yuanmingyuan is the imperial court area, where the emperor handles official business. There are 40 scenic spots in other areas, of which more than 50 scenic spots directly imitate famous gardens in other places, such as the Ten Scenes of West Lake in Hangzhou, not only imitating architecture, but also copying names. More interestingly, Yuanmingyuan also has a western-style garden scenic spot. The most famous "watching water method" is a western-style fountain, a flower maze and a western-style building, all of which have the style of Italian Renaissance. There is also a model of Venice in the lake, and the emperor can enjoy the "water city scenery" thousands of miles away from the mountain on the shore.
Yuanmingyuan is a treasure house, which contains rare cultural relics such as celebrity calligraphy and painting, secret room classics, Zhong Ding treasures, gold and silver jewelry and so on, and concentrates the essence of ancient culture. Yuanmingyuan is also a garden of exotic flowers and plants, with millions of rare flowers and trees. Westerners who have witnessed the Yuanmingyuan completely call it the "Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens". Indeed, if today is the same as 140 years ago, this super giant garden is well-deserved "the king of world gardens". Regrettably, in 1860, the British and French allied forces looted Yuanmingyuan, and the buildings in the park were burned and the cultural relics were looted. The magical and mythical Yuanmingyuan is in ruins, leaving only broken walls for tourists to mourn.
The Historical Development of Yuanmingyuan
The famous royal gardens in Qing Dynasty. In the forty-eighth year of Kangxi (1709), Emperor Kangxi (that is, Emperor Michelle Ye of the Qing Dynasty) gave his fourth son, Yin Zhen, a garden one mile north of Changchun Garden in the northern suburb of Beijing, and personally inscribed the amount of the garden "Yuanmingyuan". In the third year of Yongzheng (1725), Yong Zhengdi (namely Emperor Sejong of the Qing Dynasty, Yin Zhen) built a palace office in the south of Yuanmingyuan, covering an area of more than 3,000 mu from the original 600 mu. From then on, Yuanmingyuan was not only a place for the Qing emperors to rest and visit, but also a place for them to meet foreign envoys and handle their daily affairs. After Emperor Qianlong ascended the throne, he adjusted the garden landscape in Yuanmingyuan, increased the number of architectural groups, and built Changchun Garden and Qichun Garden (Tongzhi renamed Wanchun Garden) in the east and southeast of Yuanmingyuan. These three gardens are all managed by the management minister of Yuanmingyuan, which is called Yuanming Three Gardens.
Yuanming Three Gardens covers an area of more than 5,200 mu, with more than 50 scenic spots/kloc-0. Among them, the most famous ones are Zheng Da Guangming Hall, Anyou Palace for ancestor worship, high-rise buildings with high water in feast mountains, Pengdao Yaotai which simulates the pavilions and pavilions of Fairy Mountain, and Wuling Spring Scenery in Peach Blossom Garden. Some famous gardens in the south of the Yangtze River, such as the Lion Forest in Suzhou and the Ten Scenes of the West Lake in Hangzhou, are also imitations. Changchun Garden also has a group of European-style buildings, commonly known as the West Building. Yuanmingyuan is also a large royal museum with many treasures, books and artistic masterpieces.
In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), in August, the British and French allied forces invaded Beijing. On October 6th, 65438/kloc-0, Yuanmingyuan was occupied. From the next day, the officers and men began to rob and destroy crazily. In order to force the Qing Dynasty to accept peace conditions as soon as possible, British Minister Elgin and British Commander Grant imprisoned British and French prisoners in the Yuanmingyuan under the pretext of the Qing Dynasty, and ordered Lieutenant General Mitchell to lead more than 3,500 invading troops into the Yuanmingyuan on June+65,4381October+August 8, 5438 and set them on fire. The fire, which lasted for two days and nights, burned Yuanmingyuan into ruins.
During the Tongzhi period (1862~ 1874), the Tongzhi emperor prepared to restore the Yuanmingyuan for the Empress Dowager Cixi to live in. Later, due to financial difficulties, it was forced to stop work and rebuild other buildings. 1900, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing, and Yuanmingyuan was destroyed again. After the demise of the Qing Dynasty, some warlords, politicians and bureaucrats stole the building materials of Yuanmingyuan, and the site of Yuanmingyuan was further destroyed.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the state attached great importance to the protection of Yuanmingyuan site. 1979, Yuanmingyuan site was listed as a key cultural relics protection unit in Beijing. After that, the repair work of Yuanmingyuan site gradually began.