It is said that the seal script carved by Qin Quan was written by Li Si. After Qin Shihuang unified China, he implemented the policy of "writing with the same class, cars with the same track". Prime Minister Reese is in charge. On the basis of the original seal script used by Qin, he simplified it, canceled the variant characters of other six countries, and created a unified writing form of Chinese characters. It was popular in China until the end of the Western Han Dynasty, and was gradually replaced by official script. But because of its beautiful font, it has always been favored by calligraphers. Because of its complex strokes and simple form, it is possible to add twists and turns and seal cutting at will, especially the official seal that needs anti-counterfeiting. Seal script was always used until the collapse of feudal dynasty and the emergence of modern new anti-counterfeiting technology. All the words in Kangxi Dictionary are also marked with seal script writing. [Edit this paragraph] Qin Xiaozhuan 1, Introduction: After Qin Shihuang unified the world, he implemented a series of reforms; Among them, unifying Chinese characters is a very important policy. This kind of calligraphy inherits the inscriptions and stone inscriptions of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and Qin State, and will be integrated with the calligraphy styles of various places. It is the first unified font in China and the key to change the history of books.
During the Qin Dynasty, there were few traces of seal script preserved in stone carvings, among which the monument erected by Qin Shihuang was the most important, while the original stones and rubbings of Langxietai and Taishan still existed. The truth can be seen in the imperial edict of Shi Quan for twenty-six years.
2. Development: After Zhou Ziping moved to Luoyi (now Luoyang, Henan Province) in 77O BC, he experienced the Spring and Autumn Period of vassal separatism and the Warring States Period of Seven Kingdoms hegemony, which lasted for more than 500 years; In terms of language, there are "abnormal words" and "abnormal words". According to historical records, there were 194 ways to write "Bao" at that time. There are 104 ways to write "Mei" and 100 ways to write "Shou". Some fonts are soft and flowing, dense and exaggerated, some vertical and long, and some structures are crazy. Although this provides rich content for the development of calligraphy art, it also brings inconvenience to the exchange of ideas.
In 22 1 BC, Qin Shihuang unified the world, and in order to facilitate his rule, he reformed the script, and implemented the policy of "homonym" and "forbidding those who did not cooperate with Qin Wen". Qin Wen is a writing style developed on the basis of "bronze inscription" and "seal script" following the cultural tradition of the Western Zhou Dynasty, so Qin Wen is also called "Qin Zhuan", and later generations use "small seal script" to distinguish it from "big seal script". "Yishan Stone Carving" is the first stone carving erected in Dongxunfeng (Yi County, Shandong Province) in the 28th year of Qin Shihuang (2 19). Carving Stones on Mount Tai was written when Qin Shihuang visited Mount Tai in the east. Langya stone carving (Jiaonan, Shandong Province) and Zhifu stone carving were carved in Zhifu Mountain (northwest of Yantai, Shandong Province) in the 29th year of Qin Shihuang (2 18).
Ode to Jieshi was written in the thirty-second year (2 15) when the first emperor visited Jieshi (now northwest of Changli County, Hebei Province).
The Stone Carving in Huiji Mountain was carved in the fifth tour of Huiji Mountain (now southeast of Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province) in the thirty-sixth year of the first emperor (2 10 years ago). These stone carvings are all standard Xiao Zhuan, which is said to have been written by Prime Minister Li Si.
The Stone Carving of Yishan is the representative work of Qin Zhuan (Biography). The points and strokes of the characters are lines with the same thickness, rounded and closed. The font is dignified and rigorous, with the combination of reality and reality, proper density, calm and peaceful, and strong and powerful. Some people commented that "painting like a stone is a spent force." The structure of the word is tight and loose, and the feet are elongated, which has a condescending state. It seems that readers must look up. In composition, the ranks are neat and the rules are harmonious. This uniform style is consistent with the political ideal of the Qin Dynasty. On the whole, the artistic style of stone carving in Qin dynasty is calm, overbearing and strong, which is consistent with the spirit of the times in Qin dynasty at that time.
The merchant's Oracle Bone Inscriptions is to communicate the information between man and god and gain psychological induction in the mysterious world. People in Shang and Zhou dynasties carved words on bronzes in order to worship gods, record events or show wealth or authority. Qin Shihuang carved a stone and stood on the top of the famous mountain, showing off his achievements in unifying the six countries, his majesty, self-confidence and willingness to govern the world as an emperor. However, in the process of realizing the spiritual purpose of stone carving, the Qin Dynasty also created a form that could make calligraphy last longer and opened up a new artistic world. China's calligraphy art has two systems, one is the tablet system and the other is the post system. The stone carving in Qin Dynasty is a pioneering work of the stone carving system established on the basis of Shi Guwen.
The original stone of Yishan stone carving was destroyed when Cao Cao climbed the mountain, but an inscription was left. What we see today was carved by the Song Dynasty people in the Five Dynasties according to the copy of Xu Xuan in the Southern Tang Dynasty, and now it is hidden in the forest of steles in Xi 'an. After Li Si, Xu Xuan in the Five Dynasties, Li in the Tang Dynasty, Deng in the Qing Dynasty, and Wu Changshuo, a close friend, all took seal script as their strengths. There are stone carvings such as Mount Tai, Langxie, Yishan and Huiji. , and countless Qin Liang, Qin Quan and imperial edicts. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xu Shen wrote Shuo Wen Jie Zi, which received 9353 words of Xiao Zhuan. Although Xiao Zhuan has not been produced for a long time, it is numerous and occupies a special position in the development history of China characters, and it is a bridge between ancient Chinese characters and modern Chinese characters.
3. The style of Xiao Zhuan
From the existing cultural relics such as Taishan stone carving, Langyatai stone carving and power inscription, we can see the style of Xiao Zhuan in Qin Dynasty. Xiao Zhuan's strokes are fine, so it is also called "Jade Zhuan". The shape is rectangular, and the structure is often symmetrical, giving people a tall and beautiful feeling.