Zisi's "Five Methods": "Be knowledgeable, interrogate, think carefully, argue clearly and stick to it.
Wang Chong's "ancient and modern law": "Knowing the past but not knowing the present is called Lu Chen, and knowing the present is blind."
Han Yu's method of "mentioning the essentials and hooking the metaphysics": "The recorder must mention the essentials, and the usurper must hook the metaphysics."
Zhu Xi's "three-way method": "You should be aware of your mouth, eyes and heart."
the god of broken coils
Wang Anshi in Song Dynasty was an admirer of Du Fu, a poet in Tang Dynasty. When he compiled Four Collections, Du Fu was ranked first. Someone asked, "Why are Lao Du's poems wonderful?" A: "Old Du Gu tasted what he said." The other party didn't quite understand. Wang Anshi sang loudly: "Reading is like breaking thousands of books, and writing is like a god."
These two poems were written by Du Fu at the age of 37. To "break" is not to turn over a book, but to "cover it and reel up its spirit, not to use its dross" (Yuan Meiyu in Qing Dynasty). Scholars in ancient times not only read thousands of books, but also can "break" and take the spirit. This reading method of breaking the spirit is inspiring to future generations.
read carefully
Zhu Xi, a philosopher and educator in the Song Dynasty, said: "The method of reading is gradual, and you should read carefully and think carefully." He also said: "There is no other way to study, but to be sincere and open-minded, and to play in detail repeatedly, so as to make contributions."
everyone can read books, but some people don't understand, can't read, can't read, and even get confused as they read. There is a sense of awakening from a dream here, and the method of reading is always available. Reading without law is like not knowing what to say through a layer of gauze or smoke. On the contrary, a master can read and understand the book, and create his own outlook on life, world outlook, indifference and solitude. There is more than one way to read. Now, I have listed 12 ancient reading methods for reference ...
Whoever dreams first, I have known myself all my life
1. The reading method of "thinking, asking and learning". This is the reading method advocated by Confucius.
① if you study without thinking, you will be puzzled, especially if you think without learning. And our correct reading method is knowledgeable and thoughtful, combining learning with thinking. Confucius said, "Learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous." "The Analects of Confucius for Politics"
② Ask if you don't understand. Reading is about seeking knowledge, and you can't get knowledge without knowing and asking. Confucius said, "I am quick and eager to learn, and I am not ashamed to ask questions ..." The Analects of Confucius Gongye Chang
3 Confucius himself said, "When I enter the ancestral temple, I ask everything. Or:' who is the son of a man who knows etiquette? When I entered the ancestral temple, I asked everything,' When I heard it, I said,' It's a ceremony. When he finds a problem, he should try to solve it, and the solution is nothing more than asking people or reading relevant books. Confucius said, "Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, but knowing is also." ("The Analects of Confucius for Politics")
⑤ Advocate regular consolidation and review. "Confucius said: It's not bad to learn from the times." (The Analects of Confucius Learn)
⑥ Confucius said: "Reviewing the past and learning the new, you can be a teacher" (The Analects of Confucius is for politics)
Second, the "fake" reading method. This is advocated by Xunzi, a student of Confucius.
the gentleman said; "You can't learn, ..." I try to think all day long, so it's better to learn in a moment. I try to limp and look forward to it, so it's better to learn from the heights. Climb high and recruit, the arm is not lengthened, but the person who sees it is far away; Call with the wind, the sound is not added to the disease, but the listener is obvious. Those who cheat on horses are not good enough, but cause thousands of miles; He who pretends to be a boat can't swim, but he can't swim. A gentleman's life is not different, and good is false in things. (
[ analysis] Xunzi regards "fake things" as an important learning method, which means to make use of all favorable conditions to learn. He believes that there is not much difference in people's talents. As long as they are good at making full use of objective conditions, they can shorten the time to become talents.
third, the "refined" reading method. This is the reading method proposed by Wang Chong, that is, the single-minded reading method.
Bole learns from horses, and he is nothing more than a horse. My master in Song Dynasty learned how to understand cows, but I didn't see any cows for three years, and all the cows I saw were dead. On the Balance by Wang Chong
(Analysis) Wang Chong's view of "perfection" is precisely a kind of reading that can only be "perfection" if you read the realm of obsession.
fourth, the reading method of "not asking for a solution". This is the reading method put forward by Tao Yuanming. It is required to grasp the key points, simplify the complex and think independently when reading.
[ Analysis] Yang Shen, the top scholar in the Ming Dynasty, said: "Tao Yuanming didn't want to know much about reading, because he was not influenced by the tedious textual research in the classics since the Han Dynasty, but he was able to maintain his own independent opinions." (Volume 48 of Complete Works of Sheng 'an Temple) This explanation is reasonable and appropriate. Tao Yuanming's reading doesn't ask for much understanding, that is, he should not be influenced by some trivial, trivial and not necessarily reliable materials in the book, but should read with purpose, discrimination and analysis. Reading should not be swallowed up, not a little knowledge, not just the general idea.
fifth, the reading method of "mentioning the essentials and hooking the Xuan". This is the reading method advocated by Han Yu. The purpose is to grasp the main points and understand the main idea, so as to explore the source directly and extract the essence.
[ analysis] Han Yu believes that after "hooking the mystery" and "summarizing", the rich and heroic parts in the book must be repeatedly recited and constantly reviewed, so as to turn the wonderful meaning of the article into existing ones.
Han Yu is diligent in reading and pays attention to methods. He summed up his reading method in two sentences in "The Solution to Learning"; "In order to mention its importance, the chronicler must hook its mystery." His "grasping the truth" has formed his own effective reading method.
sixth, the reading method of "counting words and reciting them every day". This is Ouyang Xiu's long-standing reading method, which counts the total number of words to be read and then allocates them as the number of pages per day.
[ example] Ouyang Xiu's reading method of "reciting words every day by counting words" is as follows: according to his own needs, he selected ten books, such as The Book of Filial Piety, The Analects of Confucius and The Book of Songs, with a total word count of 455,865, and then stipulated that he should learn 3 words every day, and it took him three and a half years to learn them all. Recite 15 words a day, and it will take only seven years to learn them by heart. He said, "Although there are numerous books, you can add more work over time. Why not?" This is a theory of experience, which shows the importance of reading and reciting ancient Chinese. Counting words quantitatively every day, making a steady stream of water and many a mickle makes a mickle is an effective reading method that Ouyang Xiu has practiced and proved.
VII. The reading method of "seeking with one mind". This is advocated by Su Shi.
[ analysis] Su Shi thinks: "People can't have all their energy, but they get what they want. Therefore, scholars make a request every time. " The biggest feature of this "one-minded" reading method is "seeking one", that is, reading classic works, each time, only around one center, focusing on one content, grasping a clue and solving a problem. This kind of reading and learning is like fighting a war, breaking the enemy into parts and attacking them one by one. In order to avoid distraction, nothing that has nothing to do with the object of "seeking one" or "main attack" is involved in reading. This kind of directional reading is worth learning.
VIII. Reading method of "Experience, Step by Step and Deliberate Thinking". This is advocated by Zhu Xi.
① about "experience". Zhu Xi said: "In order to learn and study, you must be patient and careful to understand, and you must not be careless ... You can only see the meat when you remove the skin." Go to the meat and see the bones; Go to the bone and see the marrow. " He also said: "Reading should not only be based on paper, but also on your own." "Reading a book with your own experience is solid and cordial, but it is better to be reasonable and suitable for the audience. If you only follow your own opinions, you are afraid that things will be incomplete, and you will be anxious and slow down. "
② about sequence. Zhu Xi said: "If two books are used, then" On "will be followed by" Meng ",and one book will be followed by another; In the words of a book, the sentences of its chapters are first and last, and they are also orderly and not chaotic. " He also said: "Do what you can, make an appointment with its courses and stick to them. The word asks for its training, and the sentence asks for its purpose. If you don't get it, you won't dare to ask for it. If you don't get it, you won't dare to aim at it. "
③ about thinking carefully. Zhu Xi said: "Generally speaking, you must read the book carefully first, so that everything you say comes from my mouth;" Followed by careful thinking, so that its meaning is from my heart. Then you can get it. " ("The Complete Works of Zhu Zi: The Essentials of Reading") and said: "After reading and thinking, thinking and reading, it is naturally intentional. If you read without thinking, you don't know its taste; Thinking without reading, even if you know, is always uneasy. ..... If you read it well and think it well, you will never forget it. "
IX. "Five categories and four categories" reading method. This is the reading method advocated by Tang Biao.
[ example] Tang Biao divided books into five categories: "There are books to be read, books to be read, books to be read carefully, books to be prepared for examination." He believes that classified reading is conducive to dealing with the relationship between essence and erudition. This "five categories" reading method is similar to the "four categories" reading method proposed by some scholars in ancient times. "Four Don't" refers to four categories of books, namely, the book of eye treatment (just read it once), the book of oral treatment (not only to read but also to recite), the book that must be treated (not only to recite but also to seriously think and study), and the book of hand treatment (not only to read and recite but also to write down its essentials).
ten, the "five essentials" reading method. This is Pu Songling's reading method to ensure the smooth progress of reading from three aspects: time, calligraphy and law.
① read it every day. Pu Songling ordered a book by himself. After getting up every morning, he marked in the book what books to read and what articles to write during the day. If there is a blank under the date, he will feel extremely guilty.
② read it every night. Pu Songling is busy making a living during the day. At night, he often studies hard until late at night with a book and a lamp. After going to bed, he will read a few pages by candlelight.
③ Third, read for the elderly. In his later years, Pu Songling was white, deaf and toothless, but his eyes were good and he could be useful, so that he could read books and make himself happy. There is his poem as proof: "Only one function is responsible, and it is fortunate to open your mind by turning over books." He wrote in the poem "Silent Sitting": "I like to spread books all my life, and I am as crazy as I used to be. Japan and China will go south, and the sun will follow the west window. "
(4) copy books and read them. One of the biggest reasons why Pu Songling didn't want to leave after teaching in Bi's home for 3 years was that there were many books in Bi's home for him to copy. He takes pleasure in borrowing books and copying them.
⑤ five kinds of reading. Pu Songling divided books into intensive reading and extensive reading, and read them differently. Some books just know the general idea; Some should read it repeatedly, ponder it constantly, and read it until it is clear. The requirements of reading comprehension are: self-questioning, self-seeking, filtering out the dross and getting the essence. As evidenced by his poem, "Reading and analyzing doubts are like filtering water, so as to make me as clear as possible."
Xi. the "noble and refined" reading method. This is a reading method advocated by Dai Zhen in order to acquire specialized knowledge.
[ analysis] Mastery means that you have to work hard in depth, and you can gain something by reading the book thoroughly. If you want to gain practical knowledge and do some learning, you have to specialize in one subject and drill down seriously and deeply.
XII. Reading method of "seeking doubt where there is no doubt". This Jiao Xun's reading experience.
[ Analysis] Jiao Xun summed up his reading experience in his later years and said: "Learning is expensive and thinking is good; The most powerful thing in my life is the word "studious and thoughtful, knowing what it means". Jiao Xun's reading formula is: "Reading-seeking doubt-pondering-rereading-rethinking-solving".
Ancient people's idiom story of reading:
Shameless question:
In the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius was honored as a "saint". He had 2, disciples, and everyone asked him for knowledge. His Analects of Confucius has been handed down from generation to generation for thousands of years.
Confucius is knowledgeable, but he still humbly asks others for advice. Once, he went to the ancestral temple to worship his ancestors. As soon as he entered the ancestral temple, he felt strange and asked others questions. Someone laughed: "Confucius is outstanding in knowledge, why do you ask?" Confucius said, "Everything must be asked. What's wrong?" His disciples asked him, "Why did you call Kong Wen Zi after Kong's death?" Confucius said, "You are smart and eager to learn, and you are not ashamed to ask questions, so you deserve to be called Wen." The disciples thought, "Teachers often ask others for advice, and they are not ashamed!"
Being open-minded and eager to learn from everyone, including those who are lower than themselves, is called "asking questions without shame"
Hanging the beam to the bone
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was a man named Sun Jing, who was a famous politician. When he was young, he was studious, often closed the door and kept reading alone. Reading from morning till night every day is often forgetting to eat and sleep. I have been studying for a long time, I am tired, and I still don't rest. After a long time, I dozed off with fatigue. He was afraid of affecting his study, so he came up with a special way. In ancient times, men had long hair. He found a rope and tied it firmly to the beam. When he is tired of reading, he dozes off. When his head is lowered, the rope will hold his hair, which will hurt his scalp and wake up immediately, and then continue to study.
This is the story of Sun Jing's hanging beam.
during the warring States period, there was a man named Su Qin, who was also a famous politician. When I was young, I went to many places to do things because of my lack of knowledge, and I was not taken seriously. After returning home, his family was also very cold and looked down on him. This is a great stimulus to him. So, he made up his mind to study hard. He often studies late into the night, is very tired, often takes a nap and wants to sleep. He also figured out a way to prepare an awl, and once he dozed off, he stabbed himself in the thigh with the awl. In this way, I suddenly feel pain, wake myself up, and then insist on reading. This makes the story of Su Qin's "stabbing".
[Note]: This idiom is derived from the story of Sun Jing and Su Qin studying, which is used to describe the spirit of studying hard and studying hard. Their spirit of studying hard is good, but their methods of studying hard need not be imitated.
Digging the wall to steal light
In the Western Han Dynasty, there was a great scholar named Kuang Heng. He liked reading very much when he was a child, but his family was too poor to buy candles, so he couldn't read at night. He often worried about it. That night, Kuang Heng accidentally found that there seemed to be some light on his own wall. When he got up, he saw that the wall was cracked and the neighbor's candle was coming through the crack. Kuang Heng saw it and immediately came up with a solution. He found a chisel and cut a small hole in the crack in the wall. Immediately, a candlelight shot up, and Kuang Heng read the book carefully by this candlelight. Every night after that, Kuang Heng would lean against the wall and read by his neighbor's candlelight. Since he was a child, he was diligent and eager to learn. Later, Kuang Heng became a knowledgeable Confucian scholar.
Saccharomycetes reflect snow
The idiom "Saccharomycetes reflect snow" refers to Che Yin, a poor family in the Jin Dynasty, who had no money to buy lamp oil, but wanted to study at night, so she grabbed a firefly to study as a lamp in summer evening. Snow-reflecting is a kind of reading in winter night in Sun Kang of Jin Dynasty by using the light reflected by snow. Later, I used the metaphor of "a firefly reflecting snow" to describe my poor family and studying hard. "This idiom comes from The Book of Jin. Biography of Che yin (Yin). It is assumed that ... the poor often get oil, while Xia Yue practices to fill dozens of fireflies to take care of books. Sun Kang's family is poor, and he often studies in the snow. "In the Jin Dynasty, Che Yin was always studious, but his father could not provide him with a good learning environment because of his poor family. In order to maintain food and clothing, there is no extra money to buy lamp oil for him to study at night. To this end, he can only use this time to recite poems. "One night in summer, he was reciting an article in the yard when he suddenly saw many fireflies flying in the low altitude. The flashing light spots are a bit dazzling in the dark. He thought, if many fireflies were gathered together, wouldn't it become a lamp? So he went to find a white silk bag, immediately caught dozens of fireflies in it, tied the mouth of the bag and hung it. It's not very bright, but it can be used for reading. From then on, as long as there are fireflies, he will catch one and use it as a lamp. Because he studied hard and practiced hard, later