Did Zhuge Liang really fight like a god in the history of the Three Kingdoms?

In fact, Zhuge Liang, who fought like a god, is just an artistic image in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Although Zhuge Liang in history was very good at governing Shu, he did not have extraordinary military talent. Chen Shou is not only the author of Biography of Zhuge Liang in Three Kingdoms, but also the first person to criticize Zhuge Liang in a strict sense. Chen Shou criticized Zhuge Liang in several aspects. The most important point is that "the strain must be slight, not its strength." The commentary of the Guangming edition of Shu Zhi said, "Although it has been unsuccessful for many years to move the masses, it is not its strong point!" Chen Shou also expressed the same meaning in Liang Zhuan and Shang Zhuge Ji Biao: "(Liang) thought he was dead, but he failed to follow the example of those who were involved in the Central Plains and opposed the country, so he fought without fighting and repeatedly showed his martial arts. But brilliant, long-term tolerance, short-term, better management of the people. And with the enemy, or those with outstanding face value, increase people, offensive and defensive abnormity, so although the year moves, there is no gram. Yesterday, Xiao recommended Han Xin and Guan Zhong recommended the father of Prince Edward City. I feel that I have grown up and can't have both. " It should be said that "the strain must be slight, not its strength" is almost the unanimous view of Zhuge before and after his death, not Chen Shou's personal theory of love and hate. Sima Yi, Zhuge Liang's old rival in his later years, held this view. In the Book of Jin Xuandi Ji, Sima Yi's younger brother Sima Fu once asked about military affairs. Yi Fu said, "If you are ambitious, you will not see opportunities. There are more plans, but fewer decisions. If you are a good soldier, you have no right. Although you took a hundred thousand soldiers, you fell into my painting and will be broken. " Pei (Song Zhi) in Records of the Ming Dynasty quoted the cloud in Wu Dahong's Records and Zhang Yan's Silent Records: "Or, the weapon of a soldier is the weapon of a fighter. It is not worthwhile for a man with a country to pacify the people and conquer the world without keeping the territory. Prime Minister Zhuge was sincere and brilliant, but he was in a remote place, with less than 50,000 soldiers, so he was able to close the door and guard against risks. However, the monarch and his subjects had no time to travel, no age and no levy, and failed to enter the land close at hand, opening up the foundation of the emperor, which made the country suffer from hunger and disability, and the western soil suffered from its service. Wei Sima Yi only uses soldiers, so it is not easy to underestimate the enemy, and the enemy is outnumbered. Military strategists are cautious. If the prime minister must have a strategy, he will not be calm. If there is no strategy to cut it, it will be unwise and there will be a sense of returning home. " Yuan Zhunyun was quoted in Biography of Shu Zhi Ming Edition: "Those who are wise, stick to their roots, are not good at coping with emergencies." Pei Songzhi's preface is not only "biographies of nine stories, enriching different things", but also a supplement to historical materials and a textual research and correction of historical facts. Pei quoted Ji Shu as saying: "In the early Jin Dynasty, Wang Jun, the king of Fufeng, came to Guanzhong, and Sima Gaoping, Liu Bao and Chang Shi were officials of Huanji in Xingyang to talk about Zhuge Liang. At that time, people in Tan ridiculed that they were not doing what they wanted to do, but were fighting against the people of Shu. They can't do what they can. Guo Chong of Jincheng thinks that Liang Quanying knows SHEN WOO, who is in power and has poor political achievements. The commentator is puzzled, and the things of the five Ming dynasties are hidden from the world, and it is difficult for Bao and others to reply. Fufeng Wang is generous. " Pei Songzhi made it clear that he disagreed with Guo Chong. He said: "I think light and beauty are different, and I sincerely want to hear it." However, what I said is really suspicious. I hope it is as difficult as the left. " Therefore, there are five things about Guo Chong in Pei's Notes on the Three Kingdoms, which are "things are difficult to agree with". Among Guo Chong's five unique skills, the third, fourth and fifth three involved military affairs, and Pei Songzhi spared no effort to refute them one by one. Guo Chong said three things: "Liang camped in Yangping and sent Wei Yan to the east, but Liang left 10,000 men guarding the city. Jin led 200 people to refuse to take photos, but they went the wrong way and took photos six miles away, saying that it was a weak serenade in the city. Brett also knows that Xuandi has fallen in love, and he has fallen in love with each other. He wants to go to Jun Yan, but he is far away. He is chasing it. He was divorced from reality and his soldiers were eclipsed. He doesn't know his plan. The light was self-contained, and all the troops were afraid to jump out of the temple curtain. They opened four doors wide and spilled the floor. Emperor Xuan Di often said that he was smart and cautious, but when he saw that the situation was weak, he suspected an ambush, so he led the army to Beiqu Mountain. At tomorrow's dinner, Liang said that the lieutenant smiled and said,' Sima Yi will say that I am afraid, so I will be brave and walk along the mountain.' Waiting for the patrol is still white, as Liang said. After getting to know Xuan Di, I deeply hate it. "This is the so-called" empty city plan "in later generations. But Pei Songzhi said, "The case is in Hanzhong, and it is in the morning. Xuan Di is still the governor of Jingzhou, and Jingzhou is Wancheng. After Cao Zhen's death, he began to shine in Guanzhong. Wei's desire to send a detachment from Xicheng to cut Shu was worth the rain, but failed. Before and after this, there was no surrender of Yu Yangping. Just like speaking frankly, Xuan Di raised 200,000 people and knew that serenade was weak. If you suspect an ambush, you can guard against it and be cautious. Why are you leaving? The case of Biography of Wei Yan said:' If you want to hire 10,000 elite soldiers, meet them in Tongguan. I'm afraid if I put it off, but I'll never use it if I sigh.' Isn't the light going to delay ten thousand people? Is it like rushing to say, making the heavy troops ahead and keeping the weak? The words of Wang who rushed to Fufeng showed the shortcomings and destroyed his father for his son, which was unreasonable. But the cloud' Fufeng Wang's words are generous and outspoken' shows that this book is empty. "Pei Songzhi, the so-called" empty city plan ",is a myth. In the long history of 5,000 years, there have been countless military talents in China, among which Zhuge Liang, who had the greatest influence and was widely praised by the people as a warrior, was in the Three Kingdoms period. In fact, Zhuge Liang, who fought like a god, is just an artistic image in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Although Zhuge Liang in history was very good at governing Shu, he did not have extraordinary military talent. Chen Shou is not only the author of Biography of Zhuge Liang in Three Kingdoms, but also the first person to criticize Zhuge Liang in a strict sense. Chen Shou's criticism of Zhuge Liang has several aspects, and the most important point is that "the strain must be slight, not strong." "Guangming version of Shu Zhi's comment said," After years of moving the masses, it failed, and the cover will be short-lived, not because of its advantages! "Chen Shou also expressed the same meaning in Liang Zhuan and Shang Zhuge Ji Biao:" (Liang) thought he was dead, but failed to follow the example of those who were involved in the Central Plains and opposed the country, so he fought without fighting and repeatedly showed his martial arts. But brilliant, long-term tolerance, short-term, better management of the people. And with the enemy, or those with outstanding face value, increase people, offensive and defensive abnormity, so although the year moves, there is no gram. Yesterday, Xiao recommended Han Xin and Guan Zhong recommended the father of Prince Edward City. I feel that I have grown up and can't have both. " It should be said that "the strain must be slight, not its strength" is almost the unanimous view of Zhuge before and after his death, not Chen Shou's personal theory of love and hate. Sima Yi, Zhuge Liang's old rival in his later years, held this view. In the Book of Jin Xuandi Ji, Sima Yi's younger brother Sima Fu once asked about military affairs. Yi Fu said, "If you are ambitious, you will not see opportunities. There are more plans, but fewer decisions. If you are a good soldier, you have no right. Although you took a hundred thousand soldiers, you fell into my painting and will be broken. " Pei (Song Zhi) in Records of the Ming Dynasty quoted the cloud in Wu Dahong's Records and Zhang Yan's Silent Records: "Or, the weapon of a soldier is the weapon of a fighter. It is not worthwhile for a man with a country to pacify the people and conquer the world without keeping the territory. Prime Minister Zhuge was sincere and brilliant, but he was in a remote place, with less than 50,000 soldiers, so he was able to close the door and guard against risks. However, the monarch and his subjects had no time to travel, no age and no levy, and failed to enter the land close at hand, opening up the foundation of the emperor, which made the country suffer from hunger and disability, and the western soil suffered from its service. Wei Sima Yi only uses soldiers, so it is not easy to underestimate the enemy, and the enemy is outnumbered. Military strategists are cautious. If the prime minister must have a strategy, he will not be calm. If there is no strategy to cut it, it will be unwise and there will be a sense of returning home. " Yuan Zhunyun was quoted in Biography of Shu Zhi Ming Edition: "Those who are wise, stick to their roots, are not good at coping with emergencies." Pei Songzhi's preface is not only "biographies of nine stories, enriching different things", but also a supplement to historical materials and a textual research and correction of historical facts. Pei quoted Ji Shu as saying: "In the early Jin Dynasty, Wang Jun, the king of Fufeng, came to Guanzhong, and Sima Gaoping, Liu Bao and Chang Shi were officials of Huanji in Xingyang to talk about Zhuge Liang. At that time, people in Tan ridiculed that they were not doing what they wanted to do, but were fighting against the people of Shu. They can't do what they can. Guo Chong of Jincheng thinks that Liang Quanying knows SHEN WOO, who is in power and has poor political achievements. The commentator is puzzled, and the things of the five Ming dynasties are hidden from the world, and it is difficult for Bao and others to reply. Fufeng Wang is generous. " Pei Songzhi made it clear that he disagreed with Guo Chong. He said: "I think light and beauty are different, and I sincerely want to hear it." However, what I said is really suspicious. I hope it is as difficult as the left. " Therefore, there are five things about Guo Chong in Pei's Notes on the Three Kingdoms, which are "things are difficult to agree with". Among Guo Chong's five unique skills, the third, fourth and fifth three involved military affairs, and Pei Songzhi spared no effort to refute them one by one. Guo Chong said three things: "Liang camped in Yangping and sent Wei Yan to the east, but Liang left 10,000 men guarding the city. Jin led 200 people to refuse to take photos, but they went the wrong way and took photos six miles away, saying that it was a weak serenade in the city. Brett also knows that Xuandi has fallen in love, and he has fallen in love with each other. He wants to go to Jun Yan, but he is far away. He is chasing it. He was divorced from reality and his soldiers were eclipsed. He doesn't know his plan. The light was self-contained, and all the troops were afraid to jump out of the temple curtain. They opened four doors wide and spilled the floor. Emperor Xuan Di often said that he was smart and cautious, but when he saw that the situation was weak, he suspected an ambush, so he led the army to Beiqu Mountain. At tomorrow's dinner, Liang said that the lieutenant smiled and said,' Sima Yi will say that I am afraid, I want to be strong and walk along the mountain. Waiting for the patrol is still white, as Liang said. After knowing Xuan Di, I hated it. "This is the so-called" empty city plan "of later generations. But Pei Songzhi said, "The case is in Hanzhong, and it is in the morning. Xuan Di is still the governor of Jingzhou, and Jingzhou is Wancheng. After Cao Zhen's death, he began to shine in Guanzhong. Wei's desire to send a detachment from Xicheng to cut Shu was worth the rain, but failed. Before and after this, there was no surrender of Yu Yangping. Just like speaking frankly, Xuan Di raised 200,000 people and knew that serenade was weak. If you suspect an ambush, you can guard against it and be cautious. Why are you leaving? The case of Biography of Wei Yan said:' If you want to hire 10,000 elite soldiers, meet them in Tongguan. If you put it off, you will be afraid, and if you sigh, you will never need it. Isn't the light going to delay ten thousand people? Is it like rushing to say, making the heavy troops ahead and keeping the weak? The words of Wang who rushed to Fufeng showed the shortcomings and destroyed his father for his son, which was unreasonable. But the cloud' Fufeng Wang's words are generous and outspoken' shows that this book is empty. "Pei Songzhi, the so-called" empty city plan ",is a myth. Zhu Yizun's Book Pavilion Collection (Volume 59) and On Chen Shou called life a "good history" and said that "Zhang Qian's right comments are not enough to cope with the current situation, not Chen Shou's private remarks". Qian Daxin's Collection of Thousand Words, Volume 28, After the Reflection of the Three Kingdoms, and Ji Jing's first copy of Dayunshan Mansion, Volume 2, After the Reflection of the Three Kingdoms, are all enough to help Zhu Yizun get a good look. Wang Mingsheng agreed with Zhu Yizun and others in the article "A Brief Record of Chen Shou's History" in Volume 39 of the Seventeen Histories, and added that after Chen Shou entered Jin, he wrote "Zhuge Liang Ji", which was played on the desktop and even popularized. In the biography of Liang, a catalogue is attached and written on the table to show respect. After the biography, the comments repeatedly called him a punishment reward. Wang Yun: "The defeat of the street pavilion was broken by Zhang He, who defended the Soviet Union against Ming Festival. At first, he didn't blame the brightness with personal differences; Even if the light is a little longer, then the theories of Zhang Yan and Zhun Yuan are natural, not the private words of the shroud. " Zhao Yi's "Twenty-two Historical Records" Volume 6 "Chen Shou on Zhuge Liang" also cited many examples to show that Chen Shou admired Zhuge Liang. Zhao Yun said, "Chen Shouchuan and Shoufu joined the army for Ma Su, but Zhuge Liang condemned them and Shoufu was killed. Therefore, Shoufu is called Legend of Light, which means that Shoufu will be slightly different. This is really ignorance. " Finally, talk about Mao Zedong's views on Zhuge Liang. He said: "(Street kiosks) should be ready when the first battle is successful. Since the defeat of the street pavilion, every time I go out, I must be in the army. " (Mao Zedong read Sima Guang's comment on writing on Zi Tong Zhi Jian (Volume 7 1, 72). See Mao Zedong's Collection of Comments on Reading Ancient Books on Literature and History, Central Literature Publishing House, p. 292, 1993). This is Mao Zedong's criticism of Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang misused Ma Su, which led to the fall of the street pavilion. I think this is the first northern expedition, and Liang should not let go and stay away from the army. However, after several northern expeditions, they seem to have learned their lesson. It is really unwise to go to the front line in person, direct command and ask questions one by one. To sum up, it can be seen that "flexibility, not strength" is the mainstream evaluation of Zhuge Liang in past dynasties. At present, many cities in China are striving to be honorary citizens of Zhuge Liang, so as to improve the cultural taste of cities and realize the so-called "cultural platform, economic singing" purpose. So many places only say good things to Zhuge Liang and don't say bad things. Anyone who criticizes Zhuge Liang will be regarded as destroying the local economic environment, at least in our small place.