Located in the northwest of China, the middle reaches of the Yellow River and the upper reaches of the Hanshui River.
Covering an area of 205,800 square kilometers, the terrain is high in the north and south and low in the middle.
The southern foot of the Qinling Mountains has a humid subtropical monsoon climate, while the northern part has a temperate monsoon climate with less rain.
Shaanxi is the gateway to the northwest of China and the transportation hub connecting the eastern and central regions of China with the southwest and northwest.
The ancient Silk Road leads to countries in West Asia and Central Asia and has an important strategic position.
In addition to the Han nationality, there are Hui, Manchu, Mongolian and other nationalities in Shaanxi Province.
Shaanxi, named after being located in the west of Shaanxi Plain (now Shaanxi County, Henan Province), is one of the birthplaces of Chinese civilization.
Geographical survey
Shaanxi Province, located in the middle of China, is an inland province, with a width of 500 kilometers from east to west and a length of about 870 kilometers from north to south, which is long from north to south and narrow from east to west.
Shaanxi Province borders Shanxi and Henan in the east, Gansu in the west, Hubei, Sichuan and Chongqing in the south and Inner Mongolia and Ningxia in the north.
The Loess Plateau in the north of Shaanxi Province, Qinba Mountain in the south, Weihe River alluvial plain in the middle, and Qinchuan in 800 Li.
In the national ladder topography, Shaanxi Province is in the second step, with changeable topography, high in the north and south and low in the middle, and inclined from west to east.
The northern part is the northern Shaanxi Plateau, with an altitude of 900 ~ 1500m.
The central part is Guanzhong Plain, also known as Guanzhong Basin, with an altitude of 325-800 meters.
Qinba mountain area in the south, with an altitude of 1200 ~ 3000m.
The main mountains in the territory are Qinling, Daba Mountain and Huashan Mountain.
There are many rivers in Shaanxi province.
Most of them are outflow rivers, and the basin area of inflow rivers only accounts for 2.3% of the province.
With the Qinling Mountains as the boundary, the rivers belong to the Yellow River and the Yangtze River.
The Yellow River flows through the eastern provinces. Weihe River is the largest tributary of the Yellow River, and there are rivers such as Wuding River, Jinghe River, Jialing River and Hanshui River.
Climatic characteristics
From south to north, Shaanxi province has the characteristics of north subtropical humid climate, warm temperate semi-humid climate and warm temperate semi-arid climate.
The Qinling Mountains span the south-central part of the province, and the climate difference between the north and the south is significant.
The annual average temperature is about 9℃ in the Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi, 65438 03℃ in the Guanzhong Plain and 65438 05℃ in the Hanjiang River Basin of southern Shaanxi.
The temperature difference between north and south reaches 10℃ in winter and only 4℃ in summer.
Annual precipitation decreases from south to north, and increases from bottom to top in mountainous areas.
The precipitation from July to September often accounts for more than half of the whole year, and there are many heavy rains.
It seldom rains in winter.
There has even been a persistent drought.
The influence on spring sowing in the loess plateau of northern Shaanxi is even worse.
natural resource
Shaanxi Province is rich in natural resources with a wide variety, and its reserves of coal, molybdenum, copper, barite and phosphorus rank among the top in China.
There are also many kinds of animals and plants, and there are many kinds of wild animals and plants, among which Eucommia ulmoides, ephedra, golden monkey and takin are the most famous.
In addition, rare birds such as crested ibis and black stork inhabit Taibai Mountain, and Taibai Mountain Nature Reserve and Foping Nature Reserve have been established one after another.
transport
There are highways 1 10000 kilometers and national highways 10 kilometers in Shaanxi province, in which the longitudinal trunk line from Erenhot to Hekou and the transverse trunk line from Lianyungang to Horgos (xinjiang) meet in Xi 'an, and Qingdao to Yinchuan pass through northern Shaanxi. 108 national highway runs from Beijing to Kunming, 2/kloc.
The completed expressways include Xi- Lintong and Baoji lines.
The railway undertakes the transportation task in Shaanxi Province.
Longhai Railway runs through the east and west, which is the traffic artery of this province. Baocheng, Xiangpu and Xiyan lines run through the north and south.
Xi 'an has many air routes connecting the mainland and important cities in northwest China.
Xianyang International Airport is the largest airport in the northwest of China.
General situation of economy
Weihe Plain in Shaanxi Province is one of the cradles of human civilization, with developed irrigation system, and is a famous wheat and cotton producing area in China.
Flaxseed is the most important cash crop, and tobacco and sugar beet have also developed greatly.
Now the industry, transportation and tourism in northwest China are developing rapidly.
In terms of industry, an economic structure dominated by national defense industry, aerospace industry, coal industry and textile industry has been formed.
In terms of transportation, with Xi 'an as the center, land, sea and air transportation is very convenient.
The above-ground and underground cultural relics make characteristic tourism an important part of the province's economic development.
Cultural practices
Shaanxi gongs and drums are at least 200 years old. According to the different nature of performance, it can be divided into three categories: accompaniment gongs and drums, voiceless gongs and drums and performance gongs and drums.
Shaanxi gongs and drums are lively in rhythm, changeable in form and magnificent.
The atmosphere of the performance is warm, the movements are fancy and inspiring.
On festive days, people like gongs and drums.
Express your joy.
Capital: Xi 'an
Xi 'an, known as Chang 'an in ancient times, is the capital of Shaanxi Province and one of the famous historical and cultural cities in China. Once 13 dynasties established their capital here.
Xi is the starting point of the Silk Road.
Now Xi is the largest city and economic, cultural and transportation center in the northwest of China.
The city governs 9 districts and 4 counties, covering an area of 9,983 square kilometers.
The city is located in the center of Qinchuan, with a mild climate.
Xi is an important hub connecting North China, East China, Northwest China and Southwest China.
In addition, Xi 'an is a three-dimensional historical museum, where many cultural relics and rare treasures are preserved and buried on the ground and underground.
There are scenic spots such as Mount Li, Huashan and Cui Hua Tianchi in the urban area.
Xi has become a famous tourist city at home and abroad.
A famous historical and cultural city: Chengyang
Chengyang City is located in the middle of Shaanxi Province, with an area of 102 1.3 square kilometers.
It has a warm temperate continental monsoon climate, with an average annual precipitation of 537 ~ 65 1mm and an average annual temperature of 9.0~ 13.2℃.
Chengyang is rich in natural resources.
The city's industries are mainly electronics, textiles and petrochemicals, and the tertiary industry is mainly tourism and circulation.
Chengyang has a long history.
The county system has been established for more than 2300 years, and it was once the capital of the Qin Dynasty in history.
Famous historical and cultural city: Hancheng
Hancheng is located in the east of Shaanxi Province, bordering the Yellow River in the east, and the southern section of the Yellow River Grand Canyon passes through the northeast of the city. The ancient mouth was called Longmen, commonly known as Yumenkou.
According to legend, Yu Xia "drew stones from the river, but as for Longmen".
So Longmen was also used to refer to Hancheng area in history.
Hancheng has a long history.
In the Western Zhou Dynasty, Han Hou, the son of Zhou Wuwang, became a fief.
Qin and Han Dynasties is xia yang County, where Sima Qian, a famous historian and writer of the Western Han Dynasty, was born.
The Sui Dynasty called Hancheng County.
Hancheng is rich in cultural relics and historic sites, and is known as "the most cultural relics in Guanzhong".
From the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the ancient buildings of past dynasties were preserved completely and on a grand scale.
Hancheng is rich in natural resources and is a famous pepper production base in China. Dahongpao Zanthoxylum bungeanum produced in Hancheng is famous for its red color, thick meat and strong fragrance.
Famous historical and cultural city: Yulin
Yulin has a long history and outstanding people.
Rich in cultural resources, loess culture and grassland nomadic culture meet and blend, shaping Yulin's unique and magnificent natural and cultural landscape. The human civilization created by our ancestors has remained as a valuable historical wealth and tourism resource.
Yulin, the hometown of folk art in northern Shaanxi, is famous at home and abroad for its rich loess customs and simple life details, simple folk customs, passionate yangko, high-pitched and exciting trip to Xintian, various Suide stone lions and exquisite and beautiful three-sided paper-cuts.
Revolutionary Holy Land: Yan 'an
Yan 'an is a famous revolutionary holy land in China. It is located in the middle of the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi, at the intersection of Yanhe and Nanchuan, surrounded by Baota shan, Phoenix Mountain and Liang Qingshan, surrounded by mountains and rivers and peaks.
Yan 'an County was established in Yanchang County in the Sui Dynasty, which was named after Yan 'an County, meaning to extend the river to take the territory.
From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Tang and Song Dynasties, Yan 'an and its vicinity "took the Yellow River in the east and controlled Xia Ling in the west", which was the transportation hub of northern Shaanxi, and Yan 'an City became a military center to shield Guanzhong and defend against the invasion of northern nationalities.
The nine-story ancient pagoda on the Baota shan was built in the Tang Dynasty and is now a symbol of Yan 'an.
The Tang and Song stone carvings preserved in the Wanfo Cave under Liang Qingshan are the perfect embodiment of carving skills at that time.
From 1937 to 1947, * * * Central Committee and * * * comrades led the national revolution here.
At that time, * * * Central Committee and * * * worked and lived in the foothills of Fenghuang Mountain and Yang Jialing successively, while the Central Military Commission and the Eighth Route Army General Command were located in Zaoyuan and Wang Jiaping.
Southeast of Yan 'an is Nanniwan recovered by the 359th Brigade of the Eighth Route Army.
Lantian ape-man site
The fossil of ape-man skull was unearthed in Gongwangling, Jiuwenfang Township, Lantian County, Xi, Shaanxi Province. About 165438+ million ~ 1 15000 years ago.
Lantian ape-man skull is very precious.
At present, only a few countries, such as China, Indonesian, Algerian and Tanzanian, have found ape-man skulls.
The prehistoric cultural relics found in Lantian site provide detailed information for the study of paleoclimate, paleofauna and human evolution history, and are praised by the international archaeological community as major archaeological discoveries in the 1960s.
There is a pavilion at the site of Lantian ape-man at the waist of Gongwangling Mountain.
Matriarchal clan village: Banpo site
Banpo site is located in the north of banpo village in the eastern suburb of Xi, which is a relatively complete and typical matriarchal clan commune village site in the Yellow River basin.
It has been established for more than 6,000 years and is a valuable cultural heritage of China.
Banpo site consists of residential area, pottery-making area and tomb area, with an existing area of about 50,000 square meters and an excavation area of 654.38+0.000 square meters.
There is Banpo Museum here, 1958 officially opened to the public. The museum includes a ruins hall, two exhibition rooms and 1 pottery kiln ruins.
Daming Palace
Daming Palace is one of the famous palaces in Tang Dynasty.
According to historical records, the whole palace covers an area of 12 square kilometers, with 33 doors, the main entrance is Fengdan Gate, the main hall is Hanyuan Hall, and the north is Zhengxuan Hall.
Center, Gate, Hong Wen and History Museum are on the left and right.
In addition, more than 30 palaces, pavilions and temples were destroyed by the war in the late Tang Dynasty.
The existing remains are Hanyuan Temple, Linde Hall, Xiangluan Pavilion, Qifeng Pavilion, Taiye Pool, Penglai Pavilion, etc., which are still recognizable.
Archaeologists excavated four city gates and Hanyuan and Linde Temple sites from 1957 to 1959.
Zhaoling
Zhaoling is the mausoleum of Emperor Taizong Li Shimin.
Jiujun Mountain, 25 kilometers northeast of Liquan County, Shaanxi Province.
Zhaoling pioneered the system of "depending on mountains as tombs" in the Tang Dynasty, and it is the most representative imperial cemetery among the eighteen tombs in the Tang Dynasty in Guanzhong.
It covers an area of 20,000 hectares and has a circumference of 60 kilometers. Based on Jiujun Mountain, it unfolds in a folding fan shape to the southeast and southwest.
There are 167 buried tombs in the cemetery, which is the largest cemetery in China with the largest number of buried tombs.
There are many precious historical relics on the ground and underground.
The world-famous relief of six horses in Zhaoling is on the altar of Zhaoling.
1972, Zhaoling Museum was established in Li Xun Cemetery, a tomb in the southeast of the cemetery. It shows 22 tombstones left on the ground of Zhaoling before 1950s, as well as tombstones and unearthed epitaphs. It is called Zhaoling Forest of Steles and is a treasure of calligraphy art in the early Tang Dynasty.
Famous historical sites include Wen Yanbo, Fang of Chu Suiliang and Li Jing of Wang Zhijing.
There are also a large number of colorful and well-laid painted pottery objects, pottery figurines and murals.
Qianling?Mausoleum
Ganling is the only two emperors in China.
At the same time, it is also a couple's tomb.
This is the tomb of Tang Gaozong Li Zhi and Wu Zetian.
Ganling takes the mountain as the mausoleum, surrounded by valves and giant stone carvings, and there are 1 pairs of China watches symbolizing the emperor's mausoleum.
In addition, there are 1 to winged horses, 1 to suzaku, 5 pairs of saddle stirrups, 10 generals with robes and swords.
Among them, there are two 6.3-meter-high buildings, the Holy Story and the Monument Without Words.
There are relatively well-preserved Jurchen characters on the wordless tablet (with translation next to it), and the inscription on the sacred tablet is 8000 words, which is a tribute to Gao Zongwen and Wu. There is a 6 1 stone statue in front of the mausoleum.
Huaqing hot spring
As a natural hot spring, Huaqing Pool was famous as early as the Qin Dynasty.
There are still hot spring monuments left over from the Northern Wei Dynasty.
Excavate and clean up the remains of royal soup, prince soup, begonia soup (that is, Guifei pool) and lotus seed soup in Tang Dynasty.
The water in Huaqing Pool contains many chemical components.
The water temperature is about 43℃.
Suitable for bathing and recuperation.
The Chiang Catching Pavilion halfway up the mountain in the park is where Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng captured Chiang Kai-shek during the Xi Incident.
Famen Temple
Famen Temple is located in Fufeng County.
Xi120km in the east and Baoji107km in the west. Known as the "ancestor of the Tower Temple" in Guanzhong, it was built in the Western Han Dynasty and was one of the important passes of the Silk Road.
The existing brick tower of Famen Temple was rebuilt by a wooden tower during the Wanli period of Ming Dynasty (1579).
This tower is 46 meters high.
*** 13 grade, octagonal tower body, tower foundation circumference of more than 50 meters.
The wooden pagoda in the Northern Wei Dynasty is called Ashoka Pagoda, which is one of the 19 Buddhist pagodas introduced to China.
There is an underground palace under the tower foundation, from which many cultural relics such as the real body of Buddha, phalanges and relics have been unearthed.
Huashan Mountain, the Western Mountain among the Five Mountains.
Xiyue Huashan is located in the south of Huayin, Shaanxi Province, at the northern foot of Qinling Mountains, with an altitude of 2 154.9 meters.
Because of the steep mountains and steep peaks, Shan Hai Jing said, "If you look at it from a distance, you will fall", hence the name of the mountain.
Huashan is a mountain made of granite. After long-term weathering and erosion of granite, coupled with the dislocation of the two major faults in the north and south and the downward cutting of flowing water on the east and west sides, Huashan Mountain was divided into many peaks, the walls of which were cut and the ground was raised to the sky. The most famous peaks are East, West, South, North and Middle.
Since ancient times, Huashan Mountain has been famous for its majestic and steep cliffs and dangerous roads.
There is only one path between peaks, south and north, and there is a saying that Huashan has been the Tao since ancient times.
There are more Gu Song in Huashan, and the huge trunk is straight, which brings out the best in each other.
Huashan Mountain is a famous Taoist mountain and the birthplace of Quanzhen Taoism Huashan School in Yuan Dynasty. There are many legends and cultural relics with Taoist colors in the mountains.
There are many inscriptions on Lotus Cave and Yangtian Pool.
Taibai mountain
Taibai Mountain is the main peak of Qinling Mountains, which is located in the south of Meixian County, Shaanxi Province, and spans Taibai County and parts of zhouzhi county.
The freezing peak period is long, and the snow does not melt except in midsummer.
Seen from the south of Guanzhong Plain, the top of the mountain is covered with silver.
Hence the name.
Baxiantai, the highest peak in Taibai Mountain, is 3767 meters above sea level.
Taibai Mountain is a gathering place of plant species in North China, Central China and Southwest China, with rich resources and obvious vertical zoning.
Taibai Mountain National Nature Reserve was established in 1965, and now it has become an important base for field investigation of physical geography, plants, animals, traditional Chinese medicine, environmental protection and other disciplines.
Water mirror and Weishui
There are obvious differences in this idiom, which means that water mirror and Weishui are a river.
But it's confusing.
Weishui, now called Weihe River, is the largest tributary of the Yellow River.
The Weihe River basin covers a vast area and is one of the birthplaces of ancient culture in China.
Lantian ape-man site in Dadiwan, Qin 'an County, matriarchal clan commune site in banpo village, Xi 'an City and Jin Hao site in Chang 'an District.
Qin Terracotta Warriors in Lintong, Maijishan Grottoes in Tianshui, the forest of steles and the Wild Goose Pagoda are all treasures of ancient China culture.
Huashan Mountain in Xiyue and Huaqing Pool in Lintong District are famous tourist attractions.
Water mirror, now called Jinghe River, is the largest tributary of Weihe River.
Originated in Jingyuan County at the eastern foot of Liupanshan Mountain in Ningxia, it flows through Pingliang County and Binxian County and flows into Weihe River in the south of Gaoling County in Shaanxi Province. The river has a large amount of sediment and the water is extremely turbid. It is a tributary of the Weihe River with the largest sediment.
There are many water conservancy projects in the lower reaches of Jinghe River.
The famous Zheng Guoqu is one of them.
Binxian Giant Buddha Grottoes are an important cultural heritage.
Kongtong Mountain is also a famous tourist attraction.
The Eighth Wonder of the World: Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Qin Mausoleum
The exact name of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Qin Mausoleum is the burial pit of Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Qin Shihuang. Located about 1.5 km east of the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, it was discovered in 1974. This is one of the most important archaeological discoveries of our time.
The first pit was discovered by local farmers when they were drilling wells, and then the second and third pits were discovered one after another after drilling wells.
The first pit is the largest, with an area of14260m2.
There are nearly ten thousand terracotta figures in the three pits.
More than 500 pottery horses, wooden chariots 130.
Both soldiers and horses are as lifelike as real horses, and there are well-made weapons such as strong bows, crossbows, spears, halberds, sculptures and bronze swords in the pit.
Although buried in the soil for more than two thousand years, the blade is still sharp and shiny, which is a miracle in the history of metallurgy in the world.
This magnificent underground building is known as the eighth wonder of the world.
It has high artistic value.
Tongguan
The ancient Tongguan is in the north of Tongguan County today.
Since ancient times, chickens have crowed in three provinces.
Close the gate of Kyushu.
Tongguan is bordered by the Yellow River in the north and Qinling Mountains in the south. Since ancient times, it has been the east gate of Guanzhong and a battleground for military strategists.
During the Huang Chao Uprising in the late Tang Dynasty and the Peasant Uprising in the late Ming Dynasty, the peasant army fought fiercely with the troops of the feudal dynasty in Tongguan.
Wild goose pagoda; Dayan Pagoda; Giant Wild Goose Pagoda
The tower is 59.9 meters high and its base is 4.2 meters high.
Things are 45.9 meters.
48.8 meters north and south.
Inscriptions inscribed by Emperor Taizong and Tang Gaozong are embedded on both sides of the tower. The words are beautiful and straight, and they are famous inscriptions left over from the Tang Dynasty.
In addition, the lintel and door frame of the tower are carved with architectural patterns of the Tang Dynasty.
These patterns reflect the painting art at that time and provide valuable information for the study of ancient architecture in China.
Great poets in the Tang Dynasty, such as Du Fu, Cen Can and Gao Shi, wrote "This is a holy land, which can only be built by spiritual hard work" and "I was surprised that birds flew to the ground and talked for a long time".
The Big Wild Goose Pagoda, which contains Buddhist classics, is a temple built under the auspices of the royal family, with a prominent position and a grand scale.
Stone pillar/stele forest
The forest of steles is located in Sanxue Street, Xi City, and its former site is the Confucius Temple in Song Dynasty.
1090, the Song government moved the Book of the Stone of Kaicheng here, and after Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, it formed a forest of steles.
The forest of steles includes three parts: the cultural relics exhibition room, the forest of steles and the stone carving art room. It is the largest treasure house of steles in China.
In addition, the bell broadcast by CCTV every New Year's Eve comes from Jingyun Bell in Beilin.
huangdi mausoleum
Huangdi Mausoleum is located in Qiao Shan, northern huangling county, with a height of about 3.6 meters and a circumference of 48 meters.
In the pavilion in front of the tomb, there are the Jade Dragon Monument of Qiaoling and the Mausoleum of Huangdi.
The legend of the Yellow Emperor is the ancestor of all ethnic groups in the Central Plains, Ji surname,No. Xuanyuan, and the son of Shaodian, You Xiong, who was originally the tribal leader of a clan. Because he defeated Emperor Yan in Hanquan and killed Chiyou in Zhuolu, he was acclaimed as the leader of the tribal alliance.
Its tombs were also found in Gansu, Hebei and Henan.
Li Zhicheng Palace
Li Zicheng Palace is located on Panlong Mountain in the north of Mizhi County.
Panlong Mountain, formerly known as Maanshan, was built with Zhenwu Temple in the Ming Dynasty.
After Li Baicheng established Dashun regime in Xi 'an, he sent his nephew back to Mizhi to sweep the grave and changed the temple into a palace. Later, Li Zicheng was renamed Panlong Mountain in Maanshan.
The palace is built on the mountain, with nearly 90 stone steps on the front and back floors, connecting the Bagua Pavilion, Music Building, Pengsheng Building, Ertianmen and Yuhuang Pavilion. In addition, there are Qixiang Hall, Beiqing Palace and Bell and Drum Tower on the top of Panlong Mountain.
Lishan old mother temple
Mount Li, the third peak in Xixiuling, located in the south of Lintong District, Xi City, was built in the Qin Dynasty.
Rebuilt in the early Tang Dynasty, it was named Old Mother Temple.
The whole building of Old Mother Hall includes Wushan Gate, Sanxian Hall, Five Sacrificial Hall, Five Main Hall, Six Wing Rooms and Four Auxiliary Halls.
Sanxiantang is dedicated to three female immortals, namely, longevity, eye protection and giving children.
The main hall is dedicated to the golden statue of Lishan's mother (Nuwa).
In the main hall, there is a memorial tablet of Shan Li's mother's teaching sutra, which was set up in the first year of Tang Guangde (763). It tells the story of Li Zhi, a famous Taoist in the Tang Dynasty, who met his mother at the foot of Shan Li and taught her the Sutra of Yin Fu.
Yang Jialing revolution former site
Located in Yan 'an, the gate of the former site is built in the southwest, and the entrance is the central auditorium, which looks like a brick-wood structure.
There is a three-story building behind the auditorium.
It was C.O.
Zhou Enlai's former residence is in the westernmost courtyard of Beishan, Zhu De's former residence is in the east courtyard, and * * * is in the east.
There is a row of caves in central directly under the authority in the northeast.
It was here that Comrade * * and the CPC Central Committee led the national War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation.
The Seventh National Congress of China was also held here on April 23rd. 1945.
Here, the Central Committee made unremitting efforts to win the victory of China people's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the final victory of China people's revolutionary war.