Nalan Xingde (1655-1685), the eldest son of Pearl, a university student in Wuyingdian, was originally named Chengde, whose name was Rong Ruo, and he was born in Langjiashan, Manchu and Zhenghuangqi, Manchuria. There are 349 existing poems. The first name of Nalan Ci is "Side Hat", and then it is called "Drinking Water", which are now collectively called Nalan Ci.
Although Li Yu and Nalan Xingde are separated by more than 7 years, they both have many similarities in their creative styles. They are like rolling wheels in tandem, which has promoted the development of Chinese ci literature. Li Yu's ci poetry, especially his later ci poetry, swept away the charm and elegance, got rid of the wind of euphemistic tune, was sincere in emotion, rich in content, simple in form and natural and fresh in style, and broke through the town of flowers, making the ci poetry change first from the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties to Li Yu. However, Nalan Ci, with its mournful and vigorous style, natural and skillful artistic techniques, held high the standard of Ci in the early Qing Dynasty and was rated as "the first poet in the beginning of the country" by Kuang Zhouyi. The relationship between Li Yu's words and Nalan's words has been noticed by many critics in Qing Dynasty. For example, Chen Weisong said in the "Comment on Ci": "Nalan Ci, sad and stubborn, won the legacy of the two masters in the Southern Tang Dynasty." 1[P34] Zhou Zhiqi said in "Basuo Zhongci": "Nalan Rong Ruo, Li Shiguang is backward." 2[P61] Kuang Zhouyi's "Hui Feng Ci Hua" also says: "The poet who drinks water is so backward." 3[P44] Nalan Rong Ruo once said: "Words between flowers, such as ancient jade, are expensive and not applicable; Song ci is applicable but less valuable. Li Houzhu has both, and it is even more confusing. " 4[P343]
This paper mainly discusses the similarities and expressions between Li Yu's ci and Nalan's ci.
1. Tragic life experiences, the temperament and talent of the literati * * *, made their sad ci style.
Li Yu is kind and filial, good at writing, painting and calligraphy. He had no intention to fight for power and gain, but he was eager to live in seclusion. However, he was helpless. Because Li Jing's second to fifth sons died early, Li Hongji, the eldest son of the Crown Prince, died on the way to seize power with his uncle. As the sixth son, he unexpectedly ascended the throne in the orderly feudal society. However, from Li Yu's words, we can see that he yearns for Tao Yuanming's pastoral life:
"The waves are full of snow, and the peaches and plums are silent.
a pot of wine and a rod of nylon, how many people are there in the world? " 5[P31] and
"The waves are full of meaning and heavy snow, and the peaches and plums are silent.
a pot of wine, a rod of nylon, how many people are there in the world?
a spring breeze, a boat, a silk thread and a light hook.
Flowers are everywhere, wine is everywhere, and you are free in the waves. " 5[P17]
The two words "Fisherman" truly show Li Yu's heart of seclusion, and he does not covet fame and politics. As Yuan Mei said, this talented person is really peerless, poor and unlucky to be a king. However, Li Yu, as the monarch of a country, lacks the wise, courageous, tenacious and tough qualities that a monarch should have, but is more of a literati's sentimental poetic temperament. When facing the crumbling Southern Tang Dynasty, Li Yu can only compromise, steal peace, become a vassal in the Song Dynasty, and indulge in debauchery and lyrics in an attempt to escape the cruelty and helplessness of reality. Therefore, Li Yu wrote many poems in the early stage.
Shui Yunjian was blown off by the sheng Xiao, and the song of the dress was played all over again.
who smells more fragrant in spring? Drunk patting the railing is delicious.
don't let out the candle flowers when you return, and wait until you step on the horse to clear jathyapple. 5[P23]
However, Song Taizu and Zhao Kuangyin said, "Do you allow others to snore and sleep on the side of the couch?" He moved to Jinling, breaking the literati dream of a country's monarch. Since then, Li Yu has changed from a generation of monarch to a prisoner, and the creative style of his ci has also changed greatly. A beautiful and soft style in the past has turned into an infinite sadness, desolation and tragic mood as a prisoner. For example, Wang Guowei's "Words on Earth" said: "When words arrived in Li Houzhu, their horizons began to widen and their feelings deepened." 5[P25] The pronoun Emperor is finally in the midst of "the old country is unbearable to look back on the moon and the Ming Dynasty", "How much sorrow can you have, just like a river flowing eastward." After feeling, I gave the owl a life. And Nalan Xingde, though the son of Pearl, the prime minister who is in power in one's hand and in one's hand, is both civil and military, outstanding in talent, highly valued by Emperor Kangxi, and worshipped as a first-class bodyguard in front of the temple. He has been hunting in the north with Emperor Kangxi all the year round, and entered the palace. This position looks like scenery, but it is not as good as a county magistrate. This kind of "disguised house arrest" makes Rong Ruo full of talents, full of enthusiasm, but difficult to achieve, and he can only lament. ("Farewell to Sun Friends") At that time, Pearl was in the whirlpool of party struggle, and it was hard to be protected by the emperor's family. This made Nalan feel like walking on thin ice, although he witnessed the closeness of the dragon's face and the warmth of the sky. This kind of contradictory and painful mood that others did not know was reflected in his poems, which naturally became the voice of bitterness. What is even more painful is the unfortunate early death of his congenial wife, Lu, which makes Nalan sad and adds to the tragic color of Nalan's short life, which is the same as Li Yu's beloved princess's wonderful encounter with appreciate each other by Song Taizu a few weeks later.
Perhaps, the two became victims of feudal autocracy, a feudal rule that was ordered by "family and the world" and a feudal authority that condescended to the master of a country, and their life choices were out of their control.
second, the similarity of the content and style of ci poetry: writing the feelings of a pure child with the heart of a pure child.
Wang Guowei said, "A poet is one who does not lose his childlike heart. Being born in the palace and growing up in the hands of women is the shortcoming of the late master as a gentleman and the strength of the poet. " [5]p26 Indeed, his early life has cultivated his childlike heart, which is rare for poets. Wang Guowei also said: "Objectivity is only human, and you can't read the world much. The deeper you read the world, the richer and more varied the materials. The works of Water Margin and Dream of Red Mansions are also. Subjective poets don't have to read the world. The shallower they read the world, the truer their temperament. Li Houzhu is also. " [5]p27' s view of the life of the late master is ups and downs, which should be "worldly" and "deep", but his ci works, whether in the early or late period, are written with a pure heart. Just like his famous poem "Young Beauty":
When is the spring flower and the autumn moon, how much is known about the past! The small building was easterly again last night, and the old country was unbearable to look back at the moon and the Ming Dynasty.
Carved fences and jade carvings should still exist, but Zhu Yan changed them. How much sorrow can you have? Just like a river flowing eastward. 5[P44]
Compared with the impermanence of the old country and Zhu Yan, the natural permanence of spring flowers, autumn moons and carved jade fences makes the inevitable pain vast and overwhelming, and tilts all the sorrows of a king who has perished, so that readers can read it. Although there is no experience of subjugation, there is a real taste of the sadness of subjugation. This is an excellent testimony of Li Houzhu's childlike love.
In the creation of Ci, Nalan Xingde's learning and imitating Li Houzhu is not only related to his life experience, but also related to his theoretical proposition. He advocates that everything is rooted in temperament and pursues individuality. He said: "Poetry is the voice of the heart, and it is also in the temperament." (Miscellaneous Knowledge of Lushui Pavilion), Wang Guowei also made a pertinent evaluation of Nalan Xingde in "Words on Earth": "Nalan Rong Ruo looks at things with natural feelings and expresses feelings with the tongue of nature. When he first entered the Central Plains, there was no Han Chinese atmosphere, so he was really like this. He has only been alone since the Northern Song Dynasty." [5]p78 and Nalan Xingde's mourning for his wife is the best explanation of his childlike heart. In 1674, when Nalan Xingde was 2 years old, he married the daughter of Lu Xingzu, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and gave her a wife. She was born in gracefu at the age of 18, and her nature was dignified. After the marriage, the two couples were deeply in love and affection, and the happy life of their new marriage inspired his poetry creation. However, only three years later, Lu died in dystocia, which caused great pain to Nalan Xingde. Since then, there have been many mourning songs, especially the hatred of bosom friends. The heavy mental blow made him repeatedly show his sad and sorrowful feelings of endless lovesickness and lost feelings of nostalgia in his later mourning poems. "golden melody: thoughts on the death of my husband":
when has this hatred passed? Drop empty steps, cold and rainy breaks, and bury flowers. After three years of long dreams, I should wake up after a long dream. The material is also felt, and the world is tasteless. It's not as cold and lonely as the dust on the night platform. The hairpin made a promise and abandoned it.
if there are Pisces in Chongquan. It is good to know him, who he has been suffering and who he is leaning against. I turned from the middle of the night to the side, and I endured listening to Xiang Xian's argument. When it's over, he'll know himself. I'm afraid both of them are unlucky, and they'll be in the wind again. Clear tears, paper dust.
Every word reveals the feeling of yearning for his dead wife. "After three years of dreaming, you should wake up after a long dream." After three years of infatuation, you dare not face the reality of your wife's death, but you still think it is a dream. Although this word is not as good as Su Shi's "Jiang Cheng Zi Yi Mao remembers dreams day and night on the twentieth day of the first month":
Ten years of life and death are two boundless. Never think, never forget. Thousands of miles away in a lonely grave, there is nowhere to talk about desolation. Even if you don't know when you meet, your face is covered with dust and your temples are like frost. Night comes and dreams suddenly return home. Xiao Xuan window, dressing. Care for each other without words, only tears thousands of lines It is expected to be heartbroken every year, on the moonlit night, short matsuoka.
However, Su Shi's feelings for his wife's death are not diminished, and every word is dripping with tears and every sentence is bleeding.
The late Lord expressed his feelings, but he didn't see the emperor's tears. He only heard a heavy sigh from his chest, which made people feel that the torrent of his inner feelings was rushing and rolling. Nalan Xingde's lyricism is manifested in color, which makes people see his grief-stricken modality and experience the poet's inner feelings. Words like Li Houzhu and Nalan Xingde are very similar in style, which can be summarized as "sentimental and stubborn".
3. Emotional symbols are similar.
Susan Langer thinks that the symbol used in art is a metaphor, which is symbolic. Both Li Yu and Nalan Xingde can be called great masters in the use of language. Li Yu's poems in the early stage were rich in color, and in the later stage, the works of national subjugation were all changed, washed away and pure and natural; However, Nalan Ci has always been elegant and elegant, with a faint cloud and long water. However, a large number of symbols of * * * agreement appeared in the ci works of the two poets, which triggered people's hearts and caused emotional shock. Among them, symbols such as "dream", "worry" and "tears" appear frequently. Take "sorrow" as an example: in Li Yu's poems, there are many words about sorrow. "Mo Geng stays behind and goes home, revealing that China is cold and sad." ("Autumn Warbler") 5[P15], "The waves invade the sorrow and the light ripples, and the chaotic mountains congeal and hate the color." ("Send Deng Wang's twenty brothers from Yimu Xuancheng") 5[P21], "There are thousands of pieces of sorrow in the cloud cage, and tears flow when the rain hits the boat." , ("Crossing the Zhongjiang River and Looking at Shicheng and Weeping") 5[P18], "It's hard to get rid of it forever, and it's painful to be alone. The rain is lonely in late autumn, and the disease is increased. " ("Mourning Poems") 5[P22], "The gaunt years have been very bad, and depression is beneficial to self-injury. The wind invades the diseased bones, and the rain is sorrowful. " ("Feeling in Illness") 5[P23], "How much sorrow can you have, just like a river flowing eastward. (Yu Meiren) 5[P44], "If you keep cutting, you will still be confused. It is to leave your sorrow, especially a taste in your heart." ("Meeting Huan") 5[P46], the "sorrow" in Li Houzhu's ci is extracted from his own life experience, and it is a specific emotion in a specific environment without any trace of carving. There are rich and substantial connotations in the true catharsis of emotions. This kind of implicit and meaningful word has been passed down through the ages and still shines with brilliance in the long history. However, Nalan Xingde's poems are full of gloomy clouds. According to statistics, among Nalan's 349 existing poems, the word "melancholy" has appeared as many as 9 times, such as "the west wind sings in the latitude, and people are not allowed to sleep. Just last autumn, how to shed tears. " ("The Second Bodhisattva Man") 7[P33], "There are no people to save the land, and the shadows are exposed." ("Walking in the Autumn Evening"), "It's not as cold and lonely as the dust on the night platform. I made a promise and abandoned it. " (< < golden melody > >) 7[P56], "After singing the autumn grave, I will not rest, and the spring bush will recognize the amphibious butterfly." ("recent love") 7[P61], the reason why Nalanxingde worries is not as simple as Li Yu's, and his worries are manifold. First of all, in the early Qing Dynasty, the contradictions and struggles within the supreme ruling group have been fierce, and Nalanxingde's father Nalanmingzhu caused many crises and hidden dangers to himself and his family. Secondly, Nalan Xingde is knowledgeable and ambitious, but his ambition is always difficult to achieve. Being a bodyguard not only can't realize his ambition, but also forms an embarrassing bondage to him, making him "like walking on thin ice." Of course, Nalan Xingde's unfortunate love and marriage experience is also an important inducement to arouse his sadness.
In short, Li Yu and Nalan Xingde wrote a series of sad, beautiful and sad swan songs with their talents, love and hate, hatred, blood and tears and even their lives, which have stirred the hearts of readers from generation to generation for thousands of years.
Besides, Nalan himself said that he admired "Li Yu", so his ci was later influenced by Huajianji.