During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a hundred schools of thought contended.
1, a hundred schools of thought contend
(1) Contention background: great social change. Including: the collapse of Jing Tian system, the disintegration of enfeoffment system, frequent wars and the rise of private schools.
(2) Controversy: The core issues are how to govern the country (rule of virtue, benevolent government, rule of law and inaction), as well as human nature, the relationship between people and the relationship between man and nature.
(3) The influence of contention: It was an ideological emancipation movement, which laid the foundation for the development of China's traditional ideology and culture.
2. Confucius, Mencius and Xun and the formation of Confucianism.
(1) Confucius' achievements
Ideologically, Confucianism was founded and the ideas of "benevolence", "courtesy" and "rule by virtue" were put forward.
Education: setting up private schools and summarizing some teaching methods.
On Classics: Compiling Six Classics.
[Attachment] Confucius' important remarks have made him want to stand up and stand up; If you want to achieve it, you can achieve it; Don't do to others according to their aptitude what you don't want them to do to you. Morality is the way, and courtesy is the spirit. Rule by virtue is like Beichen, living in its place and surrounded by stars.
(2) Mencius' proposition: the nature is good, the people are noble and the monarch is light, and the government is benevolent.
[Attachment] Mencius' important speech is that the people are the most important, the country is the second, and the monarch is the light. Opportunities vouchsafed by Heaven are outmatched by terrestrial advantages, which in turn are outmatched by the harmony among people.
(3) Xunzi's proposition: human nature is evil, which can be changed by learning "courtesy"; We can use the laws of nature to benefit mankind.
[Attachment] Zhou Jun, an important speech of Xunzi, also said that water can carry a boat and overturn it. Heaven has its own heaven ... and use them.
Second, Confucianism in the Han Dynasty became an orthodox thought.
1, Dong Zhongshu's proposition: great unification; To oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone; Heaven and man are one, heaven and man are interlinked, and the monarchy is divine. (Others: Three Basic Principles and Five Permanent Principles)
2. Measures taken by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: ousting a hundred schools of thought and worshiping Confucianism alone; Set up imperial academy and popularize Confucianism.
[Objective: To strengthen autocratic centralization. Influence: autocratic centralization is strengthened, and Confucianism becomes orthodox]
Third, Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties.
1, Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism
(1) "Er Cheng" (pioneers of Neo-Confucianism) refers to Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao. Their main viewpoints are: Heaven is the source of all things, ethics is heaven, and the core of heaven is "benevolence".
(2) Zhu (Master of Neo-Confucianism)' s main viewpoints are: the theory of regulating qi; Maintain justice and destroy human desires.
2. Wang Yangming's view on psychology is that reason lies in the heart (the heart is reason, and there is nothing outside the heart); Conscience (strengthening moral cultivation, overcoming people's desires and restoring people's original good nature); Unity of knowing and doing (knowing and doing come from the heart, so you should control your behavior and practice with your conscience)
Fourth, Confucianism in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
1, Li Zhi's "deviant" (anti-unification and heresy) view: opposing "saints"; People's material life is just.
2. The three great thinkers in Ming and Qing Dynasties refer to Huang Zongxi (who wrote A Record of Ming Yi to Be Visited), Gu (who wrote A Record of Japanese Knowledge and A Record of Diseases in Counties and Countries under the World) and Wang Fuzhi. The similarities of their thoughts are: opposing autocratic monarchy, advocating industry and commerce as the foundation, and advocating practical application. Gu also has the idea that "every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world", and Wang Fuzhi also has outstanding achievements in philosophy.
[Remarks: yellow-the world is dominant, you are a guest; The rule of chaos in the world is not the rise and fall of a surname, but the sorrow and joy of all people; Change "the law of one family" to "the law of the world"; Frankly speaking, it's none of the school's business. Gu-people rule the world, you can't rule alone ... you can send people into the world with the power of the world]
Five, the rise and fall of Confucianism: see the outline.
Topic 2 Science, technology, literature and art in ancient China.
I. Scientific and technological achievements
1, four great inventions appeared and completed: papermaking-paper unearthed from tombs in the Western Han Dynasty in Gansu Province, and "Cai Hou Paper" in the Eastern Han Dynasty; Compass-the name of the Warring States "Sina", used for navigation in the Song Dynasty; Gunpowder-used in the military during the Tang and Song Dynasties; Engraving printing appeared in Sui and Tang Dynasties. The Diamond Sutra is the earliest known printed matter with exact date in the world. Movable type printing was invented by Bi Sheng in Northern Song Dynasty.
2. The influence of the four great inventions on world civilization: papermaking, printing, cultural development, ideological emancipation (Renaissance, religious reform), gunpowder, bourgeois revolution, bourgeois regime, compass, new ship road and world market = = = In short, the world has entered the era of capitalism.
Second, Chinese characters and calligraphy and painting
1. The origin and evolution of Chinese characters: Oracle Bone Inscriptions-Xiao Zhuan-Li Shu-regular script-running script (reading books to identify various fonts), the general trend is from complex to simple.
2. China's painting and calligraphy
(1) Calligraphers: Wang Xizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (a calligrapher, the first running script in the world in Preface to Lanting), Ou Yangxun, Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan in the Tang Dynasty (good at regular script).
(2) Classification of Chinese painting: figure painting, landscape painting and flower-and-bird painting; During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, literati painting made outstanding achievements.
Third, literary achievements.
(1) The Book of Songs: It contains more than 300 poems from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, which are divided into three parts: style, elegance and ode. It is the source of realism and a Confucian classic.
(2) Songs of the South: Qu Yuan as the representative and Li Sao as the masterpiece, which is the source of romanticism. ("Feng" and "Sao" are also called)
(3) Han Fu: gorgeous words, exaggerated techniques, rich content, reflecting a unified scene. Representative figures include Sima Xiangru and Zhang Heng.
(4) Tang poetry: Social prosperity, opening to the outside world and imperial examinations promoted the prosperity of Tang poetry. Representative figures are Li, Du and Bai.
(5) Song Ci: There are graceful schools represented by Liu Yong and Li Qingzhao, and wild schools represented by Su Shi and Xin Qiji.
(6) Yuan Qu: including Yuan Zaju and Sanqu, represented by Guan Hanqing and Ma Zhiyuan.
(7) Novels of Ming and Qing Dynasties: With the development of commodity economy and the expansion of citizen class, four classical novels and classical Chinese short story Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio and satirical novel The Scholars appeared.
Fourth, the emergence and development of Peking Opera: During the Qianlong period, four Huizhou classes went to Beijing, and later, Huizhou opera and Han tune merged to form Peking Opera.
Topic 3 Ideological Emancipation Trend in Contemporary China
First, the germination of new ideas
1. Lin Zexu opened his eyes to the world: he compiled the first systematic Atlas of World Geography in modern China and became the first person to open his eyes to the world.
2. Wei Yuan and the Atlas of the Sea: the most detailed monograph based on The Records of the Four Seas, which introduces western historical geography and puts forward the idea of "learning from foreigners" to guide people to pay attention to the world and enlighten people's thoughts.
Second, the reform ideas
1, Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and Yan Fu's ideological course of seeking change in western learning.
(1) Kang Youwei: He published Textual Research on Confucius' Reform and Textual Research on New Learning and Pseudo-Classics, and advocated constitutional monarchy with the help of Confucius. Its ideological characteristic is to combine the western bourgeois political theory with China's Confucianism.
(2) Liang Qichao: Published "General Discussion on Reform", advocated advocating civil rights, set up parliament, tried to survive in the reform, and opposed conformism.
(3) Yan Fu: Translate the theory of evolution and publicize the reform according to the theory of evolution.
2. The function of the thought of reform and political reform in the social development of modern China: it promoted the reform movement and emancipated the mind.
Third, the new culture movement.
1, the representative figures and main contents of the New Culture Movement:
(1) Chen Duxiu: founded "New Youth" to promote "-democracy" (Mr. Sai-science); Advocate new morality and new literature; Published "On the Literary Revolution".
(2) Cai Yuanpei: When he was president of Peking University, he implemented the policy of "freedom of thought and inclusiveness", making Peking University the activity base of the New Culture Movement. (3) Hu Shi: published "My humble opinion on literary improvement" and advocated vernacular Chinese.
(4) Lu Xun: Writing Diary of a Madman and Kong Yiji combined anti-feudalism with vernacular Chinese.
(5) Li Dazhao: Promote Marxism.
[Remarks: Chen Duxiu-advocates that respecting Confucius must establish a monarch, and that establishing a monarch must be restored ... Confucianism and * * * and ... one must be abolished]
2. The influence of the New Culture Movement: ideological emancipation, people's awakening, cultural transformation and the spread of Marxism.
Fourth, the spread of Marxism in China.
1 and the spread of Marxism around the May 4th Movement.
(1) Before the May 4th Movement, Li Dazhao published Victory of the Common People and Victory of Bolshevism.
(2) After the May 4th Movement, Li Dazhao published My View on Marxism for systematic publicity; Debate with Hu Shi on "Problems and Doctrine".
2. The great significance of Marxism to the historical development of China: ideological emancipation, the workers' movement, the founding of China and the new-democratic revolution.
Topic 4 Main theoretical achievements of China Thought since the 20th century.
I. Sun Yat-sen's Three People's Principles
1, the old Three People's Principles
(1) Basic content: nationalism-"expelling the Tatars and restoring China", that is, the national revolution, which overthrew the Qing government by violent means; (core) democracy-"establishing the Republic of China", that is, overthrowing autocracy through political revolution and establishing bourgeois democracy;
People's livelihood-"equal land rights", that is, social revolution, land price verification, the land price increased after the revolution belongs to the state and the people enjoy it.
(2) Historical function: It guided the Revolution of 1911, overthrew the Qing government, ended the absolute monarchy and established the Republic of China.
2. The New Three People's Principles
(1) The expression of "new" (different from the old Three People's Principles): clearly put forward the anti-imperialist goal; Civil rights that advocate universal equality; Solve the problem of farmers' land (land to the tiller) and control capital.
(2) Historical function: It became the political basis of state-to-state cooperation and promoted the rise of the national revolution and the victory of the Northern Expedition.
Second, Mao Zedong Thought.
1, Mao Zedong's works and thoughts.
(1) The works of the theory of armed separation of workers and peasants are: "Why can the red regime in China exist? Jinggangshan struggle "and" a single spark can start a prairie fire "
(2) The works about the new-democratic revolution are: On New Democracy.
(3) Works on socialist revolution and construction include: On People's Democratic Dictatorship, On Ten Major Relationships, Correctly Handling Contradictions among the People, etc.
2. Mao Zedong Thought's influence: It was the first leap of combining Marxism with China's reality, and it was the inheritance and development of Marxism and became the guiding ideology of the Communist Party of China (CPC). It is conducive to the victory of the democratic revolution and makes China independent and embark on the socialist road.
Third, the construction of Deng Xiaoping has Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory.
1, content:
Method 1: Grasp the major events in order, including the content of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the content of the Twelfth National Congress, and the content of southern talks. Take economic construction as the center and carry out reform and opening up. Take our own road and build socialism with China characteristics. The essence of socialism is to liberate and develop productive forces, and finally achieve prosperity with * * * *; The criterion for judging practice is "three advantages", that is, whether it is conducive to developing productive forces, enhancing comprehensive national strength and improving people's living standards; The goal of reform is to establish a socialist market economic system.
Method 2: Grasp it according to the core question "What is socialism and how to build it".
What is socialism? The essence of socialism is to liberate and develop productive forces, and finally realize bringing wealth with wealth.
How to build socialism? Take our own road and build socialism with China characteristics; Taking economic construction as the center and carrying out reform and opening up; Establish a socialist market economic system; The criterion for judging practice is "three advantages": productivity, comprehensive national strength and people's life.
2. Significance: It is the second leap of combining Marxism with China's reality, it is the inheritance and development of Mao Zedong Thought, and it has become the guiding ideology of China's * * * production party. It is conducive to reform, opening up and modernization, the country is prosperous and the people are rich, and China has embarked on a distinctive socialist road. (Pay attention to the comparison with the meaning of Mao Zedong Thought; The significance of theory includes two aspects: practical activities and the effect of activities)
Topic 5: Major achievements of scientific and technological development in contemporary China.
1, two bombs and one satellite
(1) Main achievements: 1964 The first atomic bomb exploded successfully, and China became the fifth country in the world to possess nuclear weapons (the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain and France); The first artificial earth satellite "Dongfanghong-1" was successfully launched in 1970, and China became the fifth country (Russia, the United States, France and Japan) to launch satellites.
(2) Deng Jiaxian and Qian Xuesen won "two bombs and one satellite meritorious service".
2. Manned space flight: In 2003, Shenzhou 5 spacecraft carried Yang Liwei into space, and China became the third country in the world to master manned space technology. In 2005, Shenzhou VI carried Fei Longjun and Nie Haisheng into space.
3. Hybrid rice: 1973 Yuan Longping has cultivated hybrid rice, which has made great contributions to grain production in China and the world.
[Pay attention to the order of several major achievements]
Topic 6: the development of western humanistic spirit
First, the origin of western humanistic spirit
1, protagoras: a representative of the ancient Greek school of wise men, who believed that "man is the measure of all things" and affirmed the value of man.
Socrates: Virtue is knowledge (emphasizing the importance of morality) and knowing yourself.
Second, the Renaissance and the Reformation.
1, the main achievements of the Italian Renaissance: Dante's Divine Comedy, Boccaccio's decameron (The Melody of Man), and Petrarch's proposal to replace "the knowledge of God" with "the knowledge of man", known as the "father of humanism", wrote songji.
2. Martin Luther's core proposition: being saved by faith (or: being justified by faith).
3. The meaning of humanism during the Renaissance and the Reformation: affirming human values and pursuing humanity.
Third, enlightenment.
1, the main ideas of enlightenment thinkers
(1) Montesquieu: His representative work, The Spirit of Law, opposes autocracy and advocates natural human rights and separation of powers (the core is power balance).
(2) Voltaire: The representative work "Philosophical Communication" opposes autocracy and advocates natural human rights, freedom and equality.
(3) Rousseau: The masterpiece On Social Contract opposes autocracy, advocates natural human rights, and advocates people's sovereignty and social contract.
(4) Kant: advocates freedom of thought.
[Attachment] Important remarks: Montesquieu-to prevent abuse of power, power must be restricted by power; All people with power are prone to abuse their power. Voltaire-I don't agree with everything you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it. Rousseau was born free, but he was bound by chains everywhere; People have the right to overthrow tyranny by violence. Kant-man is not a tool of others, but his own purpose.
2. The Enlightenment's development of humanism: defending human rights.
3. Social influence of the Enlightenment: It promoted ideological emancipation and influenced the French Revolution, the American War of Independence and the establishment of the federal government, the Reform Movement in China, the Revolution of 1911 and the New Culture Movement.
Topic 7 the glory of science and technology since modern times
First of all, classical mechanics
1, Galileo and Newton's contribution to the establishment of classical mechanics
(1) Galileo: The law of free fall was discovered through experiments, which initiated modern science with strict logical system based on experiments and laid the foundation for the establishment and development of classical mechanics.
(2) Newton: put forward the three laws of motion of objects and the law of universal gravitation, and the classical mechanical system was formed.
2. The historical position of classical mechanics in the development of modern natural science theory: the mechanical phenomena in nature are systematically and reasonably explained, and the first theoretical synthesis of human understanding of natural history is completed. Science got rid of the shackles of theology, and modern science entered an era of all-round prosperity.
Second, Darwin's theory of biological evolution
(1) main point: living things are constantly evolving from low to high, and the rule of evolution is natural selection and survival of the fittest.
(2) Significance: promoting the development of biology; It attacked creationism and promoted ideological emancipation; "Survival of the fittest" became an excuse for colonial expansion, which also promoted the development of China's reform movement.
Third, the invention of the steam engine and the application of electrical technology.
1, the invention of steam engine and the application of electrical technology during the second industrial revolution.
(1) Invention of the steam engine: 65438+In the 1960s, the Englishman Watt improved the steam engine (Fulton Steamboat, Stephenson Train).
(2) Application of electrical technology: Faraday, a British scientist, discovered electromagnetic induction, Siemens, Germany invented generators, Dick and Edison invented many household appliances; Mankind has entered the "electrical age".
2. The role of scientific and technological progress in social development: ① promoting the development of productive forces and the progress of human society; (2) The bourgeoisie has established its rule over the world; Social life (such as food, clothing, housing and entertainment) has changed, and the links around the world have become closer.
Three, relativity and quantum theory (macro world and micro world movement)
1, Einstein's theory of relativity and its significance
(1) Content: Special relativity holds that space-time changes with the speed of matter movement; General relativity holds that the real space where matter exists is curved.
(2) Significance: It reveals the essence of time and space, inherits and develops Newtonian mechanics, and is a revolution in physics.
2. The proposition and development of quantum theory.
(1) Proposed: Planck, Germany.
(2) Development: Einstein explained the photoelectric effect with quantum theory; Then quantum mechanics was established.
Fourth, modern information technology.
1, the invention and development of computer and network technology
(1) electronic computer: 1946 The first electronic computer was developed in the United States. The development of electronic computer has gone through four stages: electron tube, transistor, integrated circuit and large-scale integrated circuit.
(2) Network technology: The Internet appeared in the United States in the 1960s and developed into a global information network in the 1990s.
2. The influence of modern information technology on human society: it caused the revolution of human production, life and study, and made human beings enter the information age and knowledge economy age; However, this will easily lead to the proliferation of spam, the emergence of cyber crimes, and the internet addiction of teenagers.
Special topic 8/kloc-literature and art since the 0 th and 9 th centuries
First, the main achievements of literature
1 and19th century literature
(1) Romantic literature: emphasizing personal feelings. Representative works include: Notre Dame de Paris by Hugo of France.
(2) Realistic literature: reflecting social reality. Representative works include: The Comedy on Earth by Balzac (Social Encyclopedia), lev tolstoy (Mirror of Russian Revolution) and Anna karenin.
2.20th century literature
(1) Western literature: john christopher by French romain rolland, The Old Man and the Sea by American Hemingway, etc.
(2) Soviet literature: Gorky's "Mother" is "a very timely book".
Second, representative works of art.
(1) Romanticism: France's "Guiding People's Freedom" reflects the French July Revolution of 1830.
② Realism: The Tracker on the Volga by Lie Bin, Russia.
(3) Impressionism: French Monet's Impression of Sunrise, Dutch "painter who jumped into the sun" Van Gogh is the "father of modern painting" and painted Sunflowers.
(4) Modernism: The guernica by the Spanish painter Picasso reflects the fascist German aggression against Spain.
Third, the emergence and development of film and television art
1, the appearance of the film:1invented by the Lumiere brothers in France at the end of September.
2. The invention and development of TV: TV appeared in Britain in the 1920s; Then came color TV and satellite programs.
3. The influence of film and television art on social life: it affects people's daily life and even the politics, economy and culture of the world.