Kill after Laba, so the folk proverb says, "Don't cry, son. Kill pigs after Laba. " In order to celebrate good luck, every family should put up Spring Festival couplets, window grilles, hang flags and the word "Fu" before the New Year. Spring Festival couplets are composed of upper couplet, lower couplet and horizontal scroll. The number of words is not fixed, it is required to be neat and even, and the content is auspicious, and it is often posted on the door. The upper part is on the right and the lower part is on the left.
In order to offer sacrifices to the Buddha, every household should make cakes, bait, rice wine and other offerings before the New Year. Please download the incense tray in the afternoon of the twelfth lunar month, light incense to worship the Buddha and ancestors, and then offer sacrifices in the early morning of the first day of the lunar new year. Worship the Buddha and ancestors is a major event in the New Year.
On New Year's Eve, after worshipping Buddha and ancestors, the younger generation kowtowed to the elders and resigned, but the elders refused. After being worshipped, you should give the younger generation a purse to "suppress the old age." Colleagues resign and knock at the door. After that, pick up the "God of Wealth" and set off firecrackers. Sesame stalks are scattered all over the yard, and people walk back and forth, commonly known as "stepping on the age." Take the meaning of "step by step" At midnight, everyone eats jiaozi. When wrapping jiaozi, jiaozi will hide a copper coin. Manchu people think that whoever eats it will be "smooth all the year round" On New Year's Eve, lanterns will be erected in every yard, with pine branches tied to them and red lights hung high. It is held every night from New Year's Eve to the sixth day.
On New Year's Day, we should get up early to pay New Year's greetings, kowtow and exchange good luck, which is also called "New Year's greetings". You can't celebrate the New Year at noon at the latest, otherwise it will be regarded as disrespectful. Manchu people in Heilongjiang have the custom of "adding money" on New Year's Day: "Pick up water and firewood on New Year's Day and lock the door. Ask and answer:' send money!' (Send firewood), and then people give it to them, put it in their water and firewood stoves, and shout,' More money! Add money!' "Manchu people hope that through auspicious language and ceremonies, they wish the new year a rich source of money.
Manchu Shangyuan Festival, commonly known as "Lantern Festival", is a traditional Manchu festival. In order to celebrate the Lantern Festival, you should put on colorful lights, so it is also called "Lantern Festival". Like Han nationality, Manchu people also have the custom of eating "Yuanxiao" on the Lantern Festival.
On the night of the festival, Manchu families hang lanterns, and everyone likes to watch them. In addition to arranging lanterns, dancing lanterns, appreciating lanterns and other major activities, Shangyuan Festival also performs various folk songs and dances and acrobatics, which adds to the festive atmosphere of the festival.
Manchu traditional festivals are far away from all diseases. On the 16th day of the first month, Manchu women have the custom of "walking away from all diseases".
"Fengtian Tongzhi Courtesy and Custom II" records: "On the 16th, women go to the open space together at dusk, walk for a week, or sit down next door and come back, which is called" walking all diseases ". In some places, women roll on the ice, commonly known as "dry ice". As I rolled, I chanted, "When the roller turns to the roller, there will be no low back pain and no leg pain. The roller will be lighter when it is turned to the roller. "
Manchu February 2, commonly known as "Dragon Head Up Day", is a traditional festival of Manchu. On this day, Manchu people have the custom of "attracting dragons". That is, scatter the ashes of the stove in the yard in the morning, make a big circle from left to right, then spread from the hall door to the gate, and then extend to the well. The gray road bends like a dragon, so it is commonly known as "leading the dragon". Then in order to have a good weather, a sacrifice was held in the yard. On February 2nd, the festive food is called "Longlin Cake" and the noodles are called "Longxu Noodles". On this day, Manchu boudoir stopped sewing for fear of hurting longan.
Influenced by the customs of Han nationality, Tomb-Sweeping Day Manchu also went to Tomb-Sweeping Day to worship their ancestors, so it is also a traditional festival of Manchu. However, the way of offering sacrifices is different from the customs of the Han nationality. The custom of the Han nationality is to burn paper money and press paper on the top of the grave, while the Manchu nationality is "inserting Buddha". Insert "Foto" and insert willow branches. In the shamanism legend believed by Manchu, Liu is the ancestor of human beings, and people are the descendants of Liu. Tomb-Sweeping Day planted willows as sacrifices on the grave to show that future generations would not forget their ancestors.
Manchu Mid-Autumn Festival, a Manchu festival, takes July 15 as the Mid-Autumn Festival, and is also regarded as "Ghost Festival" to turn over the dead. During the festival, during the day, there will be magnolia parties in various temples, burning lamps to chant Buddhist scriptures, pasting paste and burning them in the pool. Lighting river lanterns at night and drifting along the river means "sailing to Purdue with goodwill". The children danced in groups of three and five, each with a lotus lamp.
Manchu Mid-Autumn Festival August 15 is a traditional Manchu festival, full moon. Manchu, like Han nationality, regards the full moon as a symbol of reunion. Therefore, Mid-Autumn Festival is also called "Reunion Festival".
Manchu people eat "reunion dinner" on Mid-Autumn Festival. When the moon rises at night, it will be offered to the moon: a wooden screen is placed to the east on the west side of the yard, and cockscomb flowers, edamame branches and fresh lotus roots are hung on the screen for the moon rabbit. There is a square table in front of the screen with a big moon cake on it. When offering sacrifices, burn incense and kowtow. Because the moon is cloudy, Manchu women worship the moon first, and men worship later. After the sacrifice, cut the moon cake and give everyone a piece, which is called "reunion cake".
Manchu Golden Festival Golden Festival is a Manchu festival, which means "Golden Zalan" in Manchu. "Giving money" means "being born" and "Zalan" means "a day of celebration". On the 3rd day of the lunar calendar 1635 10/kloc-0, Huang taiji, the son of the late King Nurhachi of the Jin Dynasty, abolished the old name of Nuzhen and changed his surname to Manchu, officially announcing that the Manchu people would hold a grand celebration ceremony for this day. 10 13, Manchu people in Xinjiang gathered together to celebrate their national festivals with songs and dances. Many Manchu compatriots wear cheongsam and other costumes with national characteristics, dance traditional folk dances, sing folk songs and hold various celebrations. At the same time, ethnic foods such as milk tea, saqima, big cake and similar cake are also prepared for everyone to taste. Many Manchu writers, painters, calligraphers and artists. I wrote poems, painted pictures and performed exquisite skills for everyone, which made the celebration very warm and interesting.
Manchu, who lives in the vast areas of Baishan and Heishui in the northeast of China, has been an important member of the Chinese nation since ancient times, with a long history and ancient civilization. The ancestors of Manchu can be traced back to the pre-Qin period. During the Han and Jin Dynasties, the Central Plains Dynasty called Su Shen Lou. From the Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the descendants of Lou were called Buji and Xiongnu. After the Jin Dynasty, the Nuzhen (the predecessor of Manchu) who lived in the Central Plains gradually merged with the Han nationality. From Yuan Dynasty to Ming Dynasty, Nuzhen, who lived in Heilongjiang and Songhua River basins, was always under the jurisdiction of the central government. /kloc-After 0/5th century, Jurchen moved south and rose again. /kloc-at the beginning of the 7th century, Nurhachi, the leader of Jianzhou Department, unified the ministries of Jurchen, and established the late Jin Dynasty on 16 16. 1636 changed the name of the country to Qing. 1636 Manchuria entered the customs, and then a unified feudal central government was established nationwide. It has been nearly 300 years since the Revolution of 1911 in191,when the Qing emperor abdicated. Manchu in Qing Dynasty is different from Jurchen nationality in Jin, Yuan and Ming Dynasties. It is a new nationality with Jurchen nationality as the main body and some members of Han, Mongolian and other nationalities. This new nation, in the same region, has the same economic life, the same cultural and psychological quality, and has formed a stable national consciousness. With the strict Eight Banners organization and vigorous enterprising spirit, * * * has created the largest unified multi-ethnic country in East Asia together with other brotherly nations.
Manchu people are scattered all over the country and most of them live in Liaoning Province. Other Manchu people are scattered in Jilin, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Gansu, Shandong and other provinces and large and medium-sized cities such as Beijing, Tianjin, Chengdu, Xi, Guangzhou and Yinchuan. The formation of large dispersion is characterized by small sedimentation. At present, major Manchu inhabited areas have established Manchu autonomous counties such as Payan, Fengcheng, Xinbin, Qinglong and Fengning, and several Manchu townships. According to the statistics of the fifth national census in 2000, the population of Manchu is 10 682 263.
Due to the close contact in economy, culture and life, Manchu people gradually get used to using Chinese. At present, only some remote Manchu villages in Heilongjiang are inhabited by villagers, and a few old people can speak Manchu. Most Manchu people in other places have spoken Chinese.
For more than 300 years since the Qing Dynasty, Manchu and Han people have coexisted for a long time, and Manchu in Shanhaiguan is no different from Han people in language, dress and customs. Customs Manchu people living in various places are only in areas where Manchu people live in concentrated communities, and some Manchu residents still use Manchu to maintain some inherent customs of Manchu. At the same time, some elements of Manchu customs can also be found in Han customs (including Chinese vocabulary). Manchu is a nation that is good at learning and creating, and has contributed to the development of the culture of the motherland.
Manchu costumes Manchu costumes and hairstyles directly inherit the basic customs that Nuzhen likes fur, is suitable for hunting and braiding, and at the same time integrates some forms of Han and Mongolian costumes. Its costumes and hairstyles are novel and colorful, especially robes, jackets, shoes, hats and braids, which have a strong national style.
Cheongsam: The robe is a dress worn by Manchu people, regardless of gender, age, wealth or rank. Manchu is called "a house". Because it is the official uniform of Manchu flag bearer, it is called "cheongsam" in later generations. The basic styles of robes are round neck, narrow sleeves and left-handed. The clothes are split on all sides, with buttons and belts. A robe worn by men, reaching to the foot and having a fat hem. The robe sleeve is narrow, split on all sides, and the hem is fat, which is convenient for riding and shooting, so it is also called "arrow coat". On the narrow cuffs of robes, a semicircular sleeve head is often added to cover the back of the hand. In winter, it can protect the back of the hand from the cold and is beneficial to archery, so it is called "arrow sleeve". Also called "horseshoe sleeves" because they look like horseshoes. The sleeve of the arrow is usually turned up, so it should be put down when saluting. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, the sleeve of the arrow had lost its original practical function and was only used as a tribute to the upper class of Manchu.
Jacket: Manchu folk costume. The short coat outside the robe is called "jacket", also called "coat". There are several forms of binding, such as supplementary binding, regular binding and travel binding.
The auxiliary robe is the official robe of Manchu in Qing Dynasty. Clothes are knee-high, sleeves are elbow-high, and buttons are buttoned in front. An ordinary coat is a coat that is usually worn, and its shape is roughly the same as that of a supplementary coat, which is of no help. A travel jacket is a jacket worn when going out. It's only waist-length, the sleeves are elbow-length, and the cuffs are flush and wide. Short coat and short sleeves are convenient for riding, so it is also called "jacket".
Vest: It is a sleeveless coat, also called "vest". It is a kind of Manchu casual clothes.
Yingbang: It is a kind of coat worn by children of Manchu Eight Banners in Qianlong period.
Collar: Early Manchu cheongsam was collarless in round neckline. You need a stiff collar when you wear a robe. This kind of stiff collar is called "collar coat".
End cover: The personal ministers and bodyguards of the nobles and emperors in the Qing Dynasty still wear a kind of fur turned out, which is called "end cover". The end cover is slightly shorter than the robe, with double-breasted, round neck and flat sleeves, and the shape is similar to that of Manchu officials.
Pants: Manchu people usually wear trousers, wide-mouth and fat-footed pants. The belt is high and wide. Make a big pleat on the top of the file and fasten it with a belt. Pants are also fat and wide, and they should be pleated with leg straps.
In addition, there are many Manchu costumes with national characteristics. Such as: crown hat, pendant, etc.
Manchu women's clothing is generally the same as that of men. And official clothes and casual clothes. Official uniforms are divided into robes, jackets and linings, which are generally narrow and slender.
Historically, Manchu hairstyles and hair accessories inherited the custom of Jurchen since the Jin Dynasty. The man shaved half, left half, and braided it. That is: shave off the hair around, leaving only the back of the head, weave a big braid, hang it behind the head, tie it up with colored silk, and decorate it with gold, silver, pearls and jade. Women's hairstyles have changed a lot. When I was a child, my hairstyle was the same as that of a boy. When I was an adult, I began to grow my hair and shrink my bun. The most popular hairstyle for adult women in the early Qing Dynasty was "two heads", also called "shelf head" and "fork head".
In the history of Manchu diet custom, Manchu diet combines the traditional custom of its predecessor, Nuzhen, with the cooking techniques of other nationalities such as Han nationality.
Staple food: Manchu people take miscellaneous grains as staple food, and the grains they often eat are barnyard grass, millet, wheat, barley, forest, millet, millet, sorghum, buckwheat and so on.
The characteristics of Manchu staple food, like pasta, food, sweet and sour taste.
Manchu cuisine is mainly meat, especially pork, which has been passed down from generation to generation since the ancestors were cautious and unhappy.
In addition, mutton and the meat of various animals are also very popular with them. There are many cooking methods, but the common Manchu mainly include boiling, stewing, boiling, roasting and so on. The types and eating methods of its dishes still retain ancient customs in many aspects.
The folk proverb of Manchu architecture in Northeast China says that Manchu folk houses are "pocket houses, swastikas and chimneys standing on the ground", which vividly summarizes the characteristics of Manchu folk houses.
Every Manchu family has three or five bedrooms, facing south. Most of the three bedrooms are located on the south side of the easternmost one, and most of the five bedrooms are located in the second one in the east, showing a pocket shape. Therefore, Manchu is commonly called "pocket room". If there are three or five rooms in the middle, it is generally called "the opposite room". Open a room called "outbuilding" and kitchen; The west room (pocket room) or the left and right rooms (opposite rooms) are called "back rooms" and are bedrooms. In a pocket room with three rooms, the outhouse is usually two cookers in the north and south, and the stove fire leads to the kang in the back room. The back room faces the kang in the north and south, and there is a narrow kang connecting the two kang in the west. The south, west and north kangs are in the shape of benevolence, which is commonly called "Wanzikang" and "Tuwa" in Manchu. Kang is generally six feet wide, one foot five inches high and two feet five or six feet long. Because the kang in the two rooms is connected together, it is commonly called "Lianer Kang".
The interior furnishings of Manchu folk houses have Manchu characteristics.
Pots and pans are placed on the west side, south side and north side of the outhouse, and tableware is placed behind the pots and pans. On the western wall above the pot, there is a couplet dedicated to the kitchen god. Shanglian cloud: "God speaks well"; Xia Lianyun: "Lower bound"; Crossing the cloud: "the head of the family." In the middle of northwest China, Chang 'an Stone Mill can grind noodles and broken beans at any time.
On the west wall of the back room, there is a board dedicated to ancestors. There are two boxes on the board, one for storing genealogy and the other for collecting ancestral books. Xikang below is the most respected, and no one is allowed to sit. Nankang is the second honored place, where the owner lives. There is a kang table on the kang and mattresses on the left and right to entertain guests. There are clothes in the boxes at both ends of the kang.
Manchu believes in Manchu and its ancestors and has the custom of believing in Shamanism.
Shamanism is the oldest primitive polytheism. Based on animism, the content includes nature worship, totem worship and ancestor worship, and there are certain ceremonies. "Shaman", originally Tungusic, means a person who dances wildly with excitement. Because the wizard's dancing is very unrestrained, he is called "Shaman". In ancient China, many ethnic groups in the north, such as Xiongnu, Wuhuan, Xianbei, Turkic, Qidan, Nuzhen, Mongolia, etc., all believed in Shamanism, each with its own inheritance and mutual influence. The custom of Manchu belief in Shamanism has been inherited and developed continuously.
Manchu taboo in Manchu beliefs and customs, in order to avoid evil spirits, saying or doing something that is considered against the gods is called taboo.
Taboos for Manchu festive weddings: On New Year's Day and festive day, everyone should say auspicious words, commonly known as "seeking good luck", and it is forbidden to say discouraging words and unlucky words.
Manchu people should take care of "general practitioners" when they get married and have children, that is, women with children in both husband and wife. Such people are considered lucky and blessed, and will also benefit newlyweds and newborn babies.
The taboo of Manchu funeral: the word "death" is hidden in the funeral. When an elderly person dies, he is called "old" or "dead". The clothes worn by the deceased are called "shroud".
Manchu sacrifice taboo: Manchu people sacrifice to the gods indoors regardless of their position. Among them, the south and north of the room are facing the west, and the east and west are facing the south. Ancestor boards, ancestral boxes and incense trays enshrined on the main wall of the main room are prohibited from moving at will, especially from others. The west kang in the main room is a holy kang. It is forbidden to sit or lie down or pile things on the west kang.
The sacred pillar in the hospital is the most sacred, and it is forbidden to touch and move. Not even the shadow of the sun.
Manchu families who raise livestock are not allowed to let pigs enter the courtyard of the sacrificial room.
In addition, there are other taboos, not to list them one by one.
Manchu festival