Director's notes
Why was the story of Liu Bocheng studying in the Soviet Union omitted? He left 3.9 million words of military works and 6.5438+0.9 million words of translated works in his life. He was the first to translate "mixed brigade" and "chimpanzee war" into "guerrilla warfare" ...
I used to know many stories about Liu Bocheng, from books, from movies and from my father's mouth. He used to be a member of Liu Bocheng's team. But this time, I was assigned the task of studying in the Soviet Union in the series of TV documentaries "One Hundred Years of Studying Abroad". Although there are many stories about Liu Bocheng, one of the main characters in the program, when it comes to studying abroad, memories and records are just weights and claws, and it is difficult to make a chapter.
I believe that studying in the Soviet Union must be an experience to reshape Liu Bocheng's life. There must be a story. It must be wonderful. So I decided to look for it.
I looked around and found two suitable storytellers: Song Ke and Liu Meng. Song Ke was recommended by National Defense University. Before retiring, he was the director of a research office of the school and a senior expert in Liu Bocheng. Liu Meng, the fifth of six girls in Liu Bocheng, nicknamed Amon, participated in the compilation of Biography of Liu Bocheng. Director Song said that Liu Shuai was rigorous and calm; Amon said that his father is intimate and light. Interesting contrast and complementarity add up to an unheard-of "returnee" Liu Bocheng more than 70 years ago.
From Liu Bocheng to "Afana Scheff"
Liu Bocheng left Shanghai for Vladivostok on the USS, and then went to Moscow. On the boat, he was told that his Russian name was "Afana Scheff", and all the students studying in China at that time took Russian names. Liu Bocheng is a famous soldier, but war belongs to war and study abroad belongs to study abroad. He doesn't know a word of Russian, poor thing. He secretly read out his new name-Afanasi Fu. ...
In the school newspaper, Liu Bocheng was still reading "Afanasev" in his mind, but suddenly he found that everyone around him was looking at him and laughing-he had reached "Afanasev", but he didn't recognize it. Amon laughed when he made fun of his father.
Liu Bocheng was the first batch of military cadres from China's * * * Production Party to study military theory in the Soviet Union. Warmly welcomed by all the teachers and students of the Soviet advanced infantry school. On the night of admission, in the brightly lit auditorium, the political commissar of the school gave a welcome speech, saying that Liu Bocheng was a famous general in China and the chief of staff of Nanchang Uprising. It is an honor for our school that he came to study in our school.
"Afanasev" defended on behalf of China students, but he spoke Chinese with a strong Sichuan accent.
As the saying goes, "people over thirty don't learn art." Liu Bocheng, 35, is the oldest of her classmates. Russian, which consists of 33 letters, is a high obstacle for him.
At that time, in the autumn of 1927, the comrades of the "Afana Shefu" country, who had just been named as the "Red Army", were wearing sandals and rags and were holding spears in Jinggangshan, fighting bloody battles with their own enemies several times. "Afanasev" is eating milk and bread, sitting quietly in the Moscow school. Why? What the newly established * * * Party army yearns for is the advanced military theory of the Soviet Union. Without language, "Afana Scheff" himself will accomplish nothing and live up to his mission.
Liu Bocheng tried his best to learn Russian. He writes on his left heart every day, and he takes it with him when he walks and goes to the toilet. He often studies until 3 am.
In order not to affect others' rest, Liu Bocheng covered himself with a blanket, lit a lamp and studied in a "small tent". When a classmate got up to go to the toilet and passed by the tent, he pressed Liu Bocheng's head and said it was time for bed.
The Russian trill "P" is difficult to pronounce, and China students call it "DuDu Lu". Liu Bocheng didn't listen when he hit his tongue. So he gets up half an hour earlier than others every day and goes to the playground to beep loudly. On the frozen winter morning in Moscow, Liu Bocheng just played "Dulu".
At that time, the Soviet economy was still very difficult, and food was rationed. Liu Bocheng was regarded as a general, and he came up with the idea of a military card.
Liu Bocheng found an office boy at school and said, You can go shopping with my military officer's card, but you have to teach me oral English for an hour every day.
About half a year later, Liu Bocheng's language ability surprised the teacher: I don't believe you can learn like this in half a year. Did you marry a Russian wife?
Liu Bocheng is naturally a treasure. He wrote to his friends in China and said, "Grammar is like a string of money, and new words are like copper coins, which accumulate day and night;" Regard difficulties as enemy lines and seize them day and night, and you will be able to understand Russian documents in a few months. "
From "Mixed Brigade" to "Mixed Brigade"
Liu Bocheng crossed the language barrier and opened the door to the Russian military art treasure house.
Liu Bocheng was born in Zhoudu Village, Kaixian County, Sichuan Province, which is a closed mountainous area. He read China's classics since childhood, and studied Zhuge Liang, the grandson of China, and Sima Yi in the war (a famous military theorist in the late Spring and Autumn Period, whose theory was incorporated into Sima Fa).
From "seeing China" to "seeing the world", Liu Bocheng completed this turning point in studying abroad. More than a year later, he transferred to the Fulongzhi Military Academy, the highest military academy in the Soviet Union. During his stay in Moscow, Liu Bocheng visited libraries and museums, read the history of world wars and biographies of military strategists from various countries, and studied Napoleon (France), Mao Qi (Prussia), ludendorff (Germany) and suvorov (Russia). ...
Liu Bocheng especially appreciated the strategic thought and command art of Russian famous Kutuzov. Coincidentally, Kutuzov, like Liu Bocheng, also lost his right eye in the early war. 18 12, Napoleon, who made Europe tremble, personally led 600,000 troops to invade Russia. At that time, the Russian army was only 300 thousand, only half of the French army.
Kutuzov was ordered to deal with Napoleon at a critical moment. Kutuzov's motto is not to seize the castle, but to preserve the effective strength, constantly consume the enemy, and finally concentrate on destroying the enemy in one fell swoop. Finally, of Napoleon's 690,000 troops, only over 20,000 returned to France.
Kutuzov won the war, saved Russia and changed the fate of France and even Europe. This example of defeating the strong with the weak has a great influence on Liu Bocheng.
I asked Director Song, which military treatise of Kutuzov was mentioned by Liu Bocheng, which he admired so much. Let me confirm it in the program. Director Song shook his head. Yes, the two parties of China and the Soviet Union have long been at loggerheads, and the debate within China has been ups and downs. In such a political climate, who can have no scruples? After entering the era of peace, Liu Bocheng, a "military training student" who went to the Soviet Union to drink foreign ink, was the first of the top ten marshals and was branded as dogmatism. Why was the story of Liu Bocheng studying in the Soviet Union omitted? Today's people think about it, in addition to understanding and understanding, there are also sighs.
1930, Liu Bocheng returned to China: referring to the Soviet system, he brought the standardized staff system into the Red Army;
He studied the advanced ideas of foreign military strategists and integrated into the art of war command;
Drawing lessons from the experience of Soviet military academy, he founded the earliest military academy after 1949 …
During decades of revolutionary career, Liu Bocheng left behind 3.9 million words of military works and 6.5438+900,000 words of translated works. It is incredible that Liu Bocheng, a soldier who lost his right eye, wrote such works in the era of war.
When translating Soviet military works, he first thoroughly understood the original text, and then rewrote it according to the reading habits of China people. For the first time, I learned that many military terms were created by Liu Bocheng:
Like "Huncheng Brigade", Director Song said that at that time, the troops began to synthesize, and a brigade consisted of infantry, cavalry and artillery. Some people literally translated it as "Hunchenglv" and Liu Bocheng translated it as "Hunchenglv";
For example, the word "guerrilla warfare" is said to come from Spanish. Foreigners call guerrilla warfare "chimpanzee warfare" because fighting in the jungle, like chimpanzees, pays attention to quick and sudden attacks. It was Liu Bocheng who translated "Chimpanzee Wars" into "Guerrilla Wars". And "commander", "chef" and so on.
Tears of "Second Field Army" Veterans
Interviewed Song Ke and Liu Meng, and the story of studying in Liu Bocheng settled; But I am still unwilling, because Liu Bocheng's wife Wang Ronghua is still alive, and the Liu's children refused to let me interview, on the grounds that the old man was in poor health. I think not liking journalists is an excuse.
When I first met him, I called him "Liu Wuguan" and said that my father was also from the Second Field Army. Is it? Liu stare big eyes.
When my father entered his later years, he also stepped into nagging, telling the story of the past war over and over again, and I always listened with one build and one build; At this moment, the brain quickly replays the old man's consistent nagging.
I put forward the topics of advancing into the Central Plains, southwestern Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong and Henan to Liu Wuguan, who had studied the history of the Second Field Army. So the interview concluded that Liu Meng kindly said, just call me "Amon".
Looking at the heat, I will test: whether my father is a marshal or a veteran, we are all descendants of the Second Field Army. How sorry I am not to see the wife of the old head of the Second Field Army! Amon said sincerely, I really can't. It doesn't look like perfunctory, so we have to give up.
After that, I went to Beijing several times for studying abroad for a hundred years. I always remember to call Amon to talk about the progress of the program and the elderly at home ... "The second field" is still the theme of this conference call. I mentioned Ruhe to Amon. From 1937 to 1949, when Guangzhou was liberated, my father was a tough guy, but he couldn't mention Ruhe, and he cried when he mentioned it. At that time, Liu Deng's army marched into Dabie Mountain and crossed Ruhe River. Hundreds of thousands of national troops were stuck in the front, and seven enemy planes bombed indiscriminately. PLA officers and men without any air defense capability fell in rows, and the Ruhe River became a river of blood. Commander Liu Bocheng and political commissar Deng Xiaoping commanded thousands of troops, including my father. ...
Finally, Amon said on the phone, Go home.
Roast beef with potatoes, Liu's home-cooked dish.
Our film crew walked into Liu's yard and saw an old man in very poor health. I called "Mother Wang" softly, and I couldn't help hugging her and sending her a bunch of flowers and my father's greetings. There are many pomegranate trees in the yard, and we have a new harvest.
Liu's life was also Russian, which began in Liu Bocheng.
A home-cooked dish called Percy has been eaten by the Liu family for decades. Children don't know until they grow up. In fact, "Posi" is what Russians eat every day. People ridicule Khrushchev's potatoes and roast beef. My wife and children have got the true story of Liu Bocheng, so they can burn Percy with dignity. Even Russian friends have tasted it and are full of praise.
Liu Bocheng's humble office is still there. A huge dark radio is ancient and exquisite, and it is a trophy of Huaihai Campaign. Liu Bocheng stayed and used it to listen to Russian radio all the time. In a short corridor outside the office, the old Wang Man Ronghua and Amon told us that the graduate of Fulongzhi Military Academy who learned to play the toot in Moscow morning still kept the habit of reading Russian early. At 6 o'clock every morning, the children listen to Russian in the corridor and get up for school until Liu Bocheng is completely blind. ...
On behalf of the Liu family, Liu Meng left a message on the album "A Hundred Years of Studying Abroad": "Liu Shuai's military thought belongs to China and the world."
A long breath ended my search. A Hundred Years of Studying Abroad tells a well-known but unknown story of Liu Bocheng. In that magnificent and somewhat dusty era, "Liu Shuai's military thought belongs to China and the world."
A long breath ended my search. "One Hundred Years of Studying Abroad" tells the well-known unknown story of Liu Bocheng, a "sea returnee" in that magnificent and somewhat dusty era.