[Edit this paragraph] [Origin and characteristics]
The earliest records of Xuan paper can be found in Ancient Paintings and New Tang Books. Since the Tang dynasty, dynasties have passed. The origin of rice paper is Jingxian County, Anhui Province. In addition, jingxian county near Xuancheng and Taiping also produces such paper. In the Song Dynasty, the paper industry in Huizhou, Chizhou and Xuanzhou gradually shifted its focus to Jingxian. At that time, these areas were under the jurisdiction of Xuanzhou government, so the paper produced here was called "Xuanzhi", also known as Jingxian paper. Because Xuan paper is easy to preserve, durable and not brittle, and will not fade, it has the reputation of "paper life for thousands of years".
(12 1 year) After Cai Lun's death, disciple Kong Dan made paper in southern Anhui, and wanted to make a blank sheet of paper as a portrait of his teacher to show his memory. When passing by the river of a canyon, I came across an ancient sandalwood tree lying by the river. Due to the scouring of the river, the bark rotted and turned white, revealing long white fibers. Kong Dan was ecstatic and used it to make paper. After repeated experiments, it finally succeeded. This is the later rice paper.
According to the preface of Cao Cao's family & lt& lt rebuilt by Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty: "At the end of the Song Dynasty, when it was prosperous, bonfires were everywhere. In order to avoid chaos, the eighth generation grandson of Cao Cao's Palace moved to the residence of Taiwei Chuanjing, which belonged to the four-leaf clover in Shan Ye. The fields were scarce and it was impossible to cultivate, so he made a living because of his ethics. Cao Dachang inherited the previous papermaking technology, and gradually improved it through practice, and finally made a clean white paper. Because the paper distribution center is in Xuancheng Prefecture, it was named Xuan Paper.
The famous Xuan paper began in the Tang Dynasty. Zhang Yiyuan, a famous painter in the Tang Dynasty, said, "It is good to set up Xuan paper 100 sheets, which is wax for copying." This shows that the Tang Dynasty. According to the Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, in the second year of Tianbao (743), Jiangxi, Sichuan, southern Anhui and eastern Zhejiang made paper tribute, especially in Xuancheng County. It can be seen that Xuan paper had been crowned at that time. After Li Yu in the Southern Tang Dynasty, he personally made "Chen Xintang" paper, which is a treasure in rice paper. It is "skin like an egg film, as hard as jade, as thin as smooth, and crowned for a while.
Xuan paper has the characteristics of "tough and runnable, light but not slippery, white and dense, pure texture, lossless rubbing and strong ink", and has unique air permeability and lubrication performance. Writing is God's God, and painting is a high spirit, which has become the best embodiment of China's artistic style. The so-called "ink color", that is, completion, shades, visible textures, clear Mo Yun, structure, the use of rice paper, ink control, and controlling the proportion of ink, Ji Yun has caused artistic results. Plus anti-aging, do not change color. There are few insects and long life, so it has the reputation of "the king of paper, a thousand years of longevity". Won the gold medal in Panama International Paper Competition in19th century. Xuan paper is not only a poem and a painting, but also the best paper for writing diplomatic notes and preserving archives and historical documents. A large number of rare ancient books and famous ink paintings have been circulated in China, most of which are preserved on Xuan paper, and they are still the same today.
China's three major rice paper producing areas: Anhui, Sichuan and Zhejiang.
[Edit this paragraph] [Classification of Xuan paper]
■ According to the classification of processing methods, rice paper can be divided into raw rice paper, cooked rice paper and semi-cooked rice paper.
Health promotion categories include Jiagong, Jade Edition, Skin Cleansing, Single Publicity, and Even Cotton. Raw Xuan ink is very absorbent and hydrophilic, and it is easy to produce rich Mo Yun, achieving the artistic effects of ink-running, ink-collecting, ink-collecting and vigorous. Use freehand brushwork in landscape painting. Although health posters are interesting, they can be decided with a pen, and ink permeates Qin quickly, which is not easy to master.
Cooked rice paper is made of alum, so rice paper is harder than water and has weak water absorption ability, so that the ink and color used will not be cloudy. Therefore, this feature makes the strokes familiar rather than freehand brushwork. The disadvantage is that there will be long-term "alum leakage" or few fractures. Cooked propaganda can be reprocessed, and colored paper made of coral, mica sword, cold gold, wine gold, wax gold rib, pink tiger, etc. Health claims strong water absorption. Write with light ink, which is easy to penetrate and open. It is relatively easy to write in thick ink. Therefore, to create calligraphy and painting, you need to master the degree of ink and wash, in order to be handy.
Half-cooked propaganda is from the first two departments between processing and water absorption capacity, and "jade plate" is a category.
■ According to specifications, it can be divided into four feet, five feet, six feet, eight feet, two feet and six feet; According to the thickness, it can be divided into three types: cotton, net skin and special net; Double silk, rib, moire, white deer, etc. ; Besides raw and cooked, there are about 60 kinds of alum declarations, such as seaweed, monosodium glutamate, Yi Chan, color throwing gold, antique color declarations and watermark tiles. Generally speaking, cotton paper refers to paper with a raw material content of about 40%, which is thinner and lighter; Clean skin is more than 60% tanned skin content; The content of tanned leather of special batch raw materials reaches 80%. The higher the proportion of paper, the richer the ink levels and better the ink effect, and the more able to bear the pen power. The more paper components, the greater the tensile strength of the paper, and the better the corresponding effect quality: the paper will not break after repeated rubbing. This may be one of the reasons why most calligraphy uses cotton Xuan paper and drawing paper uses leather paper-it's not that you don't use mesh and special paper to write, but cotton Xuan paper can meet the basic needs of calligraphy (unless your calligraphy style needs to be used repeatedly in the same place).
The name of rice paper. Named after Xuanzhou Prefecture (now Xuancheng, Anhui Province), it is mainly produced in Jingxian County, Anhui Province. This paper was used for writing and painting in ancient China.
[Edit this paragraph] Origin and characteristics
There are records about Xuan paper in the Records of Famous Paintings in Past Dynasties and the Book of New Tang Dynasty. Since the Tang Dynasty, dynasties have followed. The origin of rice paper is Jingxian County, Anhui Province. In addition, Xuancheng, Taiping and other places near Jingxian County also produce this kind of paper. In the Song Dynasty, the paper industry in Huizhou, Chizhou and Xuanzhou gradually moved to Jingxian County. At that time, these areas were under the jurisdiction of Xuanzhou government, so the paper produced here was called "Xuanzhi", and some people called it Jingxian paper. Because Xuan paper has the characteristics of easy storage, durability and colorfastness, it has the reputation of "paper lives for thousands of years".
According to the folklore of Xuan paper, after Cai Lun died in the first year of Jianguang in the Eastern Han Dynasty (12 1), disciple Kong Dan made paper in southern Anhui, and wanted to make a blank piece of paper to show his memory. Later, by a canyon stream, I occasionally saw an old sandalwood lying across the stream. Because it was washed away by running water all the year round, the bark rotted and turned white, revealing long white fibers. Kong Dan was ecstatic and took it to make paper. After repeated experiments, it finally succeeded. This is the later rice paper.
According to the preface of Xiao's Genealogy, which was rebuilt during the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty, "There were many disturbances in the chaos at the end of the Song Dynasty. Cao Sun, the younger generation of Duke VIII of Cao Shizhong, moved from Qiuchuan to Xiaoling and was divided into thirteen schools. This is a mountainous area, and the fields are scarce, so it is impossible to cultivate. Because of Cai Lun's skills, I make a living. " Cao Dasan inherited the paper-making technology of predecessors, improved it step by step through practice, and finally made good white and pure paper. Because the distribution center of paper is mostly in Xuancheng, which is under the jurisdiction of the state, it is named Xuan paper.
The fame of Xuan paper began in the Tang Dynasty. The Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties written by Zhang Yanyuan, a critic of calligraphy and painting in the Tang Dynasty, said, "A good man should buy hundreds of Xuan paper and wax it to copy it." This shows that Xuan paper has been used in calligraphy and painting in the Tang Dynasty. According to Old Tang Book, in the second year of Tianbao (743), there were paper tributes in Jiangxi, Sichuan, southern Anhui and eastern Zhejiang, especially in Xuancheng County. It can be seen that rice paper had been crowned everywhere at that time. The "Chengxintang" paper produced by Li Yu, Queen of Southern Tang Dynasty, is a treasure in Xuan paper. Skin is like an egg membrane, clean as jade, thin and smooth, and crowned for a while.
Xuan paper has the characteristics of "tough and moist, smooth but not slippery, white and dense, pure texture, lossless rubbing and strong ink wetting", and has unique permeability and lubricity. Writing is both a bone and a spirit, while painting is full of spirit, and it has become the calligraphy and painting paper that best reflects China's artistic style. The so-called "ink is divided into five colors", that is, it is completed in one stroke, with distinct shades, visible textures, distinct Mo Yun and distinct layers. This is the artistic effect achieved by painters and painters by using the moistening property of Xuan paper to control the proportion of ink and wash, and the brush strokes are slow and smooth. Plus anti-aging and no discoloration. Worms eat less and live longer, so they have the reputation of "the king of paper, the paper with a thousand years of life". /kloc-won the gold medal in Panama International Paper Competition in the 20th century. Besides painting poems, Xuan paper is also the best paper for writing diplomatic notes and preserving high-level archives and historical materials. China handed down a large number of rare ancient books and the ink of famous painters and calligraphers, most of which are preserved on Xuan paper, and still remain the same today.
Three rice paper producing areas in China: Anhui, Sichuan and Zhejiang.
[Edit this paragraph] Xuan paper classification
■ According to the processing methods, rice paper can be divided into three types: raw rice paper, cooked rice paper and semi-cooked rice paper.
Health categories include Jiagong, Jade Edition, Jiege, Shan Cuo, Lian Mian and so on. Shengxuan is unprocessed, with strong water absorption and hydrophilicity, and it is easy to produce rich Mo Yun changes. By splashing and accumulating ink, the artistic effect of collecting water, blooming ink and emphasizing color is achieved. Used for freehand brushwork. Although Sheng Xuan's paintings are full of interest in ink, they are written immediately, and ink permeates quickly, which is not easy to master.
Cooked Xuan is coated with alum when it is processed, so the paper is harder than raw Xuan, and its water absorption capacity is weak, and the ink color will not spread when it is used. Therefore, the characteristics make cooked propaganda suitable for meticulous painting rather than ink freehand painting. Its disadvantage is that it will appear "alum leakage" or brittle crack when stored for a long time. Cooked Xuan can be reprocessed. Coral, mica paper, cold gold, wine gold, glutinous golden flower tendon and peach tiger skin are all reprocessed colored papers. Health promotion is highly absorbent. When writing with light ink, the ink easily penetrates and melts. It is relatively easy to write in thick ink. Therefore, when creating calligraphy and painting, you need to master the shade of ink to be handy.
Semi-cooked Xuan is also processed from raw Xuan, and its water absorption capacity is between the first two. Yu Ban Xuan belongs to this category.
■ Xuan paper varieties can be divided into three categories according to the proportion of raw materials: cotton, clean skin and extra clean; According to the specifications, it can be divided into four feet, five feet, six feet, eight feet, two feet and six feet. According to the thickness, it can be divided into flower tying, cotton picking, single announcement and clip announcement. According to the paper pattern, it can be divided into single silk road, double silk road, rib, turtle pattern, white deer and so on; In addition, there are raw and cooked ones, such as alum Xuan, cicada clothes, colored sprinkling gold, antique colored Xuan, watermark tiles and so on. * * * About 60 kinds. Generally speaking, cotton refers to paper whose raw material is about 40% sandalwood bark, which is thinner and lighter. Peeling means that the content of sandalwood bark reaches more than 60%; The content of sandalwood skin, the raw material of special leather, is above 80%. The heavier the leather composition, the greater the tension that the paper can bear and the better the quality; The corresponding use effect is: the higher the proportion of sandalwood, the richer the ink layers, the better the ink moistening effect, and the more able to withstand repeated rubbing with pen power without damaging the paper surface. This may also be one of the reasons why cotton Xuan paper is mostly used for calligraphy and leather paper is mostly used for painting-it's not that you can't write with clean leather or special leather paper, but cotton Xuan paper can basically meet the needs of calligraphy (unless your calligraphy style requires repeated painting in the same place with a pen).