After long-term observation and experience in opening books, Dong Ge believes that retelling, retelling in one's own language and making a short retelling in one's own language are skills that a book publisher should master. Brief retelling is an indispensable skill for book openers in every open-book class.
What Brother Dong wants to talk about is how to make an impressive short retelling every time the book owner explains the pages.
First, what is a brief restatement?
According to the information on the internet, brief retelling is also called summary retelling/abstract retelling, that is, on the basis of not changing the central meaning, basic structure and logical order of raw materials, according to the requirements, the main points, plots and contents of raw materials are concisely expressed in the words of the reteller.
When opening a book, the reteller here is of course the book-opener.
For the definition and classification of "retelling", please inquire for yourself.
Second, why should we understand brief retelling?
1. learning strategy.
Brief retelling, in learning psychology, is also a learning strategy called organizational strategy adopted by the graders to improve learners' efficiency.
2. The mission of the book opener.
In fact, brief retelling is a process of information "packaging" for loose or large-capacity book knowledge according to the internal relationship between new knowledge points and the characteristics or categories of book knowledge content. The purpose is to help learners understand and identify the theme of the book as soon as possible, so that learners can easily "carry" the knowledge module. The mission of the book publisher is to be a promoter of learning, and his responsibility is to consider how to give the complicated contents of the book publisher to learners in a concise and clear way.
3. The demand for books to start classes.
In traditional training, there is no short retelling, because all the dry goods knowledge that trainers want to give learners is the result of simple retelling and fine processing. It is difficult for learners to see "wet goods" that are unprocessed and in a blank or original state.
Opening a book class allows these "wet goods"-the original books to open the pages and face the learners and book openers directly at the same time. In fact, the book publisher is faced with a big test of simply repeating this skill point.
Whether the results of retelling can be recognized by learners directly affects the recognition of folio and calligraphy folio.
The level of short retelling and the quality of information processing will be tested directly on the spot.
Thirdly, several short retelling strategies.
1. Classification strategy. That is to say, according to the characteristics or attribution of the page content, we should reorganize and simplify the page content from another thinking angle and briefly repeat it.
If the paging content is complicated or there are many steps, sometimes you can try to reclassify it according to different standards.
The folio connects the contents of the pages, forming a new knowledge structure that is easier to understand, remember and spread on the basis of not affecting the original knowledge as a whole.
For example, if there are more than five key steps or core elements involved in paging, you can try to re-classify and integrate them into 3-5 steps or categories.
2. Summarize the strategy. It refers to organizing a short retelling by discarding the details and extracting the essence. Some scholars have summarized it into five principles:
First, ignore the secondary. Refers to the omission and neglect of those less important materials and contents in summary.
Second, delete duplication. It means that the content that has been covered is not repeated, although the form before and after is slightly different.
Third, replace the text. Refers to the substitution of more general upper knowledge words. There are two situations. One is to generalize the concept of "genus" with the tag of "class", such as replacing "spinach, cucumber, eggplant and Chinese cabbage" with "vegetable"; The second is to use more general behavioral verbs, such as "seek medical advice", instead of a series of specific actions, such as "Dr. Li put down his paper, asked the patient to sit in front of him, took out his sphygmomanometer, and asked the patient when he started to have a fever and what symptoms he had ...".
Fourth, find the topic sentence. It refers to finding a topic sentence and a topic sentence in each paragraph. Omit a lot of explanations and examples to enhance the persuasiveness of opinions or help readers understand the theme.
Fifth, summary. Refers to paragraphs and pages without ready-made topic sentences. After reading them, a topic sentence or central idea is summarized. The guidance of civil servants' application for examination specially reminds us not to ignore the key words in the original text.
3. Performance strategy. That is, the content of the page will be transformed into a more intuitive and clear visual form or picture form. Using tables, charts, arrows, connecting lines, matrix diagrams, schematic diagrams, relational diagrams, tree diagrams and mind maps are all good auxiliary methods for simple retelling.
Four, a few short retelling skills
1. frame structure
There is the simplest classification and description information in the page opening category selected during the book opening process; One is normative information.
For descriptive information, what does the creator "tell" when he makes a short retelling. This is the narrative structure of "what" that book publishers often say.
For the disassembly of normative information, when an artist makes a short retelling, he will present "what he said+how to do it". That is, the narrative structure of "what+how" that book publishers often say.
2. Logical level
If the content of the page is complicated, you can follow the golden pyramid principles, and there is a logical level when retelling; Multi-level, we should use big points and small points to identify; "One, two, three ...", "first, second, ... n" or "first, second, ..." can be used in sequence; Have an outline and take in everything in a glance.
3. Key sentences and topic sentences
Find and borrow big and small titles, topic sentences and key sentences; If there are no ready-made topic sentences and key sentences, summarize the main meaning in your own words as topic sentences and key sentences.
4. Generalization/coding
1)
General vocabulary, or a group of words and a series of behaviors, can be replaced by more general, advanced or easy-to-understand upper knowledge vocabulary.
Of course, this needs to pay attention to the learners' knowledge background, and can't be divorced from the learners' existing knowledge and experience, which artificially causes understanding difficulties and cognitive obstacles. See "Overview strategy" above.
2) Use the model
At the time of writing, some authors didn't know that the authors of books in other fields had some recommended thinking modes. If the book publisher has the conditions, he can borrow and apply some classic models to interpret the opening page at the application level. Seven Habits of Highly Effective People has a psychological model: dependence period, independence period and interdependence period.
3) refining keywords
In order to facilitate learners' understanding and memory, some book publishers will try to refine some key words and beautify them with some rhetorical devices.
When using it, I recommend a method of Shi Mingfang, that is, keeping "four consistences", "the same part of speech, the same number of words, the same structure and the same tension".
The structure here refers to the structure of phrases and phrases, which can be subject-predicate structure, verb-object structure, coordinate structure and radical structure.
The teacher of the famous teacher's workshop has a classic example. The two-dimensional matrix of "survival and self-help, hard work, layout of the future, and waiting with peace of mind" has been carefully carved and modified into "self-help journey, when the game is broken, the opportunity of layout, the road to self-improvement"
When Dong Ge dismantled the book "I don't know how to take people, let it die" before, he used a set of highly summarized verb-object phrases and partial phrases of "attack, clear responsibility, camera, old revolution, old driver, old Excellence", and the feedback on the spot was not bad.
Here, the model of "emotional brain, cognitive brain and behavioral brain" in the "three-brain theory" is borrowed, and the metaphor of "old revolution, old driver and old excellent" is also used.
Brother Dong sees that some book publishers prefer to use "* * *" and "* * *", such as "RIA learning ability", which is also a refining method.
4) Use initials, locators, or initials.
In fact, questioning method's eight directions of "cause and effect, applicable boundary" are to extract and use eight idioms or four-word phrases such as "learning from the past, mutual cause, observing the previous effect, eating the later effect, counterproductive, using conditions, beating around the bush, Chu-Han boundary" and their corresponding semantics, which also belong to a highly generalized and brief retelling method.
Book splitters can also create their own books. Before Brother Dong, a disciple chose to open the page when he was promoted, as shown in the following example 1. In my feedback on his brief retelling, I summarized "the first step is to describe the behavior, the second step is to explain the behavior, and the third step is to ask for clarification". I used "the first step is to see-describe the behavior, the second step is to think-explain the behavior, and the third step is to ask for clarification, so as to verify my own ideas", that is, the whole unpacking content can be summarized as "three pairs+one verification".
Later, I thought of a summer resort in the northwest that Chengdu people are familiar with, called "Sandaoyan". Therefore, I recommend "Three Tests" to "Three Weirs" for disciples to make a short retelling, which may be easier for learners to understand, remember, retrieve and take away.
I understand, maybe this is a kind of secondary generalized compression, with higher compression ratio and better learning effect.
5) Make golden sentences. Insight, insight into the nature of things, and expressive sentences that are easy to understand, remember and spread.
Fifth, simply repeat the precautions.
1. Off topic
When opening a book, the author should closely follow the theme of the book when repeating the pages briefly.
The original theme usually has at least one bold type, usually a line, a title phrase, or "About ……".
Some book owners prefer to open the page instead of the theme or title of the page. If you don't realize that the content of the retelling can't deviate from the original theme, the book publisher sometimes retells it according to what he "sees". This is likely to make it difficult for learners to understand.
When you open a book, most people don't realize that sometimes the theme of opening the pages is one, and sometimes there are two (or more).
One means that the originator chooses the same thinking and content as the author, that is, the same learning theme as the description of the originator. In particular, it refers to the author's original theme (here refers to practical books with clear themes, not novels and stories).
Two (multiple) means that sometimes, when designing a book opening class, the book owner only borrows a passage from the original author as a tool to express a theme of the book owner, or to stimulate learning and thinking, and then leads to the theme drawn up by the book owner. Moreover, this theme is not the original theme of the author, and the folio may not have extracted the folio theme intentionally or unintentionally at the beginning of the folio.
Whether to deviate from the theme depends on how to choose and design the folio theme. The content of short retelling must be consistent with the theme that the creator wants to express.
Leave the scene
The short retelling of the book publisher can not be separated from a useful application scenario for learners. It must be "in what capacity, under what circumstances, what measures and steps can learners take to solve the problem."
Briefly retell the main contents of the page of the volume, guide learners and solve difficult problems in a certain scene for learners.
3. God's perspective
Just as there is no master key, there is no universal skill or unconditional executable skill in opening books.
In short retelling, the author should correct the deviation for the author who thinks he can do everything, and pay attention to whether the applicable objects, scenes and conditions are appropriate.
Recommended cases of intransitive verbs
Dong Ge's comments: Briefly retelling, using generalization strategy, using frame structure, logical level, generalization/coding skills, and clear theme and application scenarios. Appropriate short retelling.
Dong Ge comments: Who, in what scene, this skill? .
Dong Ge's comments: Briefly retelling, using generalization strategy, using logical hierarchy and generalization/coding skills. Learning topics, here are two. When disassembling a single page, the big theme can be used as the background of the small theme.
Dong Ge's comments: Briefly retelling, using generalization strategy, highly summarizing the original text. Frame structure, logical hierarchy and generalization/coding techniques are also used.
Dong Ge's comments: Briefly retelling, using generalization strategy, highly summarizing the original text. Frame structure, logical hierarchy and generalization/coding techniques are also used. Suitable.
Supplement: dongge search found that the concept of "retelling" was put forward for the first time, which was the requirement of the eighth volume of junior middle school Chinese book. Now I know, Brother Dong, I understand why it is so difficult to "repeat", because I didn't learn it in primary school. Ask my son that there are different versions of middle school textbooks, and there is no content about "retelling" in his textbooks. Have other book partners learned anything?
The level of short retelling will directly reflect the level of booksellers' disassembly. Therefore, it is no exaggeration to say that it is a book-opening skill that cannot be ignored.
Short retelling, an open-book technique that has been neglected, can not be ignored.
The above content is what Dong Ge learned after reading many books on educational psychology, learning psychology and professional training.
If you think it's really useful, I can help you make a business book and give you a silver ingot. Ha ha ha ha.
Dong Ge, who loves to open books, 2020.03.0 1 Chengdu.