-"Za Agama" Volume 18
1.
Looking back on Li Shutong's life, we can easily find his unique personality charm and great spiritual orientation. Should we get some enlightenment from his literary achievements and personality charm to our young people in the 2 1 century? This year marks the 25th anniversary of Mr. Li Shutong's birthday/kloc-0. I want to write this article to comfort my husband.
As a pioneer of China's modern literature and art, Mr. Li Shutong, who "knew the art after the prophet's literature and art", was the first person who advocated drama and studied oil painting and western music. He was very talented in literature and art, and he was the first person to lead the fashion at that time in poetry, seal cutting, calligraphy, music, art and drama. In the words of his favorite pupil, Feng Zikai, almost all fields of literature and art have been inspected by him.
However, it is such a "heroic, literary, romantic, followers like clouds, only four broadcasts." Modern China culture, a master of art waiting to walk out of the elegant way from under his feet "(see Temple), quietly became a monk in Hupao Temple in Hangzhou in 19 18, and suddenly changed from a generation of Toshihiko to an ascetic Buddha. Li Shutong's becoming a monk shocked the whole intellectual community at that time and left a mystery for later generations. It is worth mentioning that after Li Shutong became a monk, he combined the traditional culture of China with the Buddhist culture, revived and promoted the legalist thought, and finally established his prominent position in the modern Buddhist history of China.
"Twenty-four years later, ten days before his birthday, he died peacefully in Wenling Nursing Home, Buerci, Quanzhou, Fujian. The time is1942101October 13. On his deathbed, he wrote down the words "the intersection of sorrow and joy" as his last words, and prepared a suicide note and several notes to send to his friends at his deathbed. Its cloud says:' A friendship between gentlemen is as light as water and as close as stone. When I asked Yu what I was suitable for, I died, the branches of flowers were all spring, and the heart of heaven and the moon were full. "His life and death are full of poetic and mysterious colors, as if everything was designed in advance, and as if he had finished a big drama of life, he took off his makeup before people tasted the charm." (See Zhao Damin's Cultural Structure and Cultural Personality of Li Shutong).
Buddhism believes that life is suffering, and the root of suffering is desire, that is, the desire for life and possession. The only way out of misery is to eliminate desire and enter nirvana. Master Hongyi, the son of Zhumen, enjoyed wealth for half his life, became an empty monk, was poor for half his life, went through hardships, and then turned into thousands of Buddhist relics, and finally entered the highest realm of Buddhism.
In the process of his conversion from an artist to Buddhism, he reflected the huge gap in life and the capriciousness of life. However, what kind of life course did such a wizard of the Republic of China have? It is necessary for us to further sort out and think about the modern intellectuals who are active in China's literary world in the 20th century, and appreciate the desolate stories and lonely feelings behind their life journey, so as to achieve the overall reflection on a century and an era.
2.
Tianjin is near Bohai Sea frequently, with low terrain, windy and rainy, and Haihe River runs through it. Since the late Qing Dynasty, Tianjin has been a centralized distribution center of Luchang salt, and a steady stream of salt-making industry has cultivated and attracted a large number of businessmen engaged in salt industry. 18801kloc-0/On October 23rd, Li Shutong was born in a wealthy salt merchant family near Sanchahekou, Tianjin. Grandfather Li Rui came to Tianjin to manage salt industry and money industry when recruiting from the south during the reign of Kang Gan, and gradually became rich. Even his uncles pushed Li Fugui to the top.
Father Li Shizhen, whose real name is Shinohara House, passed the examination of Juren and Jinshi in succession in 1865, and entered the examination in the same year as Li Hongzhang, governor of Zhili. He is a famous salt merchant and banker in Tianjin and has the reputation of "Li". His eldest son died shortly after birth, and his second son, Wen, was sickly since childhood. Born to Li's fifth concubine Wang. She was born with a young name and a scientific name, Wen Tao. She described the world in words and named her mouthwash peace. When Uncle Tong was born, his mother was only twenty and his father was sixty-eight. It can be said that the dragon bell is old! Legend has it that when Wang gave birth, a magpie with pine branches suddenly flew into the delivery room, put the pine branches on the maternal bed and screamed for a while before flying out. When he grew up, Li Shutong believed in it. He carried pine branches left by magpies all his life until he died in Quanzhou, and hung them on the wall of his hometown.
I grew up under the guidance and care of my eldest brother Wenxi and my biological mother Wang. At the age of seven, he learned Biography of Jade Yarn and Hundred Filial Pieties, and he could recite them over and over again. At the age of 9, he received an old-fashioned education in Changyunge, reading Xiao Jing, Shi Mao, Gan Jiashi and China's ancient literature. I also read Er Ya, Shuo Wen Jie Zi, studied exegetics, and laid a solid foundation for Chinese studies. Since then, I have carefully studied the essence of Zuo Zhuan, studied poetry from Zhao and studied calligraphy and epigraphy from Tang Jingyan. Great progress has been made in calligraphy, and I have made a wide range of celebrities in my field and benefited a lot. After seven or eight years' family letter course, Li Shutong has a solid foundation in the philology of classics, history, poetry and so on, laying a solid foundation for the later "shocking twenty articles" and intensive study of Buddhist scriptures.
When he was young, he went south to Shanghai with his mother. Because of his quick thinking and extraordinary wisdom, he quickly gained the attention of famous scholars in Shanghai, made more and more friends, and finally became famous in Shanghai at that time and became a talent. Shortly after entering Shanghai, he joined the "Chengnan Literature Society" headed by Xu, and forged friendships with Xu, Cai Xiaoxiang and Zhang, known as "five friends in the world". After his mother died, he went to Japan to study abroad and was exposed to western culture and literature. After returning to China, I first worked as an editor in Shanghai Pacific newspaper, then I was invited by Nanjing Normal University to teach pictures and music, and then I was employed by Hangzhou Normal University, and at the same time I worked as a class teacher in two universities. 19 16 winter, short-term study of Taoism, claiming to be a "caring Taoist." Soon after, he entered Dinghui Temple in Hupao, Hangzhou, and tried to quit eating. After coming back, I began to be a vegetarian and read Buddhist scriptures with the intention of introducing Confucianism into Buddhism. 19 18, Ma Yifu's friend Peng Xunzhi became a monk in this temple and was deeply moved. He immediately took Ming Shi as his teacher and took Hongyi as his dharma name. Since then, Li Shutong has completed the double transformation of spirit and identity from Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism, and finally abandoned the comfortable secular life, and went to the road of searching for the West Pole without hesitation.
Master Hongyi was free and easy, bright and full of legend all his life. As his good friend Xia Mianzun summarized in the preface of "Forever Record of Master Hongyi": "The master teacher is a graceful son, a passionate person, a versatile artist, a serious educator and a self-disciplined monk, but whoever dies is dedicated to the West Pole, good luck and a good end. Its trajectory is unreal and unpredictable. It is almost the so-called game world. Who is born for big events? " The essayist Yu mentioned the reason for becoming a monk: "Perhaps it can be said that becoming a monk is the embarrassment of China's new culture ... He is escaping, and he is escaping. He has dissipated for a long time and suddenly can't stand the noise. He is no longer bothered by the heavy contradiction between art and utility, but jumps to seek the integrity of the soul. " I can accept this explanation. The seemingly simple language reveals Li Shutong's inner spiritual struggle and struggle. Of course, a person has experienced such hardships, and making such a decision is by no means an impulse. We should analyze and understand his unique feelings on a more rational spiritual level. I think only in this way can we accurately grasp the fate of the characters and stop measuring and judging them with secular eyes.
3.
Mr. Zhou, a contemporary philosopher, said: "The poet is a poet because he is more sensitive to the passage of time than ordinary people, and poetry is his refuge from this time." This explanation of creating a new path is unique and has aroused my * * *. Of course, while I agree, I also think that poets of the times with a sense of responsibility should shoulder the mission of opening up wisdom and cleaning up the dust of the soul for the Chinese people.
The end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century were the troubled stages of the motherland: the Sino-Japanese War 1894 lost to Japan, 1895 made peace with Japan, 1898 Britain occupied Ahava, 1900 Eight-Nation Alliance occupied Beijing,/kloc. Some radical patriotic intellectuals are a little impatient, and they can't help asking: "When will the deep-rooted feudal autocratic dynasty perish? Did the prelude to the transformation of modern society in contemporary China last a little too long? " They went to Japan, traveled to Europe and America, and searched up and down.
Li Shutong lived in such a background when he was young, and the sufferings of the motherland made Li Shutong feel uneasy and painful. He can only express his inner cry and indignation through the pen in his hand. At that time, at the beginning of the "boycott of American goods" and "boycott of Japanese goods" movements, Li Shutong, who was in Shanghai, wrote a song "Song of the Motherland" for Shanghai society and shouted his anger on the land of the Central Plains. The lyrics are as follows:
Up and down for thousands of years, one vein extends, and civilization transcends shoulders. Tens of thousands of miles, fertile land, exclusive natural welfare. China is the oldest country in the world, and the people of China are Asians. Alas, big citizen! Alas, I am the only national! Fortunately, the world is precious. I will ride a lion across Kunlun Mountain and a crane across the Pacific Ocean. Who fights with me and wields a knife? Alas, big citizen! Who advocates celebrating peace with me?
Li Shutong slowed down the folk tune "Old Liu Ban" to four beats or four beats, and mixed it with the lyrics to create this music song. Qin once commented on this song: "The lyrics are appropriate, the theme is distinct, and it is full of national characteristics. Praise my vast ancient China and express the national spirit of self-improvement. He taught singing and was spread all over Shanghai and the whole country by the Shanghai Society, which created a new style for China people to prepare music songs with national tunes. Li Shutong became a famous musician in the country. " Feng Zikai, his later favorite pupil, recalled the scene of "queuing up with his classmates in the street to promote the use of domestic products" and was shocked. We sang when we marched in procession, and Mr. Li Shutong's Song of the Motherland was one of them. "
The prevalence of "Song of the Motherland" had a great response at that time, and the fighting spirit and passion of the people of China were greatly improved. "China is the oldest country in the world, and the people of China are important citizens of Asia." How many countries have such a great title? Just us, China. "Who and I battle sword flick knife? Who advocates celebrating peace with me? " This song is full of passionate feelings, both in words and songs, which embodies Mr. Wang's passionate patriotic feelings at that time.
From 65438 to 0905, Li Shutong went to study in Fusang, hoping to find a new way for himself and the country. Before he left, he filled out a piece of "Jin Lu Song", "Leave my motherland and dedicate it to my classmates". The word yue:
Put on your hair and pretend to be crazy. Mang Central Plains, Twilight, a few withered willows. Who will clean up the broken rivers and mountains? The scattered west wind is still thin. When you walk, you will feel heavy, sigh, say that you are homesick, and never forget double red beans. Sorrow is darker than wine.
Love is endless. I hate floating in the past years, and it's hard to turn back. Twenty articles shocked the whole country. After all, what's the point of empty talk? Listen to the bottom of the box, the black dragon growls. I can't sleep for a long night, and my life is full of troubles. Cherish my heart! It is the motherland that bears the burden of loneliness.
This word is full of Li Shutong's inner loneliness and melancholy, and tells the sinister of the motherland: "Who will clean up the broken mountains and rivers?" I used to be "20 earth-shattering", but now I just think it's a passing sight. "After all, what is empty talk?" His mood suddenly calmed down, calm as a lake. However, he is also reflecting and awakening, which is expressed most thoroughly in the last three sentences. "Listen to the bottom of the box, the black dragon roars." The poet's mood was shocked, and he uttered heroic words for the first time, which shocked the world and made the gods cry. "Then cherish your heart!" This is a true portrayal of Li Shutong's complex mood, and it is also a heroic oath made by his clanking man: in order to save the motherland from danger, he will not hesitate to paint his brains all over the floor, his heart will be broken, he will bear the burden of humiliation, and he will roar forward like a black dragon.
The Republic of China was founded 19 12, and Li Shutong, who actively joined the WTO, expressed warm cheers. He wrote a poem "Man Jiang Hong": "Sense of the Republic of China"-
Kyaukpyu Kunlun, the top of the mountain, the moon, someone whistling. Looking at the bottom of the capsule, nodding like snow, how much enmity. The courage of a mouse is split with two hands, and the brain of civil rights is made of gold. I am not a human being in my life, and I have a good brain.
Jing Ke Tomb on Xianyang Road; Nie Zheng is dead, and his body is violent. As far as River of No Return is concerned, I still can't get it out of my mind. The soul turned into a bird, and the blood splashed into red grass. You see, from now on, great rivers and mountains are made by heroes.
We can appreciate how comfortable the author was at that time, such as "Jing Ke Tomb, Xianyang Road; Nie Zheng is dead, and his body is violent. As far as the River of No Return is concerned, the feelings are still there. " Since then, China has a dawn and a future. "Many rivers and mountains were created by heroes." This word is not only a tribute to the founder of the Republic of China, but also a portrayal of the author's passion and ambition during the Xinhai period. However, Li Shutong was not interested in politics after all, and his support for the Revolution of 1911 and the Republic of China was limited to words and cheers. At other times, he didn't do anything practical. This mentality and course of action actually have a lot to do with his personality, interest and age.
Although Mr Li Shutong later escaped into an empty net, the spark of patriotism and enthusiasm never went out in his cold heart! According to Feng Zikai's memory, "after he became a monk, I once gave him some coarse cloth in his monk's clothes. Because I saw him tying socks with hemp rope, I bought him some tight belts. He took the coarse cloth and returned the loose belt to me, saying,' This is foreign goods.' I said,' This is made in China, and we can already make it ourselves.' He just suffered. "
From this, we can see Mr. Li Shutong's strong patriotism.
4.
Li Shutong was twenty-six when he crossed the sea to Fusang. For more than 20 years, he went to school and took part in two provincial examinations, but he never determined his career direction and how to make a living. Before he went to Japan, he decided his study direction: focusing on art and studying music. Of course, this is related to his growing interest over the years and his original calligraphy skills. He is a very serious person, who made great breakthroughs and contributions to the literature and art of the motherland during his study in Japan. For example, the first music publication in China was issued; He was the first art student in China, and created the situation of nude painting in China for the first time. At the same time, he also advocated the establishment of the Spring Willow Society, and became the founder of the drama movement in China.
From the great influence of Song of the Motherland, Li Shutong felt the great role of music art itself, which prompted him to introduce and impart western music theory knowledge and do some enlightenment work for the Chinese people.
On February 8th, 1906, the first issue of Xiaole magazine organized by Li Shutong was printed in Sanguangtang, Tokyo, sent back to China five days later and distributed in Shanghai on the 20th. Although this magazine is very small, with 64 pages and 30 pages, it is the first music publication in the history of China. At that time and place, he was more worried about the future of the country ideologically and emotionally. This small magazine compiled by him with "personal strength" shows that he attaches importance to the aesthetic and social functions of music.
As the forerunner of China music periodicals, editors have made indelible contributions in the history of music. First, he published the biography of Le Sheng Bi Du Fen, that is, Beethoven. In addition to introducing his life, personality and achievements in detail, he also highlighted Beethoven's creative attitude with one-third of the space, which is in line with his purpose of "recognizing literature first and then recognizing art". Secondly, he also published the charcoal painting Le Sheng Bi Du Fen signed by Li Xiweng. This is the first portrait of a Western European musician published in a China publication. Finally, he composed three folk songs, Sui, My Motherland and Running in the Spring Suburb, with staff music, which set a good example for China to popularize modern composition.
Li Shutong used to have a keen interest in drama. Since he arrived in Tokyo, he met the first batch of famous Japanese dramatists, including Kenjiro Fujisawa and Yinjiro Kawakami, and often asked them about the performing arts of new dramas and ronin dramas. At the same time, the idea of reforming China's drama sprouted.
1At the end of 906, the Tokyo Drama Club Spring Willow Club initiated by Li Shutong and Zeng Xiaogu was established in Tokyo. Therefore, Mr. Li became the founder of China's drama movement and created a new situation in the history of China's drama. "Spring Willow Society" performed La Traviata for the first time among Japanese students studying in Tokyo, and Li Shutong participated in the performance of La Traviata, which caused a great sensation in Japanese drama circles and among students studying in China.
The establishment of "Spring Willow Club" and the premiere of "La Traviata's Legacy" are groundbreaking for China's drama, which marks a great change in China's traditional drama and an unprecedented new drama form-China's drama.
Mr. Xu, who personally participated in the founding activities of China's drama and watched Li Shutong's performance in Tokyo, said in "Memoirs of the Founding Period of Drama": "Almost all the dramas in the world are based on drama and take drama as the guest; What is unique is that the situation in China is different, and it has always been a song-and-dance drama. All plays are based on singing, so acting is called' singing' and watching a play is called' playing'. In former China, it can almost be said that drama is drama, and there is no drama outside drama. " Indeed, both in form and content, China audiences hope that China's plays should be reformed. Due to the influence of the Spring Willow Society, in the years after 1908, a large number of drama groups advocating drama emerged with Shanghai as the center. For example, Chunyang Society. , accepted the enlightenment of Liu Chun society.
Li Shutong returned to China after graduating from Ueno Academy of Fine Arts in Tokyo. As mentioned earlier, when he was teaching in Zhejiang No.1 Normal University, he worked as a painting and music teacher. During this period, he created an unprecedented artistic practice-nude painting. The Lecture Notes on the History of Western Art edited by him is the first in China, which fills a gap in art education in China.
5.
Don't try to fill in the gaps in your life,
Because music comes from the depths of that blank space.
Tagore
He is a master of poetry and a master of song creation. The most famous and far-reaching works in his life are Farewell and Childhood Memories. As soon as most people listen to this "Farewell", they know that there is Li Shutong. Now let's review the lyrics of Farewell:
Outside the pavilion, beside the ancient road, the grass is blue. The evening breeze helps the flute sound, and the sunset is outside the mountain. The precipice of the sky is a corner of the earth, and close friends are half scattered. A ladle of turbid wine makes me happy. Say goodbye to Meng Han tonight. Outside the pavilion, beside the ancient road, the grass is blue. The evening breeze helps the flute sound, and the sunset is outside the mountain.
Is the song "Farewell" J? p？ It was composed by John P. Odway (1824— 1880), and its title is Dreaming of Home and Mother. Because of its beautiful, smooth and profound melody, Li Shutong chose it to set the music for the word Farewell. Once the song "Farewell" came out, it immediately swept overseas and has been sung for more than 80 years. The film masterpieces "Early Spring in February" and "Old Things in the South of the City" have been selected as episodes or theme songs, further expanding their influence at home and abroad.
Memories of Childhood is another masterpiece of Li Shutong. Lyrics yue:
When I went to Qiu Lai in the spring, the years passed, and the wanderer was injured and wandering around. Recalling my childhood, I played at home as if it were yesterday. There are three rafters in the hut, and there is an old plum tree, under which people are hiding. Birds are singing on the high branches, and fish are swimming around in Nana Ogawa. They used to take off their leisure time. They were happy when they were young, but western music could not. I was happy when I was a child, but I couldn't do it.
William s hays (1837-1907)' s song "My Dear Sunshine Hometown" is featured, and there is sadness in the soothing melody.
A large number of songs written by Li Shutong can be widely circulated because the author "has both literary talent and musical talent in his heart" (Preface to Fifty Famous Songs of China by Qiu Menghen and Feng Zikai). Its lyrics are very literary and lyrical, full of national characteristics; Its tunes are popular and fluent, elegant and popular. His creative ideas provided a practical demonstration for China's music production, thus expanding the popularity of songs.
6.
Emerson said: "The great man of faith is always regarded as a heresy, and finally he is forced to express his thoughts with a series of skepticism."
Li Shutong became a monk for many reasons, among which several are worth noting. This is also some conclusions drawn by its researchers in recent years. First, it is influenced by it in the family atmosphere. After he was five years old, he often met monks and often saw monks coming to his house to recite scriptures and worship Buddha. His family tends to believe in Buddhism. The second is the influence of the Buddhist atmosphere in the West Lake. Zhejiang No.1 Normal University is close to the West Lake, and he often visits nearby temples. The jungle is dense and there are many monks, and bells are heard from time to time. This unique humanistic environment, tangible and intangible, strengthens the Buddhist factors he planted since childhood, and the third is the influence of people around him. For example, Ma Yifu is one of its representatives. He tried to push China's traditional philosophy, which was dominated by Confucianism, further and draw nutrition from Buddhist philosophy, thus establishing an ideological system integrating Confucianism and Buddhism. Fourth, the guilt of love, family and marriage between men and women. The reason why Li Shutong became a monk is that he has no fear or regret about the absurd life when he was young. This is a secret. The fifth is the influence of physical diseases. He has suffered from neurasthenia and tuberculosis handed down from the previous generation for a long time, which requires him to recuperate in a quiet and fresh environment and stay away from the noisy valley jungle. In addition to hating the secular world and seeing through the world of mortals, it is also because of his profound and inscrutable fascination and yearning for Buddhist thought. In addition, he is a person who must do everything seriously and thoroughly. When he became a monk, he also had his own goals. At the same time, on the basis of Buddhism, Buddhism, Buddhism and the traditional cultures of various schools in China, he formed his own unique Buddhist ideology.
Mr. Zhu Guangqian, an aesthetician, put forward the idea of "joining the WTO with the spirit of being born" when talking about Master Hongyi. He believes: "It is a trilogy of Master Hongyi's life that people in the world of mortals see through the world of mortals and reach the intersection of sadness and joy, that is, the perfection of merit." ...... Although Master Hongyi sees through the world of mortals, he is never pessimistic. The Buddha's life statement is to help all sentient beings. He joined the WTO in the spirit of being born. "("With the spirit of being born, do the cause of joining the WTO ") This sentence of Mr. Zhu is often quoted by master researchers and has far-reaching influence.
Among the ten sects of Buddhism in China (Giant Snake Sect, Wisdom Sect, Legalist Sect, Shicheng Sect, Sanlun Sect, Zen Sect, Tiantai Sect, Huayan Sect, Tantric Sect and Pure Land Sect), Huayan Sect is a Sect with relatively complete theoretical system and philosophical depth. Its theoretical system is called "the origin of the legal world". I said before, "Master Hongyi entered the Buddha not only to escape worldly troubles, but also to be clean; After entering the Buddha, I don't want to be just a monk who rings the bell to recite scriptures. He wants to live in the west, become a Buddha and transcend life and death. To achieve this ultimate goal, from the perspective of practice, we must first grasp the connotation of Buddha nature and Buddhist realm from the height of Buddhist philosophy, and the ways to achieve it. Master Hong Yi's study of Hua Yan Jing and Hua Yan Zong reflects his depth and taste in exploring Buddhist nature and Buddhist realm. (See Mei Chin's Biography of Master Hongyi with Mixed Sorrow and Joy)
Legalists in the history of Buddhism in China actually refer to the Nanshan School of Daoxuan, who is the great-grandfather of China Legalists. The second ancestor was a disciple of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and a lawyer of Zhou Xiu. The third ancestor was Dao Heng, a lawyer in the Northern Song Dynasty. Since the Yuan Dynasty, Legalists have been depressed, classics have been lost, Buddhist precepts have been scattered, and Zen Buddhism has prevailed and gradually declined. In the first two or three decades of this century, China began to invite back some books of the Tang and Song schools of law from Japan, and this school was re-valued by the Buddhist community. It was in this process that Master Hongyi was hailed as a great master who revived the Nanshan method.
He left a book "Four Laws of Becoming a Monk" for Buddhism, and made an agreement with Feng Zikai, a proud pupil, that the "Becoming a Monk" should be compiled and painted by nursing students, which caused great influence in society. Later, the master advocated the establishment of Nanshan Fayuan Academy, and devoted himself to carrying forward the legalist thought. Later, he advocated the establishment of a "Buddhist training center", which caused great shock in the Buddhist community. Coupled with the influence of the masters in the secular era, a large number of monks stood out, and Buddhism became a common practice for a time, which was greatly improved compared with before.
7.
Li Shutong's complicated life is closely related to his times. Although, in his own words, he has traveled all over the world, he has never left the world of culture. He has always been a man of culture, even after he became a monk. (See Mr. Hong Yi and I by Huang Fuhai) He has great influence in secular times. After he entered Buddhism, he made great achievements in Buddhism, and his life was full of mystery and ups and downs. Today we face him with a bystander attitude and a leisurely mood. However, we are deeply attracted by his unique personality charm. Yes, sometimes we are too utilitarian, lacking a sense of tranquility and leisure, and lacking a multi-angle thinking about life, art and life.
Master Hongyi's 39-year career as a layman and 24-year course of becoming a Buddha are worth learning by our scholars, especially his great achievements in China literature and art. Concealing my thoughts, I wonder, what kind of road did China intellectuals take in the 2 1 century to enrich the country and strengthen the people?