first, the application of logical reading depends on whether we can grasp the essence of the subject matter discussed, and whether the definition put forward by the author is systematically exerted, whether the established principles are based on facts and whether the facts described are guided by principles. If so, we can judge the academic value of this book. At the same time, when reading a book, we should also try to grasp the essence or essence of the book, ask questions, make assumptions, limit the scope according to principles, and try to understand the content of the book with all kinds of rational activities. Second, the application of experiential reading method means giving up subjective preconceptions, not being careless, and trying to help quickly. We should immerse ourselves in books, put ourselves in the other's shoes, observe ourselves, enjoy playing and swim with an open mind. It is necessary to study with some mood and thinking, with an aesthetic and artistic attitude. To feel the coke of books and the cuteness of wisdom. Reading contemporary books is regarded as making friends, looking for teachers, exchanging ideas with authors or international friends, and communicating academic culture within the academic circles of the whole country or even the world. Regard reading ancient books as the spiritual life of Shang You's eternal encounter with the ancients, meditate in the treasure of ancient books, and communicate with the spirit of sages, that is, pay attention to it, reflect on it, learn from it, appreciate it with elegance, experience the true meaning of the ancients, and expound their unique learning and give full play to their own experiences. This is to study by experience, and it can also be said that it is to experience from the life of reading. Using this reading method is actually a kind of self-cultivation kung fu. From this, you will gain something from further study, and the theories you have established and the arguments you have made will have a profound and simple atmosphere of peace, and will not be limited to superficial and extreme floating. Third, the application of the "partial reading method" of the whole group, from the partial view of the whole metaphysical method to read, can be said to be the method of learning from the appointment and returning from the appointment. For example, reading someone's book, and then involving other works of this person, and then involving the works of people related to this person (such a person's teachers and friends and the most convincing works in his life) can be said to be the application of the method from part to whole. Then, from the works of this person's teachers and friends, we can refer to the evidence to explain this person's own works, and get a deeper understanding, which can be said to be the method of applying the whole view. In addition, such as observing individual works by the culture of the whole era, illustrating the trend of the whole era by individual works, recognizing the position of a certain school from the standpoint of a certain school, representing the purpose of a certain school by the works of a certain school, explaining a chapter and a section by the gist of the book, and inventing the essence of the book by a chapter and a section, all of them can be said to be applied to reading. I also want to say a few words about the value of reading, the sacred right of reading and the fighting spirit of reading.
Lu Xun believes that when reading, you should not read indiscriminately and dabble in everything. Even the same book, there is no need to "treat each chapter equally". On one occasion, when instructing Xu Shiying, the son of Xu Shoushang, a student of Tsinghua University Literature Department, to read Embracing the Woods, he pointed out: it is wrong to advocate immortal prescriptions and ghosts' superstitions in the "inner chapter" of the book, so it is unnecessary to read it; There are many correct remarks in "Waipian" on the gains and losses of the world and the concealment of the world, which is the focus of reading. Lu Xun's guidance is called "key attack" reading method. The average use of strength will waste time and energy in vain. Only by adopting the method of "key attack" will it be much better than the average use of strength.
Five-character formula reading method: a reading procedure, that is, reading through five steps: browsing, reading, asking questions, reciting and reviewing. This process can be abbreviated as "reading, reading, asking, memorizing and learning". Looking through, that is, according to the requirements of learning, first browse the outline of the content to understand whether this book is for your own needs. Reading means reading the required books quickly and roughly, understanding the main arguments of the books, and then reading them carefully, asking for thinking and research, and deeply understanding the contents of the whole book. Asking questions refers to finding problems through thinking after reading and trying to solve them. Reciting refers to reciting repeatedly to achieve proficiency, which is a reliable way to consolidate the effect of reading. Review means to review frequently to reduce forgetfulness and play the role of "reviewing the past and learning the new".
analytical reading method: the so-called analysis refers to the learning method of analyzing the theme and theme of the book, explaining the diversity and unity of all parts of the book, as well as the logical internal connection, and clarifying the author's writing intention and viewpoint. Through analytical reading, we can make a correct judgment and discussion on the theme of the book. The notes made in analytical reading are conceptual notes, including both the author's concept and the reader's concept. Through reading, these concepts have been deepened and expanded.
Xia Gaizun's reading method: "developing from a good one to all directions" is a reading method advocated by the famous linguist Xia Gaizun. That is, take intensive reading articles or books as the starting point, and then develop in all directions, and read many books from intensive reading of one article, effectively expanding the knowledge. For example, The Story of Peach Blossom Garden was written by Tao Yuanming, a native of Jin Dynasty. If you want to know the status of this article and the writing situation of Jin Dynasty, you can refer to the history of China literature. This article embodies a utopian thought, and Moore in Britain wrote a book called Utopia. You can read it against it. In addition, I want to know the author Tao Yuanming's life experience and personality, and I can also read The Book of Jin? Biography of Tao Qian or Tao Ji. In this way, a series can be drawn from reading a book.
Zhu Xi's reading method: Zhu Xi, a famous thinker and educator in the Southern Song Dynasty, is a master of learning theory in ancient China. He not only teaches students directly, but also arranges and compiles teaching materials, and has never given up his educational activities all his life. He attached great importance to the method of studying, and he said in Notes on Mencius: "... there must be a law for everything, and then it can be achieved. If the teacher is a teacher, there is no way to teach, and if the disciple is a teacher, there is no way to learn. " Explain that there are certain methods to do everything, teaching methods and learning methods. Without specific methods, teachers have nothing to teach and students have nothing to learn. Regarding the importance of reading, he put forward the principle of "step by step, read carefully and think carefully", which had a great influence on the future. His students summed up his reading method as "Zhu Xi's reading method" in six ways, namely, step by step, reading carefully, swimming with an open mind, observing oneself, working hard, and staying respectful and determined. Step by step means that reading should be carried out systematically and step by step according to the logical system of books and the intelligence level of learners. Familiar reading and careful thinking means that reading should follow the principle of combining memory with thinking. Swimming with an open mind means reading carefully, grinding repeatedly and experiencing repeatedly. Self-examination means that reading depends on your own efforts and attaches importance to the kung fu outside the book. Tight and hard work means that you should be full of energy, work hard and make great efforts in reading. Respect and ambition means that reading should have a quiet and pure state of mind and a firm and long-term ambition. Zhu Xi's reading method is still sufficient for people today to learn from.
fast reading: an efficient reading method. Since the 194s, speed reading as a reading method has been studied in the West. Experiments have proved that when people read a word, they don't need to see every stroke and letter clearly, but they can recognize it only by the overall image. The same is true for words and sentences. As long as a few main words are reflected in the brain, the brain can connect them into meanings by experience. The essentials to be mastered in fast reading are: (1) read silently, not phonetically, and refrain from going back and rereading; (2) expanding the breadth of visual reading, changing word-for-word reading into line-by-line reading; (3) From sequential reading to skip reading, skip over the transitional words, cited materials, inference processes and other irrelevant or familiar contents in whole lines and paragraphs, only looking for the main arguments, fresh opinions, the focus of debate or the materials you need; (4) To master more vocabulary; (5) Always study consciously, form a habit, step by step, and gradually accelerate.
predictive reading method: also known as forward thinking method or suspended reading method. In the face of articles or books on topics that you are familiar with or are studying, you can not read their contents at first, but carefully study the topics, then close your eyes and meditate. Imagine that this topic will be written by yourself, divided into several chapters and sections, how to organize the structural system, where to start with the important points, what materials to organize, and write down your own ideas, and then compare it with the original text to see where it coincides with each other, where opinions differ, and which ones. For those who coincide, just browse a little. For those who disagree, we should find out who is right and who is wrong, and why. We should be willing to work hard to master not only other people's views, but also their ideas and methods. This is predictive reading. Reading in this way can strengthen the impression of the ideological content in the book, understand the author's thinking, understand the shortcomings of his own thinking and the weak links of knowledge, and deepen the understanding of book knowledge.
extensive reading: a reading method, also called rough reading or browsing, which corresponds to intensive reading. Tao Yuanming's saying that "reading without seeking great understanding" also belongs to this law. For some books, when reading, you don't need to master all the contents (at least you don't need to read them for the first time). For example, if you read an English book extensively, you can skip new words and difficult sentences, and you don't have to look up new words in the dictionary like intensive reading; The first time I read such a difficult book as the Book of Changes, I only need to understand a small part, even if it is only 1%. With the expansion of knowledge and experience, every time I read it in the future, I will increase my understanding. Through extensive browsing, we can expand the amount and scope of knowledge, so that we can have a general impression of the browsed materials, and then consult various materials according to the impression when necessary in the future, so that future learning activities can be more purposeful; You can also collect knowledge through browsing, and then sort it out one by one to establish a wide range of knowledge links. Lay a foundation for future learning activities and problem solving. The combination of extensive reading and intensive reading can achieve better learning results.
Lu Xun introduced four reading methods: First, adding Zhu lines, that is, scribing lines on books at any time. Some people will mark it with different colors. The second is the extraction method, that is, the extract. Qian Zhongshu mainly uses this method in reading. However, Lu Xun seems to disagree, thinking that this method is easy to reduce the interest of reading, making reading difficult, and the speed should be reduced by about a quarter. The third is the re-reading method, that is, re-reading those underlined parts. Lu Xun is in favor of this method. Especially for implicit and profound books, it is especially necessary to reread them again and again. The last kind of reading is more difficult, and non-ordinary people can do it. That is, the "introspection method" (which I casually named according to the meaning of the text), before reading a book, first understand the structural framework of the book, look at the table of contents, then reflect on what will happen if you write yourself, and then see how the author writes. This is too much trouble. In the end, Lu Xun himself didn't explain how to read. Probably, he thought that everyone had his own habits and it was difficult to make rigid rules.
when Hu Shi talks about reading, there are only two words: "Jing" and "Bo". So far, these two words are still advocated by many scholars. I think the metaphor he used to explain these two words is better, and the excerpt is as follows: "People who specialize in one skill and one art only know one thing, and nothing else."