Du Fu was born in a family belonging to the ruling class of feudal society.
paternal
(1) Du Fu's distant ancestor was Du Yu of the Jin Dynasty, a native of Jingzhao. His works (Zuo Zhuan's note) were both martial and good, and he made great achievements in academic and achievements. (Du Yu's youngest son, Du Dan, moved to Xiangyang to serve as Jin and Liangzhou secretariat, and served as the prefect of Wissing, the ancestor of Du Fu in Xiangyang ...) (2) Great-grandfather Du was the county magistrate of Gongxian County, Henan Province. (Du Fu was born here)
(3) Grandfather Du, a poet, contributed to the genre of five-character poems. Poetry is my family affair, which has been handed down from generation to generation. )
④ Father, Du Xianren, county magistrate of Fengtian County. Since Du Yu, his ancestors have always been "an official Confucian, not a vegetarian". My family has been an official for generations, abiding by Confucian ethics, not a royal family, but also an official.
Du Fu was born in an official family with a long history. Such families don't have to pay rent and taxes, and men don't have to do military service, so they enjoy many feudal privileges in society.
It is said that Du Yu, the distant ancestor, "replaced the war with a plan". He knows law, economy, natural calculation and engineering, and he is also a "left turn" researcher. Du Fu is proud to be his successor.
Du is very conceited, saying that his articles are better than Qu Yuan and Song Yu, and his calligraphy is better than Wang Xizhi. Du Fu was also influenced by him to some extent. In his prime, Du Fu compared himself to Ji and Qi politically, and wanted to be a gentleman of Yao and Shun in literature, ignoring Qu Yuan, Jia Yi and Cao Zhi. He has to say that he inherited his grandfather's legacy.
maternal
Grandma is Li Yan, the daughter of Li Shen's second son Wang Yiyang. Li Yan, the king of Yiyang, is in prison, and his daughter (grandmother) delivers meals to and from prison every day. Li Yan's sons Xing Yuan and Fang Xing (Du Fu's two uncles) are willing to die for their brother. Diligence and filial piety are all gathered in Li Yan's children.
Du Fu's childhood When Du Fu was very young, his mother died and he was put in foster care at his second aunt's house in Luoyang. When I was a child, my aunt's son and Du Fu were both infected with severe plague. In order to take care of the sick Du Fu, I neglected my son, which led to his early death.
Du Fu was sick when he was young, but he lived in a healthy age. Economy, transportation, commerce and handicrafts are developed. The country is open and the people are confident. They have contacted and absorbed many foreign cultures.
The charm of Gong Sundaniang's sword dance and the world he created became Du Fu's earliest unforgettable experience.
Because life is stable, the country is rich and the people are strong, and the news of auspicious appearance is circulating everywhere. Like a phoenix. Du Fu began to write poems at the age of seven. The first poem was about the phoenix. At the age of nine, I was used to writing big characters and copying Yu Shinan's calligraphy.
Du Fu is a sick child. His spirit and her body become healthy with the times he lives.
He lived in Luoyang when he was a child, and Du Fu was deeply influenced by Luoyang culture. His poems appeared in Luoyang when he often climbed trees to get pears and dates. Luoyang celebrities Cui Shang and Wei Qixin were amazed when they saw Du Fu's works, saying that his appearance was tantamount to the rebirth of Ban Gu and Yang Xiong.
In 724, Du Fu was introduced by his local predecessors and had the opportunity to hear the world-famous Li Guinian's songs, which also had a far-reaching impact on him.
Second, roaming wuyue and Zhao Qi.
1. Stroll
A scholar often has a long or short roaming period when he is young. This roaming has been rendered romantic. As Li Bai said, "a gentleman must have the ambition of all directions, but serve the country with his sword and leave his relatives to travel far." In fact, this kind of long-distance travel has its own material reasons. The so-called "ambition of the quartet" is nothing more than finding a way for one's own life. Therefore, before the exam, some people go out of their hometown to a city full of humanistic atmosphere, sell themselves with words or poems, and make friends with authoritative people. Such people will be more easily boasted, so that the society can know their names first and then take the exam, because the general examiner's judgment ability is weak, and their choice is often based on the candidate's word of mouth.
2. Du Fu made two long-term wanderings during the ten years from 73/kloc-0 to 740 (aged 20-29), and the roaming areas were wuyue and Zhao Qi.
① First roaming: 73 1 ~ 735 AD (knowing the most beautiful mountains and rivers in China).
Du Fu went along the waterway (the canal connecting Huanghuai, Huaihe and Yangtze River), passed Huaiyin and Yangzhou, crossed the Yangtze River and reached the south of the Yangtze River. Since then, he has never been back to Jiangnan.
Reasons for roaming in Jiangnan:
A. You can go directly to Luoyang by boat from Jiangnan. This waterway became the main route and the most important lifeline for the rulers of the Tang Dynasty to transport grain.
B. Personnel: Du Fu's uncle and uncle are county magistrates in this area.
② AD 735: I returned to my hometown in Gongxian County and asked the county government to walk me to take the Jinshi exam (held in Luoyang), but I was not admitted.
Du Fu is twenty-four years old and has just returned from wuyue. He just enjoyed the landscape of Jiangnan, but he didn't pay attention to the real life. Because he is diligent and eager to learn, he can write some poems, and he feels very arrogant, ignoring the ancients such as Qu Yuan, Jia Yi, Cao Zhi and Liu Zhen. Being the last scholar was not a blow to Du Fu at that time. He lived in Luoyang for a while, and then began his second roaming.
③ The second roaming: 736 ~ 740 AD (hunting and singing)
Du Fu later described his roaming in two poems:
The dissolute Zhao Qi and Qiu Ma are quite crazy. ("Zhuang You")
The main condition of Du Fu's fascination with horses is that his father is Sima Yanzhou.
During this period, he wrote the earliest poems in his collection of poems: Dengzhou Tower and Wang Yue.
Third, make peace with Li Bai.
In 74 1 year, Du Fu ended his roaming in1year, and opened several caves near the pavilion of Shixia Township in shouyangshan, north of Luoyang and Yanshi, as his residence. This is the "corpse room" and Tulouzhuang that he often missed later. Sometimes he lives in a cave under shouyangshan, and sometimes he stays in Luoyang for a long time. It was in Luoyang that Du Fu met Li Bai, who was 44 years old and Du Fu was 33 years old. At this time, Du Fu's poetry has just established its own style, and Li Bai has finished many famous works. The meeting of the two greatest poets in the Tang Dynasty and their subsequent friendship became a much-told story in the history of China literature.
The social prosperity and traffic development in the Tang Dynasty gradually formed the romantic style in poetry. Ranger life has become a new theme of poetry. Seeking longevity has also become a temporary trend. Wandering immortals occupy an important position in Li Bai's life. This kind of life is romantic, divorced from the masses and individualistic. Compared with those poems that praised and won the favor of the ruling group at that time, his poems were a great progress and liberation. But this progress and liberation only stayed in the stage of personal romanticism.
In Du Fu's poetry collection, we seldom read the poems of wandering immortals and seeking immortals, which are alienated from each other. However, only at this stage with Li Bai, he was attracted by Li Bai's elegant demeanor and influenced by him. He saw the ranger, and he personally invited the immortal to see the Taoist priest. This is an episode in his life.
During that time. Du Fu and Li Bai made an appointment to pick Yao grass in Liangzhou, crossed the Yellow River, and came to Wuwangshan to pay their respects to Taoist Huagai Jun.. In autumn, they met Gao Shi. They chased rabbits with eagles, laughed and drank in restaurants, and spent a romantic and dissolute autumn together. Soon, the three men parted ways, Gao Shi went south to Chu, Li Bai asked for his immortality, and Du Fu visited Li Yong, the magistrate of Beihai.
Li Yong enjoys a high reputation in literary and art circles because of his calligraphy, articles and extensive friends. The alley where he lives is often crowded with tourists. Li Bai once wrote poems to complain to Li Yong. "
When the world saw my unchanging tone, it sneered at all my big words. Du Fu, on the other hand, felt great glory in Li Yong. Both Li Yong and the arrogant Wang Han (famous for Liangzhou Ci) forgot their fame and age. You should write a paper with Du Fu and be neighbors with Du Fu.
After spending a happy summer with Li Yong, Du Fu went to Yanzhou and met Li Bai again in autumn. He wrote four poems for Li Bai.
"Care about is floating peng, rather than the cinnabar too.
Drinking crazy songs for nothing, who is arrogant? "Then ask the fairy and Li Bai. Friendship has improved a lot. Although Li Bai had many representative works at this time, Du Fu didn't know enough about him. This is the last meeting between the two poets. Soon, Du Fuxi went to Chang 'an, and Li Bai was ready to revisit Jiangdong. When leaving, Li Bai presented Du Fu with a poem.
"Drunk don't a few days later, boarded the pool.
When will Shimen Road open again?
Eyes rested on Surabaya, and the sea was bright.
Flying over the eaves and walking on the wall, looking at each other from afar, the cup is in hand. "
From then on, the golden urn on Shimen Road failed to "reopen" and the two poets broke up forever. Later, Li Bai made many new friends during his journey, and Du Fu's name never appeared in his poems. However, infatuated Du Fu later wrote poems of missing Li Bai, whether in Chang 'an's study or in Qin Zhou's guest house. The feeling of missing Li Bai became more and more urgent, and his understanding of Li Bai's poems gradually deepened: in Chang 'an, he said that "white is invincible", and in Qin Zhou, he said that Li Bai wrote poems after an earthquake. Never say that his poems are like a pit.
Four, changan ten years:
Chang 'an was a large-scale capital in Tang Dynasty, which reached its peak in Tianbao period.
In 746, Du Fu came to Chang 'an to get an official position. His eyes are not limited to these dazzling things, he also saw the corruption of the ruling group and the suffering of the people.
At this time, politics became increasingly corrupt, and Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was arrogant and extravagant all the time, handing over all political power to Li, a jealous secretariat.
In 747, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty recruited talented people in Kyoto, and Du Fu also took the exam. However, no one applied for the plot manipulated by Li.
In order to make a living, Du Fu humbly served as a "guest" in several noble families. In addition, he found a sideline job, picking or planting drugs in Shan Ye in exchange for "drug price".
In 75 1 year, Xuanzong held three major ceremonies to worship Emperor Xuanyuan, ancestral temple and heaven and earth, so Du Fu took the opportunity to write three "Great Gifts", which was appreciated by Xuanzong and ordered to be placed in Jixian Hospital. Li got into trouble again, and never again after the exam.
In 754, Du Fu wrote two more poems in succession, and at the same time, he threw poems at him and asked them to quote. Du Fu at this time, in order to get an official position, has reached the point of unscrupulous.
In 755 AD, Du Fu spent nine years in Chang 'an and was appointed as the commandant of Hexi County, but he refused the appointment, so he led Fu Cao Zhou to join the army. 1 1 month, Du Fu went back to Fengxian to visit his wife, but when he entered the room, he heard crying, and all the children under one year old starved to death.
Not long after he returned to Chang 'an, the Anshi Rebellion hit Luoyang, and he left Chang 'an one month before the fall of Chang 'an.
Verb (short for verb) exile
From 755 1 1 month to 763 1 month, the Anshi Rebellion, which lasted for seven years and three months, caused drastic changes in politics and economy in the Tang Dynasty and deepened social poverty. Faced with this situation, Du Fu fully integrated his patriotism and love for the people into his poems. It was also from this time that some poems and songs in the Tang Dynasty embarked on the simple road of realism.
In May 756, Du Fu led his family from Fengxian to Baishui, and stayed in his uncle Cui Wei's mansion. At this time, Tongguan south of Baishui was guarded by Ge, and Du Fu trusted him. Unexpectedly, at this time, Geshu Khan was terminally ill and the soldiers were hungry. Sure enough, in June, Ge went out to fight back and was defeated. Tongguan fell and Baishui fell, and Du Fu began to live in exile.
The escape was too hasty, and Du Fu's family finally arrived at Sun Zai's home. After resting here for a few days, he settled down in Qiang village in the north of Zhou (fū). Due to the long-term heavy rain, the flash floods in Sanchuan nearby, the military disasters in the distance and the floods in front of him, Du Fu heard the cries of thousands of victims.
During Du Fu's escape, Prince Hengli ascended the throne as Lingwu, and Du Fu pinned his hopes for revival on him. In August, I went north alone and went to Lingwu. At this time, the influence of the Hu people had expanded to the north, and Du Fu was captured to Chang 'an on his way to the north.
Later, the Soviet Union led the troops to recapture the two capitals, only to find that all three clans were destroyed, and the Hu people triumphed in Chang 'an, which made the people disappointed and miserable. Du Fu saw this scene with his own eyes in Chang 'an, and wrote poems of "Sad Chen Tao" and "Sad Qing Ban".
During his stay in Chang 'an, Du Fu often missed his family besides worrying about his country and people. Poems such as Moonlit Night and Spring Hope were written at this time.
At the beginning of 757, when An Lushan died, Su Zong moved south to Fengxiang. Du Fu took this opportunity to escape from Fengxiang and was appointed as the left phase by Su Zong. Just like Gui Fang, the prime minister, was demoted to Prince Shao Shi, Du Fu saw Gui Fang's fame as a teenager, but ignored his false advocacy, argumentative and unrealistic, saved Gui Fang regardless of life and death, and angered Su Zong.
Du Fu was appointed as Zuo Shiyi, and did his duty, fulfilling the duty of satirizing and recommending talents, but he also offended Su Zong. In August, he was ordered to leave Fengxiang and return to Zhangzhou to visit relatives. On his way home, Du Fu felt sorry for the desolation of people's life he saw, and wrote a famous article "The Northern Expedition".
Six, serve the emperor, to the people.
If the sixth chapter focuses on Du Fu's war displacement and short-term employment after the An Shi Rebellion broke out, then this chapter focuses on Du Fu's mental journey during this period.
After Du Fu was captured in Chang 'an, he went through all kinds of hardships and went to Fengxiang to see Su Zong. To this end, Su Zong appointed Du Fu as Zuo Shiyi, so the world called him "Du Shiyi". From July 757 to June 758, it was Du Fu's last stay in Chang 'an. He went in and out side by side with Jia Zhi, Wang Wei, Cen Can and others, and lived an idle official life. The quiet bureaucratic life limited his vision to the emperor, waiting for the dragon's face all day, leaving some poems of praise and memorial. However, these poems have no luster in Du Fu's poetry collections, only appear light and melodious, without weight. At this time, he is just a cautious official who serves the emperor.
After Su Zong returned to Beijing, the furniture that followed him was gradually rejected by Su Zong and moved to Prince Shao Shi. Du Fu went to the emergency room, but his words were fierce, which angered Su Zong and was banished to Huazhou. Since then, he has never been back to Chang 'an. When he left Chang 'an, he felt sad and abandoned, but he didn't realize that he left a "dense fragrance" around the emperor, and he was liberated from that narrow world! He can get close to the people in the war and realize the suffering of the times. He can go to the people and return to the post of people's poet.
After that, Du Fu temporarily left Iowa to visit relatives in Luoyang. On the way, he met the poet Meng Yunqing. As realistic poets, they feasted all night, which influenced the poets in the middle Tang Dynasty to some extent and promoted the progress and development of poetry. Back in Luoyang, Du Fu saw that the flowers and birds in his hometown were still there, but they were deserted. Touching the scene, he created a lot of five-character poems with true feelings. A song "Car Wash" became one of the "pressure rolls". In the poem, on the one hand, he stood on the national side, praised the tireless efforts of the sages, and firmly believed that victory would eventually come. On the other hand, he stood on the people's side, denounced the bureaucrats who didn't get merit, and exposed the shortcomings of the imperial court.
In the second year after returning to China, the battle between Tang Jun and Anshi Rebellion broke out in Yecheng, and Tang Jun was defeated. Du Fu also returned to Huazhou from Luoyang at this time. Leaving the emperor's feet and the emperor's "favor", Du Fu really saw the "Datang" where people's livelihood was depressed and foreigners invaded. This road is full of chaos and anxiety. All he came into contact with were old men and women, and all he saw was the pain of having nowhere to complain under the cruel drive of officials. Du Fu condensed the people's tragedy he saw, heard and experienced into an immortal epic-Three Officials and Three Farewells. (Xin 'an official, Shi Haoguan, Tongguan official, newly married, resigned, homeless). At this moment, he probably really went to the people as the title said.
Seven, the police on the right side of Gansu and dangerous mountains and waters.
In the 14th year of Tianbao of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (AD 755), An Lushan captured Chang 'an in one fell swoop, and the people were displaced by the war. Even Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was forced to flee to Sichuan. In 756, Prince Hengli ascended the throne in Lingwu and became Su Zong. Du Fu, who was trapped in Chang 'an, tried his best to escape from Chang 'an and went to Fengxiang, the emperor's palace, where he was given the rank of eight officials-Zuo Shiyi. Du Fu was an official in the DPRK for three months, and was demoted to Huazhou as a military officer for being outspoken. In July 759, he was forced to resign. After being invited by Qin Zhou's good friend Zangong and nephew Du Zuo, he was "full of sorrow, because people traveled far." (One of Qinzhou Miscellaneous Poems) With his wife Hong Nongyang, his sons Zong Xiong and Zong Wu, and his younger brother Du Zhan, he left Fengxiang and crossed Longshan and started the most difficult trip to Longyou in his life.
Du Fu's family crossed Guanshan on foot and entered Longyou. Through Longshan Town, Sol Zhang, to Longcheng, Qin 'an County, then through Longcheng to Qin 'an, and from Qin 'an to Qin Zhou.
The year 759 was a turning point in history. After experiencing social unrest, Du Fu became poorer and poorer. During his one-year visit to relatives and friends in Longyou, his livelihood was on the verge of despair, but his works were still full of infinite affection for the whole life and everything. Du Fu * * * wrote 1 18 poems, which are even more dazzling among his 1400 poems handed down from generation to generation, and his works are more mature in the whole poetic content.
The poems in "Qinzhou Miscellaneous Poems" and "Seven Songs in the Same Valley" are full of emotion and magnificent, which can't help but move people and shock their hearts.
At this time, he also wrote some poems in memory of his friends. He wrote poems for Xue Ji and Bi Yao, Gao Shi and Cen Can, Zhang Biao, a poet friend of Meng Yunqing, and Jia Zhi and Yanwu, companions of Fang Fang. Of course, the most outstanding articles are those that miss Li Bai.
During Du Fu's stay in Qin Zhou, he could not solve the livelihood problem. When he was cornered, Qin Zhou, which was rich in humanities and natural scenery, did not keep the poet. For the livelihood of his family, Du Fu left Qinzhou South with his family at the beginning of 10 to pursue his "Xanadu".
Du Fu lived in the same valley for about a month, but the problem of food and clothing has not been solved. He has a good impression on the mountains and rivers of Tonggu, but his mood is different from that of "sending to Qin Zhou". Judging from the poems left by the poet in later generations, such as "Seven Songs of the Same Valley", Du Fu's experience of the same valley is even more miserable. After experiencing the hunger and cold of "one-year-old short clothes and snow, picking up chestnuts", he "forced things to be tired, and he was four years old." On the first day of December, I set out from the same valley again ("the hair of the same valley"), and my family imagined that "the intestines are full of potatoes, and the cliff honey is curious."
Du Fu is embarrassed to live in Qin Zhou. He can't support himself. He heard that bronze drums can survive, so he left Qin Zhou and came to bronze drums.
Du Fu went to Tonggu from Qin Zhou in the early winter of October, stayed in Tonggu for about a month, set off for Sichuan on December 1st, and arrived in Chengdu at the end of the year.
Both trips were very difficult. He wrote twelve poems about the journey for each trip, which were divided into two groups, and each group had a beginning and an end.
From these poems, we can see that the poet not only insists on hunger and cold, but also struggles with steep mountains and rivers to overcome difficulties step by step.
He wrote these poems not only with his eyes, but also with his imagination, and most importantly, with his feet; We can say that they came out step by step from Du Fu's down-to-earth work, so there are no illusory heights and wonders, only actual surprises and dangers.
During his five months in Longyou, Du Fu left us 1 17 poems, which are not only abundant, but also some chapters mark the highest achievement of Du Fu's poetic art.
In Du Fu's life, 759 was the most difficult year, but this year's creation, especially Three Officials, Three Farewells and some Longyou poems, reached the highest achievement. He is forty-eight years old.
Eight, Du Fu Caotang
The chapter "Du Fu's Caotang" depicts Du Fu's rare and stable life in a bumpy life. His poetic style is light in praising nature and heavy in pitying the people.
At the end of 759, I went to Chengdu, Sichuan Province, and with the help of my relatives and friends, I found an open space near Huanhuaxi, Qili, west of the city. After two or three months of renovation, Huanhuacaotang was finally completed. This humble little place has become a sacred place in the history of China literature.
The years in the thatched cottage are probably happy times for Du Fu. The land of abundance is rich in products and simple in folk customs. In March, you can write "the breeze swallows are slanting" and in May, you can write "loquat fragrance". Watching the birds on my back during the day, listening to the spring rain at night, sneaking into the night with the wind. I have beautiful scenery in front of me and close friends around me. Sichuan officials Gao Shi and Yanwu often visit this thatched cottage. After living in Chang 'an for ten years and living in exile, the poet can finally catch his breath in Chengdu. However, Du Fu did not forget his sufferings, and his sufferings were not far away from the poet. He wrote "The Cottage Was Blown by Autumn Wind", which is a cry that only a truly noble person can make. I am willing to give my life for the stability of the world when I am in turmoil. Isn't this the expression that Fan Zhongyan said in Yueyang Tower hundreds of years later that "the world is worried first, and the world is happy afterwards"?
Happy times are always short. Yanwu, a good friend, stayed in Chengdu for less than a year before being recalled to Beijing. This year, Du Fu was already a 5 1 year-old Chinese Pulsatilla. He was worried about farewell and insisted on sending it to Mianzhou, but he didn't want to be rebelled in Chengdu. His wife separated and he was cut off, so he had to go into exile again. The traces of the Anshi Rebellion are still there, and the terror and turmoil are still there. This 5 1 year-old poet doesn't know what to do, but he has to go to Zizhou. He walked alone in the mountains of Dongchuan, wrote down the war all the way, and wrote history in the form of poetry, which was more real and profound than history books.
Nine, exile again
In 76 1-764, the situation in central Sichuan and even the whole country was chaotic, and Du Fu went into exile again to maintain his present life. During this period, Du Fu had no food and clothing, and his livelihood depended on those "border officials". These envoys and county magistrates only know that Du Fu can write poems and essays and know some pharmacology. When they used him, they invited him to write poems with them. So he has no sincere friendship except wine and meat, and there is no place where he can make plans to stay for a long time. On the one hand, he misses the thatched cottage in Chengdu, and on the other hand, he plans to travel to the East.
In the autumn of 762, during the Chengdu Incident, Du Fu rushed from Mianzhou to Zizhou, and once went to Chengdu in late autumn, taking his wife to Zizhou, and learned that the thatched cottage was not damaged. In this year 1 1 month, Du Fu also went south to Shehong Tongquan and visited Chen Ziang's former residence in Shehong County with longing.
In the late spring of 763, Du Fu sent friends from Zizhou to Mianzhou and from Mianzhou to Hanzhou, and Fang Yi had left Hanzhou for Chang 'an. Fang Yi arrived in Langzhou, unable to move forward due to illness, and died in a monk's house. Du Fu arrived in Langzhou from Zizhou in September, and paid an audience with his fellow countrymen's confidants who were closely related to his political life. After the sacrifice, I learned that my daughter was ill and returned to Zizhou.
In 763 1 1 month, Du Fu planned to go to Jiangnan. Due to Du Fu's careful service, Zhang Yi, the secretariat of Zizhou, planned the travel expenses for him. Besides seeing him off, I also gave him a peach bamboo stick specially made by catalpa.
? In the early spring of 764, Du Fu came to Langzhou with his wife in order to enter the Western Han River east of Yuzhou from Langshui. At this time, due to Yanwu's recommendation, the government called Du Fu Jing Zhao Gong Cao, but he had to refuse because he had plans to cross to the east. However, when he sent poems in all directions and was about to get up, Yanwu was appointed as Chengdu Yin and Jian Nan. When he heard the news that "the old friend came again", Chengdu Caotang added weight to his heart, which led him to give up his scheduled trip and go to the grave of the house to say goodbye to his old friend. In late spring March, he led his wife back to Chengdu.
Ten, back to the thatched cottage, start shogunate life.
When Yan Wuchu entered Shu, he invited Du Fu to the shogunate, but Du Fu declined politely, saying that he was "lazy, never lived in a bamboo house" and "really fishing in Jinjiang". Du Fu came to Chengdu for the first time, not to take refuge in Yanwu, but to return to Chengdu again, apparently because of the return of Yanwu. Therefore, after Yanwu returned to Shu, he invited Du Fu, who could not refuse. Once he became a subordinate of Yanwu, this evacuated rural life ended, and Du Fu became a petty official who was forced to deal with documents all day in Iowa.
In March of the second year of Guangde (764), Du Fu entered the Yanwu shogunate. The book said, "Du Fu is our governor, Yuan Wailang is a captain, and two bags of fees and fish are given." . Du Fu is also known as Du Gongbu. Our staff are managed, appointed and paid by our staff, while Yuan Wailang of the Ministry of Supervision belongs to an honorary position, not really going to work in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, but belongs to Liupin. Made in the Tang Dynasty, more than five items are given free clothes and fish bags. Therefore, it is a favor to give the fish bag to Du. On the one hand, Yanwu was willing to support Du Fu out of personal relationship, and on the other hand, it was also the shogunate atmosphere at that time-in order to win over talents, our time was competing to increase officials for subordinates. It is reasonable for the court to grant such a vacant position at no cost.
Despite his promotion, Du Fu's shogunate life was not smooth. That autumn, Du Fu regretted entering the curtain. "When Hu Weiwei came to the front of the curtain, he only joined in the boat." There were many disagreements with his colleagues. ": It is very hard to go to work every day, "dawn into Zhu, faint into the corner"; Uncomfortable, "binding friends, wasting the clock"; I feel like a bird in a cage. I miss Ye Gongshan.
On the third day of the first month of the first year of Yongtai (765), Du Fu officially resigned and returned to Huanhuaxi Caotang, and soon received the bad news of Gao Shi's death. Wang Wei died three years ago; Two years ago, Fang Guan opened a crane; A year ago, Zheng Qian died in Taizhou and Su Yuanming starved to death in Chang 'an. Li Bai's life and death are uncertain, and there is no news. Looking back, it is really "a famous poem, only hurting the old." Du Fu felt old and weak, "malaria eats and drinks, and the old capital of Shu is scarred", and his hometown is far away, "wandering and crying, and human growth." In April, Yanwu died suddenly. Chengdu has nothing to miss and nothing to rely on. Du Fu left his younger brother Du Zhan to guard the thatched cottage and led his family back to China by water. It was only five and a half years since Du Fu built a thatched cottage on the banks of Huanhua River in the spring of 760. Less than one year and nine months from Zizhou and Langzhou, he stayed in the thatched cottage for less than four years, but made it a sacred place in the history of China literature.
Xi. Kuifu Ancient City
766 -768, Kuizhou.
Bai Maolin served as governor of Kuizhou and gave Du Fu a lot of help. He farmed in the public land rented by Dongpuxi (Dongpuxi Citrus Forest). Bai Maolin gave him 40 acres of citrus forest in Xixi (Xixi Caofang).
Du Fu painted mountain springs with bamboo tubes, raised chickens and set up chicken pens, and made great efforts to decorate them.
Kuizhou is a mountain city, and Du Fu described them with breathtaking words. He sang mountains and rivers and people, and had plenty of time to recall his youth.
At this time, some changes have taken place in his poetry. From the Chang 'an era, he tried to avoid vulgarity; Life in a thatched cottage is more leisurely. I am eloquent about the beautiful nature and spend part of my energy carving my own sentences and rhythms.
At this time, his life can be maintained by farming the commons and the orange forest, but he did not ignore the voices of the poor around him.
Du Fu is in Kuizhou, and his health is good and bad. In two years, he wrote more than 430 poems, accounting for two-seventh of all his works, which was a period of rich creation. However, due to the limitation of life, it is slightly inferior to the past works in content and thought.
Du Fu longed for national reunification. For Zong's birthday, I made him enter the DPRK for his birthday. He was very excited and wrote a poem. Tong Wen's gifts were collected from the people, and he wrote poems again. Criticize the government's policy towards Tubo. Du Fu did not forget the poor. He wrote poems to persuade Wu Mou, who lives in a thatched cottage in Tunxi, to be kind to his neighbors who have no food or children.
Twelve. tragic ending
Due to the bad climate and few friends in Kuizhou, Du Fu didn't want to stay long, although his life could be maintained. After receiving a letter from his younger brother Du Guan, he even increased the idea of going out of the gorge. Before he left, he presented the orange orchard to Wu Mou.
I was going to stay in the bustling Jingzhou for a few days and then go back to Chang 'an in the north or downstream in the east. But just arrived in Jingzhou, the soldiers and horses of Shangzhou rebelled, and the business district was in chaos. Coupled with the Tubo attack on Fengxiang, Chang' an was threatened, and I gave up going north. But Jiangdong's brother and aunt had no news for a long time and had to stay in Jingzhou. I want to get help from my friends, but in fact it is very limited. Life is getting worse every day, health is getting worse every day, and I am cold in the shogunate.
In late autumn, he jumped to the police. Du Fu had no choice at this time, and his poems reached the final stage. Even so, he did not give up his responsibility as a poet to reflect people's lives.
The police also had an accident soon, and then he took a boat from Yuezhou to Hengyang. I wanted to take refuge in Wei Zhijin, the secretariat of Hengzhou, but Wei had changed his post and died soon.
He left Hengzhou and came to Tanzhou, where the boat became his home. He is disabled and ill, and sometimes he makes a living by selling medicines. Su Xun visited and wrote poems. The latter two escaped from Tanzhou together. Du Fu not only admired his poems, but also marveled at his personality. In his later years, Du Fu was surrounded by vulgar officials. Su Huan's appearance can at least give him some bright and clear feelings.
Chenzhou was ill, so he had to take his wife south, and then went to Hengzhou, intending to go south to Chenzhou and go to his uncle. The river surged, so I couldn't move forward, so I had to go north and prepare to return to Chang 'an. But poverty and illness prevented him from walking out of Xiangjiang River.
He died on a boat in Xiangjiang River in 770, and his family was unable to bury him and stayed in Yuezhou. In August13, his grandson Du was transported to Yanshi and buried next to Du's tomb.
Du Fu was born in a bureaucratic family and was deeply influenced by Confucianism. At that time, he could not doubt the feudal system and the significance of the emperor's existence. In this contradictory situation, he sometimes satirizes the emperor, sometimes holds infinite hope, and sometimes feels extremely disappointed. With a sad mood, he never escaped from reality. Until the eve of his death, he still remembered the misfortune of his country.