——1265, the second year of the Yuan Dynasty in Mongolia. In April, in the Southern Song Dynasty, Jiajia Sidao was granted the title of Grand Master of Wei State. Customized by Mongolia, Mongolians serve as Daru Huachi, Han people serve as general managers, and Huihui people serve as Tongzhi. That year, the Song and Mongolian armies fought in Luzhou and Tongchuan, and both Song armies were defeated. The imperial court granted Zhao Xingfan the status of a Jinshi. On March 23, Zhao Xingfan died in Gui'an (Fifty-three Wei). Du Zong gave silver and silk to collect, and gave silver to Qing Guanglu, the doctor. He was later buried in Nie Village, Chengjing Township, Wucheng County, Huzhou. Zhao Mengfu followed the instructions of his mother, Mrs. Qiu, and studied hard day and night. At this time, it is easy to write the Diamond Sutra.
——Ni Yuan (Zhong Shen) was born. Timursheng. ——1266, the third year of the Yuan Dynasty in Mongolia. The heads of the Mongolian imperial edicts, provinces, courts, Taiwan, ministries, Xuanwei Department, Incorruption Department, and Ministry Shogunate all use Mongolian and Semu people. Wang Weizheng of Mongolia sent generals to attack Kaizhou of Song Dynasty (today's Kaixian County of Sichuan).
——Shi Nengzhi, the prime minister of the imperial court and the official of Taifu, knew Changzhou Prefecture. Shi Nengzhi, courtesy name Zishan, was born in Siming, Zhejiang, and was a Jinshi. Gong [Wang Su] (Zijing) was born. Han Xing (Ming Shan) is born. Yuan Jue (Bo Chang) was born. ——In the Song Dynasty, Li Tingzhi was appointed as the ambassador of the Lianghuai system and also knew Yangzhou. Mongolian Ashu led his troops to invade Fuzhou (today's Tianmen, Hubei), De'an Prefecture, Jingshan and other places, and plundered tens of thousands of people. Shi Tianze arrived at the army and built a long siege to trap Xiangyang. Song generals Zhang Shijie, Xia Gui, and Fan Wenhu successively attacked Xiangyang, but were defeated. In this year, Mongolia established court rituals. Pasiba was made into a new Mongolian character, and he was given the title "King of Dharma". Lu Wende died in Song Dynasty.
——Huang Gongwang, born. Huang Gongwang (1269~1354), a painter and calligrapher of the Yuan Dynasty, one of the four great calligraphers of the Yuan Dynasty.
——The script created by Pasiba
In the sixth year of Zhiyuan (1269), Kublai Khan issued an edict to officially implement the script created by the emperor’s master Pasiba, calling it "New Mongolian characters" were renamed "Mongolian characters" the following year. This kind of writing is the national character of the Yuan Dynasty. In later generations, some people directly called it "Yuan Guo Zi" or "Yuan Guo Shu". The alphabet consists mainly of Tibetan letters, with a few Sanskrit letters and a few newly coined letters. The letters are mostly square. The number of letters was initially 41. Later, the number was gradually increased. According to the existing data, there are 57 variations, including the phonemes. The letters are divided into vowels and consonants. There are two types of characters: regular and seal. The seal is mostly used for official seals. The line is written straight from left to right, which is different from Tibetan writing horizontally from left to right. The writing unit is syllable, not word, which is the same as Tibetan. Since the writing unit is not a word, and no punctuation marks are used, the boundaries of words and sentences can only be judged by context when reading. There is no intonation mark when spelling Chinese, so if the original text does not have a Chinese character comparison or other reference materials. It is often difficult to determine the Chinese character represented. As the official script of the Yuan Dynasty, Basiba was used to "translate and write all texts" (the words of the imperial edict issued in the sixth year of the Yuan Dynasty). According to existing records, the languages ??it translates include not only Mongolian, but also Chinese, Tibetan, Sanskrit, Uighur and other languages. Mongolian information and Chinese information on Pasiba characters. It is a reliable basis for studying Mongolian and Chinese in the Yuan Dynasty. Especially in the study of the pronunciation of these two languages, the Basiba character data is superior to any other available similar data because it records the pronunciation accurately and minutely.
——"Buddha's Tongji" was written
In the sixth year of Lizong Baoyou's reign (1258), Tiantai Sect monk Zhipan began to write "Buddha's Tongji", which recorded the origin and development of Tiantai Sect. It was written in the fifth year of Zong Xianchun (1269). It is based on the Southern Song Dynasty Jingqian's "Zongyuan Lu" and Zongjian's "Shimen Zhengtong", and is added to imitate the historical records and chronicles. Among them, "Ben Ji" contains the biographies of the twenty-four ancestors of the Western Land and the seventeen ancestors of the Eastern Land enshrined by Sakyamuni and the Tiantai Sect; "The Family" contains the biographies of the ancestors and teachers; "Biography" contains the biographies of the teachers of the Zhili system; "" is the Tiantai Sect's missionary chronology and lineage table; "Zhi" contains the catalog of Tiantai Sect's writings and other historical materials of various sects.
——Liu Kezhuang died
In the fifth year of Xianchun (1269), the writer Liu Kezhuang died. Liu Kezhuang was from Putian (now Putian, Fujian), Xinghua Army, Song Dynasty. Talented, upright and loyal to the Qing Dynasty, he had an official career of sixty years and was dismissed from office nine times. During the reign of Jianyang in the Baoqing period, he wrote the poem "Luo Mei", which goes like this: "One piece can teach a person to break his heart, and it can be built flat to build a new wall. It floats like a visitor coming to cross the ridge, and falls like a poet going to Hunan. Dotted with berries randomly." There are so many moss on my sleeves that they still smell fragrant after a while. The east wind is in control of the flower, but it is forbidden to be aloof and not assert it!" The poem uses the falling plum blossoms as a metaphor for the tragic persecution of learned men such as Qu Yuan and Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, and criticizes those in power. Shi Miyuan's despicable behavior was jealous of talents and rejected dissidents. As a result, he was convicted and demoted.
Liu Kezhuang is unique in various literary styles, especially poetry. His poetry was studied by Lu You and Yang Wanli, and later in the late Tang Dynasty. He is the most famous poet of the Jianghu School. Most of his works satirize current affairs, reflect the sufferings of the people, and are vigorous and natural, such as "People from the North" and "Music in the Army". However, he became friends with Jia Sidao in his later years, and his works that flattered Jia became a stain in his later years. The style of his poetry is close to that of Xin Qiji, bold and unrestrained, and often composed in confusion when he was hurt, such as "Congratulations to the Bridegroom" and "Looking North to Shenzhou Road". He was the most accomplished among the three poets of the Xin School in the Southern Song Dynasty (Liu Guo, Liu Kezhuang, and Liu Chenweng). There are only a lot of discussions, but the charm is a bit lacking. ——1270, the seventh year of the Yuan Dynasty in Mongolia. In that year, Jia Sidao deceived the emperor and harmed the country, causing chaos in the government. The Mongolian army is growing stronger and the border situation is critical.
——Chen Hao (Zhong Ming) was born. Liu Guan (Tao Fu) was born on August 1st. ——1271, the eighth year of Yuan Dynasty. Fan Wenhu of the Song Dynasty used naval forces to aid Xiangfan, but he was defeated and retreated. Fan Guang attacked Jiaozhou from the sea to contain the Mongolian offensive against Xiangyang, but was defeated and captured.
——In November of that year, Liu Bingzhong, the emperor of Mongolia, proposed to take the meaning of "Great Qianyuan" from the "Book of Changes" and changed the name of the country to Dayuan (adding the word "大" according to the country name, Beginning in the Yuan Dynasty, the character "da" in previous dynasties was an honorific given by ministers or vassal states). Kublai Khan proclaimed himself emperor and established the Yuan Dynasty. ——1272, the ninth year of Yuan Dynasty. In that year, Li Tingzhi of the Southern Song Dynasty ordered Zhang Shun and Zhang Gui of the militia department to go up the Han River to aid Xiangyang. They broke through the blockade of the Yuan army. In the Yuan Dynasty, Shangshu Province was merged into Zhongshu Province, and Zhongdu was changed to Dadu (today's Beijing).
——On February 8th of that year, Zhao Mengfu wrote "Ode to Flies". On May 15th, I wrote "The Joy of Reading" by Luo Da Jing of Song Dynasty and wrote it down in "Yinshui Shanfang" in Wuxing. His calligraphy is imitated by Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty, and his calligraphy is "fragrant and full of vigor". Yu Ji (Bo Sheng) was born. Fan [Muheng] (Heng's father) was born. ——1274, the eleventh year of Yuan Dynasty. In that year, the Southern Song Dynasty held the last imperial examination. In June, Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty issued an edict to attack the Song Dynasty, with Boyan as the commander. In July, Song Duzong died (1242-1274). Zi [Xian] ascended the throne at the age of four and was named Emperor Gong. In September, Boyan sent troops. In November, Fuzhou (today's gate) was demoted to the Yuan Dynasty. In December, the Yuan army defeated Xia Guizhi's army in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the Hanyang army and Ezhou surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty.
——Jie Xisi (Man Shuo) was born. Cao Hefu (Zhongda) was born. Liu Bingzhong (Zhonghui) died (1216 -?).