First, the original text
The first emperor failed to start his business halfway. Today, he scored three points, which made Yizhou exhausted. This is also a critical autumn. However, the ministers of the guards worked tirelessly at home, and those who were loyal to their ambitions forgot to be outside, covering the special experience of the former emperor and wanting to report it to your majesty. Sincerely, it is advisable to open a holy hearing, with the glory of the first emperor and the spirit of grand people. It is not advisable to belittle yourself, cite the wrong words, and block the way of loyalty and admonition.
in the palace, everything is an organic whole, and it is not appropriate to punish and conceal the differences. If there are those who commit crimes and are loyal and kind, they should be rewarded by the department to show your majesty's understanding, not favoritism, so that the internal and external laws are different.
Shi Zhong, Assistant Minister Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun, etc., all of them are honest and sincere, and they are loyal and pure, and they are based on the former emperor's brief selection and legacy. Fools think that things in the palace, no matter how big or small, should be consulted, and then implemented, which will certainly make up for the gaps and make a wide profit.
Xiang Chong, a general, was virtuous and skillful in military affairs. He tried it out in the past, and the former emperor called it "Neng", which was based on public discussion and favor. Fools think that knowing what's going on in the camp and consulting them will surely make the battle line harmonious, and the advantages and disadvantages will be found.
I'm a relative, but I'm far from being a villain, so I'm prosperous. Dear villain, far from being a virtuous minister, since then the Han dynasty has been so depressed. When the first emperor was around, every time I talked to the minister about this matter, I always sighed and hated Yu Huan and Ling. Shi Zhong, Shang Shu, Chang Shi, joined the army. I know that I am a minister of Zhen Liang's death festival. I hope that your majesty will personally believe it, and the Han Dynasty will be prosperous, so I can wait for it.
I was dressed in cloth and devoted myself to Nanyang. I risked my life in troubled times and didn't want Wen Da to be a vassal. The first emperor didn't treat his ministers with meanness, and his allegations were self-defeating. He took care of his ministers in the thatched cottage, and he was grateful for what happened in the present world, so he promised the first emperor to drive him away. After the value capsized, I was appointed to the defeated army and was ordered to be in danger. I have been here for twenty years.
the late emperor knew that my ministers were cautious, so he sent them to me for great things when he was about to collapse. Since I was appointed, I have been sighing at night, fearing that the entrustment will not work, so as to hurt the knowledge of my late emperor. Therefore, I crossed the Luzhou in May, and it was barren. Today, the south has been set, and the armor is sufficient. When the three armies are awarded, the Central Plains will be set in the north, and the arrogance will be exhausted, and the traitors will be eliminated, and the Han Dynasty will be revived, and it will still be in the old capital.
this minister is loyal to your majesty because he reported to the late emperor. As for the consideration of profit and loss, if you are faithful to your words, you will be willing to do so. May your majesty entrust the minister with the effect of reviving the thief, and if it doesn't work, he will punish the minister and sue the spirit of the first emperor.
if there is nothing to promote virtue, blame you, Yi and Yun for being slow, so as to show their blame; Your majesty should also seek for himself, seek advice from others, be gracious and courteous, and pursue the posthumous edict of the late emperor. I am very grateful. Stay away from it today, crying in the face, and I don't know what to say.
2. Translation
My late emperor died halfway through the great cause he started. Now the world is divided into three countries, which means that Shu Han's national strength is weak and the situation is difficult. This is indeed a critical period for the country. However, the officials in the court's attendants and guards did not slack off, and the loyal and ambitious soldiers on the battlefield risked their lives, probably because they remembered the special gratitude of the first emperor to them (the reason for fighting).
I want to repay your majesty. (Your Majesty) You should really expand the hearing of the sage, carry forward the virtues left by the former emperor, and inspire the ambition of people with lofty aspirations. You should not lightly underestimate yourself and say inappropriate words, which will block people's loyal persuasion. The ministers in the palace and the imperial court are a whole, and there should be no differences in rewards and punishments.
If there are people who do evil and violate the law, or those who are loyal and kind, they should be handed over to the competent officials to evaluate and reward them, so as to show your majesty's fairness and strictness in handling state affairs, and there should be no favoritism and selfishness, which makes the reward and punishment methods in the palace and the court different. Shi Zhong, Assistant Minister Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun and others are all kind, honest, loyal and pure people, and their aspirations and minds are the same.
therefore, the first emperor selected them and left them to your majesty. I think we should discuss everything in the palace with him, no matter how big or small it is, so that we can make up for the shortcomings and omissions if we implement it later. Get more benefits. General Xiang Chong, who is kind and fair in character and conduct, is proficient in military affairs. When he was appointed in the past, the first emperor praised him for his talent, so everyone discussed and elected him as the governor of the central region.
I think that if we discuss everything in the forbidden military camp with him, we will surely make the army unite as one, and people with different talents will get their places. Being close to virtuous officials and alienating villains are the reasons why the former Han Dynasty flourished. Being close to villains and alienating virtuous ministers are the reasons why the later Han Dynasty declined.
When my late emperor was alive, whenever he talked to me about these things, he hated the corruption during the reign of Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling without sighing. Shi Zhong, Shang Shu, Chang Shi, and joining the army are all loyal, kind, and dutiful ministers. I hope your majesty will be close to them and trust them, then the revival of the Han Dynasty will be just around the corner.
I was originally a commoner. I tilled the fields myself in Nanyang. I survived in troubled times and didn't want to be famous among princes. My late emperor didn't condescend to come to see me because of my humble status. He visited me in my cottage three times and asked me for my opinions on the major events of the current situation. I was so moved that I agreed to run for my late emperor.
It's been twenty-one years since I was defeated by the army, accepted the task when the army was defeated, and was ordered to go out when the situation was critical. My late emperor knew that I was cautious, so he entrusted the affairs of state to me on his deathbed.
since I accepted my death, I have been worrying and sighing day and night. I am afraid that the great task entrusted to me by my late emperor will not be realized, which will damage my late emperor's understanding of people, so I crossed the Lushui River in May and went deep into sparsely populated places.
Now that the south has been pacified and the troops are well equipped, I should inspire the generals and soldiers to pacify the Central Plains, hoping to exhaust my mediocre talents, eradicate the treacherous and vicious enemies, entrust me with the task of reviving the Han Dynasty, and return to the old capital. This is my duty to repay my late emperor for being loyal to your majesty.
As for handling affairs, it is the responsibility of Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi and Dong Yun to consider the reason and contribute advice without reservation. I hope your majesty can entrust me with the task of punishing Cao Wei and restoring the Han Dynasty. If you can't finish it, you will punish me for my sin, which will be used to comfort the spirit of my late emperor.
If there is no proposal to revitalize Shengde, blame Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun and others for their neglect. To reveal their faults; Your Majesty should also plan by himself, offer loyal suggestions without reservation, adopt correct remarks, and deeply remember the teachings left by the late emperor. I can't thank you enough
Today (I) will bid farewell to Your Majesty's long journey, and I can't help crying in the face of this performance, and I don't know what I said.
3. Author: Zhuge Liang in the Three Kingdoms Period? Extended information
1. Creative background
In the first year of Zhangwu in Shu (221), Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor and Zhuge Liang became prime minister. In the first year of Jianxing in Shu Han Dynasty (223), Liu Bei died of illness and entrusted Liu Chan to Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang implemented a series of correct political and economic measures, which made the territory of Shu and Han prosperous.
in order to achieve national reunification, after quelling the rebellion in the south, Zhuge Liang decided to attack Wei in the north in the fifth year of Jianxing (227), intending to seize Chang 'an of Wei, and before leaving, he wrote to his successor, that is, this "Model".
second, appreciation
this essay is mainly about discussion, with narrative and lyricism. After exhorting with sincere and euphemistic words, it is mainly to talk openly, reward and punish strictly, and kiss the sages far away, so as to revive the Han Dynasty and return to the old capital; At the same time, I also express my thoughts of being loyal to my country. The full text is written in four sentences without resorting to flowery rhetoric or quoting ancient allusions.
According to the situation at that time, "A Teacher's Watch" repeatedly urged Liu Chan to carry on the legacy of his late master Liu Bei, open a holy hearing, be strict in rewards and punishments, and be close to the sages, so as to complete the great cause of "rejuvenating the Han Dynasty", which showed Zhuge Liang's strong will to "set the Central Plains in the north" and his loyalty to Shu Han.
III. Author's Brief Introduction
Zhuge Liang (October 8, 181 -234), born in Wolong, Yangdu, Xuzhou (now yinan county, Linyi City, Shandong Province), was the prime minister of Shu during the Three Kingdoms period, an outstanding politician, strategist, diplomat, writer, calligrapher and inventor. In his early years, he went to Jingzhou with his uncle Zhuge Xuan. After Zhuge Xuan's death, Zhuge Liang lived in seclusion in Longzhong, Xiangyang.
Later, Liu Bei invited Zhuge Liang to join forces with his grandson against Cao, and defeated Cao Jun in Battle of Red Cliffs. Formed the trend of the three kingdoms, and seized Jingzhou. In the 16th year of Jian 'an (211), Yizhou was captured. Then he defeated Cao Jun and won Hanzhong. In the first year of Zhangwu in Shu Dynasty (221), Liu Bei established the Shu-Han regime in Chengdu, and Zhuge Liang was appointed as the prime minister to preside over the state affairs.
Liu Chan, the queen of Shu, succeeded to the throne, and Zhuge Liang was made the marquis of Wuxiang, leading Yizhou as a shepherd. Diligent and cautious, big and small political affairs must be handled personally, and rewards and punishments are strict; Alliance with Dongwu to improve relations with all ethnic groups in southwest China; Carry out the policy of reclaiming farmland and strengthen combat readiness. Before and after six northern expeditions to the Central Plains, most of them used grain to do nothing.
eventually, due to overwork, he died in Wuzhangyuan (now in Qishan, Baoji, Shaanxi) in the 12th year of Jianxing, Shu, at the age of 54. Liu Chan made him a loyal marquis of Wu, and later generations often called Zhuge Liang by marquis of Wu. Because of its military ability, the Eastern Jin regime made him the King of Wuxing.
as the prime minister, Zhuge Liang knows very well: "The house leaks in the bottom, stops at the top, leaks in the top, and it is uninhabitable in the bottom." He not only took the lead in building a clean government and raised a banner, but also regarded clean government as an important political and legal construction, which had a great impact on all aspects of politics, economy, military and culture in Shu and Han dynasties.
the construction of a clean government in Zhuge Liang's period was first manifested in the strict control of the scale of Miyagi and Huiling in Shu and Han dynasties. During Zhuge Liang's reign, the young empress often wanted to choose to fill the harem. At that time, Dong Yun, who was in charge of palace affairs, thought that the number of the emperors and empresses of the ancients was only twelve, but now the wives and concubines were already available, so it was not appropriate to gain them, so he refused to listen.
Zhuge Liang created a political atmosphere of being honest and dedicated to the public in the upper class of Shu and Han dynasties. Shu officials followed Zhuge Liang's example, being thrifty for officials and refraining from luxury, thus creating a whole era of clean government.
Zhuge Liang's legislation is open and law enforcement is fair, which is different from the contemporary feudal legal thoughts. In the first year of Shu Zhangwu (221), Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Yizhou Chengdu and established the Shu-Han regime. Yizhou was ruled by Liu Zhang in the past, so the laws and regulations were abolished, local factions became stronger and stronger, and the strong intervention of Liu Bei's ruling group destroyed quite a few people's attempts to dominate the southwest.
In this case, the Shu-Han regime, as a Hakka regime, faces the obstruction from the old forces in Yizhou. In the face of this situation, Zhuge Liang thinks that this is not the people's resentment left by harsh laws and severe punishment, but the Shu Han Dynasty was founded on the long-term relaxation of laws and regulations, which led to the confusion of officials and people, and the disorder of "discipline".
Zhuge Liang has repeatedly warned and emphasized the importance of law in the process of governing the country. "One man is a man, and millions of people are bound to gather interest, and those who are too heavy to look up are forced by the legal system." .
not only that, Zhuge Liang further emphasized the serious consequences of not ruling the country by law from the opposite side. "If there is no punishment in the world and rude in the next, even though there is a world full of wealth, those who can't be exempted from it will come to trouble." The husband rewards and punishes with the punishment of a husband, but people can't disobey their orders, such as Sun Wu and Busy Zhi. Therefore, the order cannot be light and the situation cannot be passed. "
Therefore, at the beginning of his arrival in Shu, Zhuge Liang, Fazheng, Liu Ba, Li Yan, Yi Ji and others, based on adding or deleting the old laws of Qin and Han Dynasties, worked out Shu Ke, a code of Shu State. In addition, he personally drafted dozens of various disciplines and laws, including the eight tasks, the seven precepts, the six fears and the five fears. ?
Zhuge Liang took advantage of Hanzhong's economic conditions and adopted a series of effective measures to develop production according to local conditions during his stay in Hanzhong to persuade farmers, so that the military resources of the Northern Expedition were basically solved on the spot. After Zhuge Liang's death, the Shu-Han army retreated, and Wei Jun still "got a lot of books and grain" in the Shu camp. This just shows the effect of Zhuge Liang's persuasion of agriculture and the implementation of military cultivation.
when the local people live well, they can attract more people, so that Hanzhong, which has a vast land and a sparsely populated area, can develop again, and gradually reach a virtuous circle of more people and more food, so that the people can "live in peace and enjoy their jobs". The water conservancy projects such as "Shanhe Dam", which was built by Zhuge Liang, are still the largest irrigation projects in Hanzhong area.
Zhuge Liang is good at running the army. First of all, he runs the army wisely. Second, take the letter as the foundation. Zhuge Liang believed in running the army. Zhuge Liang believes that "faithfulness means keeping promises", that is to say, "faithfulness" means doing what you say, doing what you do, and doing what you say.
dishonest people break their promises, and if they don't know how to keep their promises, the battle will surely fail; If there are laws that cannot be enforced, even if there are millions of people, it is useless. On the other hand, if faith is used to encourage soldiers, there is no soldier who does not work hard.
therefore, Zhuge Liang emphasized that running the army should be based on faith, and "the husband should unify the martial arts divisions and take great faith as the foundation." ? ” Based on credit, as far as rewards and punishments are concerned, Zhuge Liang believes that "rewards and punishments are trustworthy", because if rewards and punishments are used to judge merits and demerits, foot soldiers will know to keep their promises; As far as generals are concerned, Zhuge Liang believes that the so-called faithfulness means that "there is a generous reward for entering, a harsh punishment for returning, and the reward is not over time, and the punishment is not expensive."
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