As an official form, the main body of charity is the national government, and its charity power stems from the benevolent government concept of "people are the foundation of the country" and aims at stabilizing society. The Western Zhou Dynasty took "respecting morality and protecting the people" as its ruling purpose, and the so-called "benefiting the people" and "benefiting the few" and other means of benefiting the people and protecting the people were aimed at calming people's grievances and making the world peaceful.
The so-called "people are the foundation of the country" also means this. This idea was inherited by Confucianism.
Confucius praised the virtue of "benevolence", among which there were measures to "benefit the people". Mencius praised "benevolent government" and thought that "three generations won the world with benevolence" The so-called "benevolent government" means "can't bear the heart of others and can rule the world in the palm of your hand." On the contrary, "if you are not benevolent, you can't rule the world."
Why this happens is because "benevolent government" is related to whether it can win the hearts of the people. "Those who win the hearts of the people win the world", in Mencius' words, means "those who lose the world also lose their people; If you lose the people, you lose your heart.
There is a saying in the world: whoever gets you gets the whole world; There is a way to win the people: win their hearts and win the people. "Pet-name ruby Mencius further concluded:" People first, the country second, the monarch is light.
Therefore, Qiu Min became the son of heaven. Attending this is the ultimate expression of "people are the foundation of the country".
The ideal of "One World" advocated by Confucianism includes the charitable content of "All those who are ashamed, lonely and abandon the disease have something to support" (1 1). In the year of famine, the rulers of past dynasties paid attention to the relief of the victims, helped the poor, established "social warehouses" and "voluntary warehouses", stabilized the grain market and helped the victims through the disaster year. All the official forms of charity mentioned above are beyond the consideration of "serving the country and the people" and "doing benevolent government".
There are two main types of folk charity: non-religious and religious. The former is mainly the interpersonal affection linked by blood, ethnic origin and rural origin.
For example, the Yizhuang system founded by Fan Zhongyan is a typical form of traditional family charity in China, and the scope of its charity benefits is mainly limited to the people in the Fan family. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, folk charity developed into various folk charity organizations with gentry and businessmen as the main bodies. The scope of charity has been a model of breaking through interpersonal relationships such as blood relationship and ethnic affinity, and it is more based on the concept of "home is like home", and the objects of charity relief have also been greatly expanded.
The motive source of this kind of folk charity is the Confucian concept of "benevolence" and its extension. The so-called concept of "loving the people" or "caring for the old and caring for the young" is the truth. Its intrinsic motivation is "compassion", that is, "unbearable heart"
Mencius believed that "everyone has a heart that cannot bear others". This kind of heart is the end of benevolence, which is naturally revealed by people's hearts and has no utilitarian consciousness. It is a kind of pure sympathy and concern for the fate of the same kind of people, with natural behavior and no utilitarian thoughts.
The religious types of folk charity, Buddhism and Taoism have considerable influence, especially Buddhism. The charity of Buddhism and all living beings in boudoir are based on the "Buddha's fate" that all living beings have Buddha's nature.
Folk kinship (including ethnic origin, rural origin, etc.). ) and the Buddhist origin of Buddhism are different in space. The origin of Buddhism is universal. Kinship is special. In ancient China, these two "predestinations" complemented each other, so they could help the poor within the clan as well as strangers and passers-by.
It can be said that the moral consciousness based on blood relationship and Buddhist fate is the basic motive mechanism of ancient folk charity in China. The motivation of Buddhist charity comes from Buddhism's "karma" and "karma reincarnation", and a person's fortune is determined by his own karma, good and evil.
The first volume of "The Sacred Heart Sutra of the Magical Method" said: "If the karma is good, make a decision; Tie yourself up like a silkworm. " According to Buddhist theory, good deeds are rewarded with good deeds, which is the so-called "Futian" view of Buddhism.
The eighty-five volumes of the Tazheng Tibetan Sutra, The Doubtful Sutra of Elephant Method, said: "I said in every sutra that the giver wants to make a monk practice compassion at home and give alms to poor and lonely dogs. My disciple, who doesn't understand me, worships the fields. It is the treasure of Buddhist monks who worship the fields, and it is poverty, loneliness and even ants who mourn the fields. These two fields are the best. "If you don't do well, there will be retribution. In the afterlife, you will fall into the beast, hungry and suffer in hell.
This concept is combined with China's traditional "Heaven" which has the will to reward good and punish evil. For example, "Xun Pian in Upper Yi Shu" said: "Only God is impermanent, doing good is a hundred blessings, and doing evil is a hundred disasters." Then draw the following conclusions: "There must be Qing Yu in a good house; If you are poor and weak, there must be more than one. "
(12), the so-called "good karma comes from charity, and evil karma comes from cunning". The combination of Buddhism's "good is rewarded with good, evil with evil" and "karma" has become a very important dynamic mechanism of China's traditional charity culture.
Taoism has a similar idea of combining good deeds with Xiu De and karma, and advocates doing good deeds to become immortals. Ge Hong's views are representative. He said: "People who want to live forever must accumulate virtue and do good deeds, be kind to things, forgive others, be good at catching insects, take pleasure in people's words, relieve people's suffering, save people's lives, keep their hands open, treat people's gains as their own, and treat people's losses as their own ..."
Doing good deeds to become immortal is even specific to the number of times of doing good deeds and the level of longevity. "People want to become immortals, when three hundred good; If you want to be a fairy, you must be a thousand and two hundred. " And we should constantly establish good deeds, such as becoming immortal. "If there are 1,199 good deeds and an evil deed is suddenly repeated in the Bank of China, all the good deeds will be gone, but the good deeds will be repeated." "It's useless to eat the fairy medicine if the goodness is not full."
(13) Both Buddhism's view of retribution for good and evil and Taoism's feeling of doing good and becoming immortal have actually become the internal dynamic mechanism of religious charity. Objectively speaking, the charitable motivation of religion seems to be not so pure, either out of practice or for immortality.
But charity itself does not want the beneficiaries to repay themselves. In this regard, this charitable motive is not the utilitarian purpose of the subject reality, but stems from the awe of transcendental power.
2. What 1 poems describe "kindness"?
Mountain painted Wei Yun, the sky faded, and the horn was painted to break the door. Suspend the collection, and talk about * * * leading away from the statue.
How many Penglai past events, empty looking back, misty. Outside the setting sun, 10,000 points west of Western jackdaw, flowing water around the lonely village.
-Qin Guan's "Man Ting Fangshan Mo Wei Yun"
2、
Confucian scholars, good deeds, articles.
How to choose a house, glory is not easy to measure.
It's not unusual to do what you ask.
Foreign things are not needed, and their words are very long.
-"The eldest son lost his solution and expressed it in poetry" by Shao Yong.
3、
Seventy-five years old, I still have a life experience. If you don't plan for the cold in summer, plan for the night. Hai Ruo took Fengbo and swept dozens of states.
Fortunately, Qiantang is free and the lake has entered the city. Although I don't die occasionally, my life is extremely stealing. The price of rice has dropped a lot, what else can you ask for?
The eldest daughter died for six years, and the second daughter was not ill. How can I get married without taking medicine? Five people lost their children, and the rest hid in the hills of the forest.
-"Seventy-five Weng Yin" Fang Hui
3. The Zen sentence of accumulating virtue and doing good is the sentence of accumulating virtue and doing good.
1, life is alive, it is impossible to predict your future, and blindly pursuing material wealth will only increase the mental burden. In a short life, only by abstinence, good deeds and pleasure in suffering can we move towards a chic and open-minded life.
2, successful people are not necessarily happy, happy people are not necessarily successful, but every happy person can live a happy life, cultivate kindness, spread good words, cultivate good deeds, build good relationships, accumulate virtues, do good deeds and be happy forever.
3, not every good thing will be rewarded, but if you don't do good things, you will definitely not be rewarded. Therefore, as long as we persist in doing good deeds, there will be rewards one day, not to mention that the motivation for doing good deeds should not be to get rewards, but to accumulate virtue and do good deeds!
4. I passed another pass today, so I should do more good deeds in the future, accumulate virtue and do good deeds, and be lucky.
This poem about Buddhism is called Zen Room (Tang).
meng haoran
The righteous practice Zen silence and become attached to the empty forest.
The outdoor peak is beautiful and the front steps are deep.
The setting sun is full of rain, the sky is gray and gloomy.
Look at the lotus net, and you will know that you are not stained.
The body is a bodhi tree, and the heart is a mirror. Wipe frequently, and don't create dust. -Master Shen Xiu.
Bodhi has no trees, and the mirror is not a stage. There was nothing, so there was no dust. -Master Huineng
Color is empty, and empty is color. -Excerpt from Heart Sutra
Everything has a way, like a dream, like a bubble, like dew, like electricity, so look at it this way. -From the Diamond Sutra
The sound is full of red dust, and the river is out of tune on the strings. Biography of Cangyang Gyatso's Poems
Flowers bloom for a thousand years and fall for a thousand years, and leaves and flowers will never meet. Love is not cause and effect, fate is doomed to life and death.
Three thousand is prosperous, and a hundred years later, it's just a handful of yellow sand. -Buddhist language
Bodhi has no trees, and the mirror is not a stage. There was nothing, so there was no dust. -Master Huineng, the sixth ancestor of Zen Buddhism, "Tanjing Hangyoupin"
The essence of Buddhism lies in the unswerving kindness, the ethereal spirit at the top, and the power of rebirth.
5. Buddhism-related poems, looking for spring all day long, not seeing spring, straw sandals break through the clouds.
When I came back, I smelled the fragrance of plum blossoms. Spring has come to the branches.
Don. Endless concealment
The sound of the stream is full of long tongues, and the mountains are clean.
When the night comes to 84 thousand, how will you mention yourself like a man tomorrow?
Song. Su Dongpo
Look at the flowers that bloom in the morning, the trees are red, but look at the flowers that fall at night.
If you compare flowers with human things, flowers are compared with human things.
Don. Longya
There are flowers in spring, moons in autumn, cool breeze in summer and snow in winter.
If you don't mind your own business, this is a good time on earth.
Song. There is no door to open.
Water flows down the mountain unintentionally, and clouds return to the hole unintentionally.
Life is like clouds and smoke, and Cycas blooms all over the world in spring.
Song. This temple keeps quiet.
The light shines on the river and sand, and every saint contains a spirit in my family.
One thought is not born, and six desires cover the sky.
I only see willow green in spring and chrysanthemum yellow in autumn.
Brilliance is always the dream of the third night, and wealth is the same as September frost.
-Ming. Hanshan Deqing