Liu Bang was born in Pei County, surabaya county (now Pei County, Jiangsu Province) and was a farmer. Be generous and ambitious. At the beginning, he was the curator of Surabaya Pavilion in Qin Dynasty (a small official who managed Shili place). On one occasion, he was ordered to escort a group of civilian workers to serve in Lishan, and many civilian workers fled on the way. Seeing that he couldn't find a job, he simply let all the migrant workers go. He and a dozen people who volunteered to follow him fled into Mangdang Mountain, gathered more than 100 people, and secretly contacted Xiao He, a government document in Peixian County, and Cao Can, a prison official.
In the first year of Qin Ershi (209 BC), after the uprising in Chen Sheng and Guangwu, osawa, Liu Bang rallied hundreds of people, including Xiao He, Cao Can and Fan Kuai, killed the county magistrate, rose up and responded, calling him Pei Gong. Wandering between Feng and Pei. After Chen Sheng died. Used to belong to Xiang Liang. After Xiang Liang's death, Liu Bang and Xiang Liang's nephew Xiang Yu * * * took Chu Huaiwang's ambition as the leader and continued to persist in the struggle against Qin. Become the main force against Qin.
In the autumn of the third year of Qin Ershi (207 BC), Liu Bang was sent by Chu Huaiwang to March into Guanzhong. He landed in Wancheng, occupied Wuguan, led troops into Xianyang, Qin Sanshi and Zi Ying surrendered, and the Qin Dynasty perished. Liu Bang envied the luxury of Epang Palace and wanted to stay in the palace after entering the city. After Zhang's persuasion, he came to his senses and went out of the city to join Pakistani businessmen. Liu bang abolished Qin's harsh laws and made three chapters with Guan Zhong: "The murderer dies; Those who hurt are brought to justice; The thief is guilty. " So it won the hearts of the people.
Soon, after defeating Qin Jun's main force, Xiang Yu also entered Xianyang. In Hong Men (now east of Lintong County, Shaanxi Province). Xiang Yu followed the advice of his counselor Fan Zeng and decided to kill his opponent Liu Bang. But his uncle Xiang Bo went to tell his old friend Sean. After consulting with Liu Bang, Sean thought that he was no match for Xiang Yu now, and it was the best policy to make amends to Xiang Yu and try to make him come to their senses.
The next day, Liu Bang brought Sean and Fan Kuai. And more than 100 believers went to Hong Men to confess their sins. Xiang Yu hosted a banquet. During the dinner, Liu Bang modestly apologized to Xiang Yu, saying that he had no ambition to compete with him for the world. Hearing this, Xiang Yu suddenly changed his mind to kill Liu Bang. Fan Zeng winked at him repeatedly and motioned for him to start work, but he pretended not to see it. Fan Zeng was in a hurry and sent Xiang Zhuang to the table to assassinate Liu Bang in the name of sword-dancing. Xiang Bo saw Xiang Zhuang dancing to Liu Bang slowly. Get up and dance to protect Liu Bang. Sean excuse to protect liu bang, notify Fan Kuai enter an item in an account. Liu Bang went to the toilet, left Xiang Yu's camp with Fan Kuai, and flew back to the army from a small road. When Sean was far away from Liu Bang, he gave Xiang Yu a gift saying that Liu Bang was drunk and went back first. Fan Zeng sighed with anger, but he was helpless. In this way, the relationship between Xiang Yu and Liu Bang temporarily eased down.
In the same year1February, Xiang Yu violated Chu Huaiwang's agreement of "first determining the king of Guanzhong", named Liu Bang as Hanwang, took Nanzheng as the capital, and occupied Bashu and Hanzhong; Xiang Yu claimed to be "the overlord of the West Chu" and his capital was Pengcheng (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu). Only one month after Xiang Yu's enfeoffment, the princes began to merge. Liu Bang took the opportunity to pacify Sanqin, occupied Guanzhong again, and launched a four-year Chu-Han dispute with Xiang Yu.
Liu Bang himself is neither a general nor a brilliant strategist, but he is good at employing people, especially knowing how to give full play to the strengths of his subordinates, and he is "good at asking and listening". He can adopt the correct opinions of his subordinates, sympathize with the people's feelings and care about their sufferings, so he has won the support of the people. Under the planning of Sean, Xiao He and other generals, Han Xin, Peng Yue, Ying Bu and other generals, Xiang Yu was finally defeated from weak to strong in 202 BC. In February, Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty in Surabaya (now Xingyang County, Henan Province), where the emperor was located. At first, he built Luoyang, and soon moved to Chang 'an, which was called the Western Han Dynasty.
During Liu Bang's reign, he eliminated the separatist forces of Han Xin, Peng Yue, Ying Bu and other princes with different surnames, established many kings with the same surnames, and consolidated centralized rule. Implement the policy of attaching importance to agriculture and restraining business and protecting the people: call on those who fled to Shanze to return to their hometowns, and those who return to their hometowns to restore their titles and fields; Liberate those who sold themselves into slavery in the war; It also demobilized soldiers and engaged in production. In addition, the local strongmen were moved to Guanzhong to enrich the capital. It also revised the Qin law and formulated nine chapters of the Han law. Fixed algorithms, calendars and weights and measures. The above measures have played a certain role in stabilizing people's livelihood and promoting economic development.
After the demise of the Qin Dynasty, Xiongnu in Mobei took the opportunity to go south and reoccupy Henan (now Hetao area in Inner Mongolia). At the beginning of Han Dynasty, Xiongnu invaded the border counties of Han Dynasty. In 200 1 year, Han Wangxin surrendered to the Huns. The following year, Liu Bang personally led an army to conquer and was besieged by the Xiongnu army of 300,000 for seven days and nights in Deng Bai (now northeast of Datong, Shanxi). With Chen Ping's stratagem, E Shi, who committed the crime of modu chanyu, was able to escape. Since then, in view of the fact that the national strength has not been restored, Liu Bang had to adopt a pro-Xiongnu policy to ease the relationship between the two sides.
In BC 196, Liu Bang was wounded by an arrow in the chest while fighting to quell the rebellion in Ying Bu. In March of the following year, the trauma recurred and the condition was critical. He summoned his ministers, who entered the palace, ordered the slaughter of white horses everywhere, and asked them to take blood as an alliance. He vowed that from now on, no one named Liu Can can be crowned king, and no one without merit can be crowned marquis. Anyone who violates this Covenant can be punished by everyone in the world. Chen Ping was immediately rushed back to Xingyang from Yan Di to help Guan Ying station troops to prevent the vassal states from taking the opportunity of the crisis. Then he summoned Lv Hou and told him about the funeral. Lv Hou asked him, "Who can replace George W. Guo Xiang?" Liu Bang answered Cao Can. What happened after Lv Hou asked Cao Can? Liu bang replied: robbing the tomb, Chen Ping assisted him. Chen Ping is resourceful, but he can't be independent. Zhou Bo is simple-minded and uneducated. However, he is the only person who can handle the Liu family in the future, and he can be appointed as Qiu. When Lv Hou asked about the funeral, Liu Bang shook his head and said, I'm afraid the funeral is not what you can know. In April of the same year (before 195), Liu Bang died in Chang 'an Changle Palace. After his death, the temple was named Taizu and called Emperor Gao. Historically, it is customary to call him Emperor Gaozu.
Xiang Yu
Title: King of Western Chu
Name: Ji Xiang.
Dynasty: Late Qin and Early Han Dynasty
Date of birth and death: 232- 202 BC
Introduction: Xiang Yu (232 BC-202 BC) was born in Xiaxiang (now Suqian, Jiangsu). The grandson of Xiang Yan, a famous Chu-Han general, was a famous strategist and hero in ancient China. After Chu's death, he went into exile with his uncle Xiang Liang in Wuzhong (now Suzhou, Jiangsu). When I was young, I couldn't learn calligraphy, but I still couldn't learn sword. Determined to learn "the enemy of ten thousand people" (that is, the ability to resist ten thousand people), I learned the art of war from my uncle. But I just have a "little knowledge" and refuse to study. Xiang Yu is eight feet tall and can carry a tripod. When he was young, he was ambitious. When Qin Shihuang visited Zhejiang (now Qiantang River), Xiang Yu saw his horses and chariots commanding, and blurted out, "You can replace them." In the first year of Qin Ershi (2009), Chen Sheng and Guangwu rose up in osawa Township. Xiang Yu responded with Xiang Liang in Wuzhong. Twenty-four-year-old Xiang Yu was pushed onto the historical stage by the storm of the people's uprising.
Xiang Yu (232 BC-202 BC) was born in Xia Xiang (now Suqian, Jiangsu). The grandson of Xiang Yan, a famous Chu-Han general, was a famous strategist and hero in ancient China. After Chu's death, he went into exile with his uncle Xiang Liang in Wuzhong (now Suzhou, Jiangsu). When I was young, I couldn't learn calligraphy, but I still couldn't learn sword. Determined to learn "the enemy of ten thousand people" (that is, the ability to resist ten thousand people), I learned the art of war from my uncle. But I just have a "little knowledge" and refuse to study. Xiang Yu is eight feet tall and can carry a tripod. When he was young, he was ambitious. When Qin Shihuang visited Zhejiang (now Qiantang River), Xiang Yu saw his horses and chariots commanding, and blurted out, "You can replace them." In the first year of Qin Ershi (2009), Chen Sheng and Guangwu rose up in osawa Township. Xiang Yu responded with Xiang Liang in Wuzhong. Twenty-four-year-old Xiang Yu was pushed onto the historical stage by the storm of the people's uprising.
After Xiang Liang Uprising, he recruited 8,000 elite soldiers, and Xiang Yu became a general (lieutenant). For the convenience of addressing, counselor Fan Zeng suggested that Xiong Xin, the grandson of former Chu Huaiwang, should be king, with its capital in Xuyi, and still be called Chu Huaiwang. Xiang Liang led the rebel army to victory in the battle with Qin Jun, which produced the idea of being proud and underestimating the enemy. As a result, Xiang Liang died in Dingtao (now northwest of Dingtao County, Shandong Province) when he was defeated by the army led by Han.
After the Battle of Dingtao, Qin Jun crossed the Yellow River in the north, attacked the evil harmony of Zhao Wang, who opposed Qin, and besieged Zhao Jun in Julu (now Pingxiang, Hebei). Chu Huaiwang appointed Yi Song as general and Xiang Yu as deputy general, and led his troops to save him. Yi Song led his troops to Anyang (now south of Anyang, Henan Province), then hesitated and stationed for 46 days. At that time, it was raining continuously, and the rebels were short of food and clothing and were in trouble. Xiang Yu made a decisive decision, killed him, forced him to be a general, and ordered him to immediately send troops to the north to save Zhao.
Xiang Yu led his car into the south bank of Zhanghe River and confronted Qin Jun across the bank. He first sent Ying Bu and General Pu to lead twenty thousand soldiers to cross the river, cut off Qin Jun's grain transportation channel, and then led the main force to cross the river, chisel sunken ships, destroy cooking utensils and burn camps, and each person only took three days' rations. This is the origin of the famous idiom "cross the rubicon". On the battlefield, ChuJun surrounded Qin Jun with thunderous action. Xiang Yu took the lead and set an example. The Chu army bravely killed the enemy, defeated it, captured Wang Li, the general of Qin, and killed Su Jiao, the deputy commander of Qin, forcing him to commit suicide and solving the siege of the giant deer. When Xiang Yu's army fought fiercely with Qin Jun, the reinforcements of various governors crowded on the barriers and watched, afraid to take part in the war. After the battle, Xiang Yu called reinforcements and generals. They "entered the Yuanmen and marched on their knees, afraid to look up". Xiang Yu became the commander-in-chief of the vassal army.
After the Battle of Julu, Xiang Yu pursued his victory, and Qin Jun was losing ground, and his morale was scattered. Zhang Han saw that the tide was gone and led two hundred thousand Qin Jun to surrender to Xiang Yu. On the way to the Western Expedition, Xiang Yu ordered the killing of all 200,000 soldiers in Xin 'an City (now Shengchi Cave in Henan Province). At this time, another rebellious Emperor Gaozu, with the main force of Qin Jun, was restrained by Xiang Yu in Julu. Guanzhong was empty and occupied Xianyang.
Dissatisfied, Xiang Yu led his army to break through the customs and enter Hong Men (now northeast of Lintong, Shaanxi). At that time, Xiang Yu's army was 400,000, while Emperor Gaozu's army was less than100,000. The strength of the two sides is very different. Emperor Gaozu lost his strength to Xiang Yu, so he adopted Sean's plan, wooed Xiang Yu's uncle Xiang Bo, and personally went to Hong Men to confess his sins. At the hongmen banquet, swords and swords flashed in the crisscross of flowers. Fan Zeng, the counselor of Xiang Yu, raised the jade piece several times, suggesting that Xiang Yu killed Emperor Gaozu, but Xiang Yu was indecisive and was escaped by Emperor Gaozu. This is the story of the famous "Hongmen Banquet" in history. Xiang Yu temporarily suppressed Emperor Gaozu by relying on powerful forces. Led the troops into Xianyang, "kill Qin, burn Qin Gong, the fire will not go out in March, collect its treasure, and women will go east" (historical records? Xiang Yu Benji). Relying on his military talents, Xiang Yu pretended to be a vassal and general and gave orders. He established himself as the overlord of the West Chu, taking nine counties in Liangchu (accounting for parts of Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong and Henan) and Pengcheng (Xuzhou, Jiangsu) as his capital. At the same time, the land was ceded to the king and the eighteen princes were enfeoffed. Emperor Gaozu sealed Hanwang, Wang Hanzhong and Bashu in an attempt to limit the development of Emperor Gaozu's forces and prevent them from moving eastward. As a result, raising tigers is a problem, which leads to the resurgence of Han army forces in the future.
Due to the unfair enfeoffment of Xiang Yu, the princes were dissatisfied. First, Tian Rong rebelled against Chu, and Xiang Yu quickly led an army to make a crusade, and Emperor Gaozu took advantage of the gap to advance eastward. In August 2008 BC, the Han army sneaked out of Hanzhong, defeated Xiang Yu's enfeoffment of the three kings of Qin, and quickly moved eastward, reaching Yang Xia (now Taikang, Henan). Then, while Xiang Yu was at war with the Qi army, he rushed into Pengcheng, the capital of Chu, and Xiang Yu hurriedly led 30 thousand chosen men to save Pengcheng.
At this time, Emperor Gaozu relied on a large number of soldiers to paralyze the enemy. Xiang Yu's army was eager to recover lost ground and was full of fighting spirit. Xiang Yu led three Wan Chu armies out (now southeast of Yutai, Shandong Province) to Xiao (now northwest of Xiaoxian County, Jiangsu Province) and reached the flank of the Han army in Pengcheng. The battle began at dawn, and Chu Jun was brave and tenacious, fighting and rushing. By noon, the Han army had been defeated. The Chu army chased Surabaya in the northeast of Pengcheng, and the Han army fell into the water one after another, killing more than 100,000 people. The Han army fled to the southern mountainous area, and the Chu army chased Suishui to the east of Lingbi (now Anhui Province), killing hundreds of thousands of people. Emperor Gaozu only led dozens of riders out of the tight encirclement, and even his wife Lv Zhi and father Taigong were captured by Xiang Yu. In the battle of Pengcheng, Xiang Yu made a decisive decision and quickly led a good soldier to rescue Pengcheng. Unexpectedly, he defeated hundreds of thousands of Han troops, which is a model in the history of war.
After the Battle of Pengcheng, Xiang Yu pursued his victory and fought with Emperor Gaozu in Jingyi and Suoting (west and south of Xingyang), but he was blocked in the east of Xingyang. The two sides have been arguing over the elevation area for two years. During this period, Emperor Gaozu took correct operational guidance, held the elevation, consumed the other side's strength in the protracted war and waited for an opportunity to fight back. Xiang Yu and Emperor Gaozu fought a decisive battle, but they could not attack quickly. The strength of the two sides has undergone fundamental changes. The Han army has changed from weak to strong, and Xiang Yu has changed from strong to weak.
In the fifth year of Emperor Gaozu (202 BC), Emperor Gaozu sent troops to launch a general attack on Xiang Yu and surrounded the Xiang Yu Legion. At this point, the Ten Wan Chu Army was exhausted and demoralized. At night, the voice of the Han army singing Chu songs came from all directions. Xiang Yu ate a lot of storks, so he used wine to drown his sorrows and sang generously and sadly: "If you pull out the mountain, you will be angry with the world, and if you are unfavorable, you will not die." What can I do without dying? "After singing, he flew on the horse and led eight hundred riders to break through the southern border. In Dongcheng (now southeast of Dingyuan, Anhui), there were only 28 people left. He wanted to cross the Wujiang River and regroup, but he felt ashamed to meet his elders in Jiangdong. He fought hard for a while and died with a sword. He is only 365,438+0 years old.
Xiang Yu is an outstanding military commander. He is good at fighting and brave and powerful on the battlefield. In the Battle of Julu, Xiang Yu crossed the rubicon and wiped out Qin Jun's main force with few opponents, which objectively created conditions for Emperor Gaozu to enter Xianyang and overthrow the Qin Dynasty. In the Chu-Han War, Tian Rong was defeated, Cheng Peng was saved, Xingyang was saved, and Gao was captured. He fought dozens of wars in his life and won many victories. Therefore, the ancients called him a "victorious man" (Su Xun Jiayou set? Ji Xiang).
However, Xiang Yu is also a tragic figure. After the demise of the Qin dynasty, claiming to be the overlord, he was busy enfeoffment the princes and supporting the remnants of the nobles of the six countries, which violated the people's desire for reunification and caused a chaotic separatist situation. His behavior was cruel, killing Qin and more than 200,000 soldiers. After entering the customs, Qin Gong was burned and the fire broke out in March. His atrocities of burning, killing and looting violated the will of the people and were the root cause of his failure. Xiang Yu relied on martial arts to deter princes, lacked foresight and did not fight for alliances. He was jealous of talents and was unable to employ people, which led to the betrayal of the people and the disintegration of the army. Militarily, he lacks the vision of a strategist, is headstrong and is not satisfied with his own page. As a result, fighter planes were repeatedly lost, there was no consolidated rear base, and there was not enough food and troops. Although they won many battles, they turned from prosperity to decline. Therefore, although Xiang Yu's military command ability is outstanding, it is hard to avoid failure in the end.
Xiang Yu is a legendary hero in the history of China, and many stories related to him gradually evolved into idioms. It is unprecedented that so many idiom stories happen to one person.