There is such a story:
A fairy was trained? Do something? . No matter what the cost, it will become what he wants.
Once, the immortal met a beggar and felt sorry for him. Point? A lot of food and clothes were distributed, but they were like beggars.
Almost dissatisfied. So the fairy asked:? Anything else you want, just let me know and I'll satisfy you. ? The beggar looked at the immortal and said timidly, I want to learn from you? Huadian? Surgery. ?
The author thinks: What should schools teach students? Do something? , not? Food and clothes? ; The core of quality education is innovative education; Innovative education is an education with the specific task of inspiring, stimulating students' innovative thinking and cultivating students' innovative ability. As the ancient Greek philosopher Prota said, the brain is not a container to be filled, but a torch to be lit. This torch that needs to be lit is an innovative thinking in students' minds. However, the development of innovative thinking is not easy. So, why is it difficult to cultivate students' innovative thinking? As a teacher, how to inspire and stimulate students' innovative thinking? This paper wants to discuss these two issues with you from the perspective of pedagogy and psychology.
First, the characteristics of innovative thinking
? Innovative thinking? As the name implies, it is a unique creative thinking about the relationship between things, thus creating a new way of thinking. Therefore, an outstanding feature of innovative thinking should be originality, novelty and seeking the opposite sex. This requires students to dare to doubt, not blindly follow, not superstitious about books and authority, and to go beyond the usual, habitual and fixed way of thinking and put forward new ideas from a new angle. The second is flexibility, that is, thinking should be open and be good at jumping. This requires students to jump from one idea to another quickly and flexibly according to the changes of time, place and conditions, and look at the problem from multiple angles and directions. Then there is agility, that is, the ability to respond to external stimuli. Students with quick reaction and fluent thinking can come up with many solutions to problems in a short time. For example, there is a cup full of water. Please take all the water out of the glass, don't pour it out or break it. Ordinary students can only give the answer of 1-2, but students with quick thinking may think of many answers, such as: sucking with a straw; Blow with strong wind; Boiling and evaporating; Freezing before taking out; Absorb water with sponge or other water-absorbing agent; Put sand and pebbles into the water, replace the water in the cup and so on.
Second, the reasons why innovative thinking is difficult to develop
Psychology believes that people's right hemisphere controls creative thinking activities such as art, image and intuition. Every student's right brain contains huge intellectual resources waiting for people to develop and use. However, our school education has long neglected the development of students' right brain. Although students' knowledge is getting richer day by day, their innovation ability is declining, and students have become rote learners. Standard answer? Learning machine, students' imagination has even been stifled. We still remember the test in the circle on the blackboard: college students said it was a question that only a fool could answer, and a top middle school student said yes? Zero? A poor student shouted that it was an English letter? o？ However, it was criticized by the class teacher, and the students in the first grade of primary school actively agreed. Period? 、? The moon? 、? Sesame cake? 、? Table tennis? 、? The teacher's eyes when he is angry? 、? Cat's eye on my door? Wait a minute. If we put aside our educational mistakes, from the nature of thinking, the difficulty of the development of innovative thinking is mainly restricted by the following factors.
1, the bondage of mindset
Someone once gave primary school students such a test question: when going camping, they brought bottled drinks stuffed with corks. Because the cork was flush with the bottle mouth and there was no tool to open it, they asked how to drink the drink in the bottle. Many students said: find a small wooden stick, cut it off and poke the plug out; Or find a small wire on the ground and poke the cork out. In fact, the easiest way is to put the cork in by hand, and the students' answer is obviously traditional? Do you have to open the lid? The bondage of thinking mode. Biologist Bernard once said: The biggest obstacle to human learning is not the unknown, but sometimes the known. Of course, the mode of thinking has both disadvantages and advantages. Usually, students can take fewer detours or detours when dealing with similar or similar problems, so as to draw inferences and save time.
2. The bondage of book stereotypes.
In the romance of the Three Kingdoms? Familiar with Sun Tzu's Art of War and Art of War? When Ma Su was guarding the street pavilion, he thought it was in the mountains.
Soldiers, but? Looking up, like a bamboo? ; If enemy soldiers cut off the waterway, can our army? Last battle, one for ten? Ma Su's point of view can be found in Sun Tzu's The Art of War, but Sun Tzu's Art of War in black and white and the battlefield with swords and swords are two different things after all, leaving a scene in the end? Tear masu? Classic failure. Some students will try their best to recall the answers in the book during the exam, and they will not stop if they don't want to come up with the same answers as in the book! Inventor Kettering pointed out that reading textbooks will make people stick to the rules, and getting rid of them is as difficult as solving this problem. Of course, books are the wealth created by all mankind in history, right? The ladder of human progress? Generally speaking, if possible? Read thousands of books? Can you do it often? Writing like a god? .
3, the bondage of experience.
A math teacher gave her students three questions:
Question 1: by two numbers? 1? What is the maximum number of components? Did all the people who were tested answer? 1 1? .
Question 2: From three numbers? 1? What is the maximum number of components? All the people who were tested answered:? 1 1 1? .
Question 3: From four numbers? 1? What is the maximum number of components? All the people who were tested answered:? 1 1 1 1? .
Is the answer to the third question correct? No! The answer should be 1 1 to the power of 1 1 instead of11. It can be seen that students will be unconsciously influenced by experience at some time. 1826, German chemist Justus von Liebig missed it because of his experience? Bromine? The discovery of elements. Experience can make us take fewer detours, but if we rely too much on it, it will form an inherent mode of thinking and make the brain lose its imagination. Like what we all know? Empty city plan? An experienced man like Sima Yi fell into the trap according to his experience in many encounters with Zhuge Liang, but Zhuge Liang reversed Sima Yi's experience and finally a few people held the capital. This is really an interesting story of using experience.
4. The bondage of authority.
? Bole Zanma? If you look at the story from the perspective of the horse buyer, 80% is influenced by it? Bole? Authoritative action suggestions of the horse industry; Students have long been accustomed to the statements or answers in textbooks and reference books. Many students have never considered whether the phonetic notation in the book and the answers in the reference books are wrong or inaccurate, but our teacher found in teaching that the phonetic notation and explanation of some words in the book are worthy of scrutiny and even need to be denied. .
Third, the methods to inspire and stimulate innovative thinking.
Because the generation of innovative thinking will be bound by many stereotypes, the first thing teachers should do is to help students break these stereotypes. Before helping, I think there is a very important aspect, that is, teachers should have the consciousness of promoting students' innovation and developing students' innovative thinking. They should not just think about the enrollment rate, but try to integrate the cultivation of quality and ability into the current exam-oriented teaching (please allow me to tell the truth), so that students' innovative consciousness and ability can secretly and effectively promote our teaching results and let teachers give students a more relaxed, democratic and enjoyable innovative thinking class.
In 2002, there was an essay topic in Notes on Chinese Guidance for Senior High School Entrance Examination: An American child drew a blue sun in an art class, and the teacher gently asked him why he painted like this. He said: I painted the sun in the sea. After listening, the teacher asked the whole class to applaud him. Blue Sun got a high score. Seeing this material, I really want to cheer for this teacher. How well she did! At the same time, because of this? 0? Into English letters? o？ The students criticized by the teacher are sad and angry! However, looking back at yourself, have you ever done such a butcher intentionally or unintentionally? I feel even more sad when I think of this layer! In fact, people's understanding of the same thing is different, sometimes it is the relationship between right and wrong, but in most cases it is just a different perspective, and there is no right or wrong. Therefore, I think that teachers are the first to inspire and cultivate innovative thinking, the key is teachers, and the methods are the second.
The easiest lazy way to break these stereotypes, I think: yes? Another angle is to think from another angle, or think from multiple angles and levels. Many students get a composition material, but they don't know how to start, or they just don't think about the material from multiple angles, so the articles they write are not new. There is an exam composition material for senior one: people often know regret and cherish after losing it. Such as youth, such as health. But after losing it in life, people will feel sorry and valuable. Why not stop here? Please write an article of not less than 700 words on the above materials. I didn't expect many students to write about youth and health. On the one hand, the examination questions are unclear, on the other hand, many students can't think from multiple angles. Different people can have different answers to this question: besides youth and health, there are also family ties, friendship, love, freedom, dignity, trust, opportunities and so on. So, how to break through all kinds of stereotypes from another angle?
In the usual teaching, we strive to cultivate students' four common thinking:
1, divergent thinking.
In classroom reading teaching, students can be encouraged to answer as many questions about a certain situation as possible. I often ask students: Besides, what other reasons may there be? What else will happen? And give them tips from different angles. Let the students try to figure out all the possible answers first, and then further guide the students to find the most important reason that best meets the theme or the conditions at that time. This not only deepens students' understanding and impression of the text, but also exercises students' divergent thinking. You can also often arrange some small research topics for students to train after class. After the preface to Lanting Collection, I asked students to refer to several other inscriptions of Wang Xizhi to further appreciate the charm of his calligraphy art and make students think: How many aspects does Wang's calligraphy charm come from?
Find a few short stories about Wang's hard practice of calligraphy and analyze the reasons for Wang's success. What do you think is the main reason? Write a paragraph in your diary. There are several ways to train divergent thinking: combination divergence, horizontal divergence, three-dimensional divergence, enumeration divergence, information intersection divergence and so on. But we don't need to say these names at ordinary times, as long as we give students some training in practice. What I used above is the training of enumerating divergence method, so that students can make a review plan before the exam, which is the training of three-dimensional divergence method. Preparing for the theme class meeting and having a party in solve riddles on the lanterns are all good ways to train divergent thinking.
2. Reverse thinking.
I remember an interesting story: A priest asked his boss: Can I smoke when I pray? His request was rejected. Another priest also went to ask the boss, can I pray while smoking? His request was granted. The success of the second priest lies in his use of reverse thinking. So-called? Reverse? That is: thinking in the opposite direction. When we try our best to solve some problems, we might as well use reverse thinking, which can often open our eyes and get unexpected results. There is a theater in Europe. Every performance, there are many ladies and gentlemen wearing fashionable hats, and the audience at the back comments on the boss, so the boss has to politely shout again and again: Ladies, please take off your hats! ? Can be ignored. A similar thing happened in another cinema, but the boss changed his mind: Ladies! In order to take care of the elderly lady, you can continue to wear a hat! ? As a result, almost all the ladies in hats took off their hats at once!
Reverse thinking can think from the reverse principle, reverse direction, position and shortcomings of things. For example, electricity can produce magnetism, but can magnetism produce electricity? Faraday thus established the principle of electromagnetic induction. What if my uncle Yule and his parents are the other way around? Mr. and Mrs. Phillips were poor and sold oysters on the boat, while Yule was rich. What will be the ending? Learning Chinese well requires hard work. If we don't work hard, why can't we learn Chinese well? Can you make it clear? In our reading and writing, if we can teach students to think dialectically from opposite angles, then our understanding and analysis will be more accurate and the theoretical logic of the article will be more rigorous.
However, when doing some complex multiple-choice questions in Chinese (for example, there are eight clauses in classical Chinese, and the group with correct classification is used flexibly), students can often be taught to think, judge and exclude from the answers of clauses quickly and accurately. I remember that when doing a difficult problem of solid geometry in high school, I often started with the conclusion, sought the conditions for solving the problem in reverse, and found an unexpected solution. Therefore, often training students to use reverse thinking in teaching can often make them have a deeper understanding and grasp of the problem, and sometimes even get different new understandings and feelings.
3. Use your imagination.
Li Yu, a poet in the Southern Tang Dynasty, wrote in Young Beauty: Ask how much sorrow you can have, like a river flowing eastward. ? The poet imagines endless sadness as a never-ending river, giving readers a very vivid feeling. In recent years, there are many kinds of questions to test students' imagination in the college entrance examination. Some give a few related words and write a paragraph, such as writing a 200-word narrative fragment (or scene description fragment) with the moon, willow and flute; Some let students continue to write reasonable endings; Some simply give a beginning, and the following are all self-edited; Some draw simple schematic diagrams according to the given words; Some whole compositions need imagination, such as? What would happen if humans moved to the moon? Wait a minute. Imagination ability is an important feature of a person's innovative thinking ability. German scholar Lessing once said: A scholar who lacks fantasy can only be a good mobile library and a living reference book. He can only master knowledge, not innovate. ? Imagination is the wing of wisdom and the bridge of innovation. According to the form of the joint exam, I mainly stimulate and cultivate students' imagination through the following methods:
① Turn words into pictures, and pictures into words. If a passage is vivid, let the students draw it, and the teacher can also show it with some courseware. If you encounter a vivid and profound picture, let the students express it vividly in a paragraph. Many poems can be taught in the former way, for example, Du Mu's "Jiangnan Chun Jue Ju" and Xin Qiji's "Xijiang Yue" all ask students to draw a picture. For example, Xu Zhimo's Farewell to Cambridge can show today's Cambridge with multimedia, which can not only make students have a more emotional understanding of Cambridge in the poem, but also compare it with Cambridge written by the poet, so that students can better imagine the poet's mood at that time and understand the poet's love and nostalgia for Cambridge. Several scenes in the novel can also be drawn by students. For example, when I was in my hometown, I asked students to draw a scene of catching sparrows with bamboo covers in the snow. At that time, the students were very excited. The latter method is mainly used in writing class. Sometimes when I see some vivid and profound cartoons (middle school students like to read cartoons nowadays), I show them to students, and let them describe the cartoons first, then talk about some feelings, and even write an argumentative paper.
Turn the words into sounds as much as possible and listen to the tapes for the students. In the "Listening to Tide" class, let the students listen to the sound of waves beating against rocks repeatedly (this can be edited in many movies and music pictures). Read the text by tape and let the students listen to the tape as much as possible. Students unconsciously expand their imagination in the process of listening. Like some composition classes in junior high school, students can listen to a piece of music (piano music, saxophone music, guzheng music, etc. First, imagine how you feel when you listen, and then write it down. 3。 Practice writing with clear goals. In view of the above-mentioned college entrance examination questions, we should give students more training in this field in teaching or after class, and teach students relevant thinking methods and skills. For example, at the end of The Necklace, when a friend told her that the necklace was only worth 360 francs, please imagine how Madame Mathieu would behave.
4. Church Association
If a student can't use associative thinking, but only knows a little, then his knowledge is fragmentary and isolated, but if he is good at using associative thinking, he will spread from here to there, learn a lot, and draw inferences from others, so that his thinking can jump out of the existing circle, break through the mindset and get innovative ideas. In our reading teaching, related works such as Lu Xun's? Friends? If students are guided to link the latter part with the former part when learning the latter part, it will be convenient for students to understand some sentences accurately.
When teaching "On Qin", we might as well guide students to think: the political commentators in the Western Han Dynasty talked about the faults in the pre-Qin period, so what are the similarities between the author's writing purpose and what we have learned? Through this kind of similar association, students can be taught some thinking methods to inspire and activate their thinking. In addition to the related associations and similar associations mentioned above, there are also comparative associations. Contrastive association can best stimulate students to produce new knowledge and theories. Comparing and discussing two viewpoints and multiple understandings together can often make students' understanding more profound, thorough and original. For example, recalling prose is usually written in the first person or the third person. For example, Lu Xun used the first person in Back, the third person in Mr. Fujino, and Wei Wei suddenly changed from the third person to the second person in My Teacher. Why? The teaching of argumentative reading can also guide students to compare and discuss their own views and encourage students to talk about their own views. Writing teaching is inseparable from the application of association. Like what? An unforgettable song? Write a narrative of not less than 600 words for the topic. Students must not just write a lyric, but must associate it with something worth singing in life, or associate it directly without writing lyrics. Going back to my alma mater in 2050 requires both imagination and association from reality.
Four, two problems that should be paid attention to.
The touch of innovative thinking, or the cultivation of students' multi-angle understanding, can be done not only by training the above kinds of thinking, but also by cultivating students' observation quality in daily life. Without good observation habits, students can't accumulate more in life, even if they can divergent thinking and reverse thinking, they are still frogs in the well. Secondly, students should get in touch with social reality as much as possible and accumulate experience in life and knowledge, so that imagination and association are both creative and realistic.
[Author's Biography: Ms. Wang Chenxia, who now works in Zhongshan Middle School in baixia district, was originally a vulgar woman who loves nature. After entering the campus for more than ten years, although every sentence is very hard, she has to silently encourage herself in the face of Yingying's eyes. I thought: It's a long way, but this is Xiu Yuan, and the end of my heart is straight. Although I am poor, why not? Therefore, I like my own mortal saying best: Since I have chosen this road, I will resolutely go on even if I fail to the worst extent!