Second, extensive reading: extensive reading is extensive reading. As Mr. Lu Xun said, "You must pick many flowers like bees to make honey. If you bite in one place, your income will be limited and boring. " Lu Xun's profound knowledge comes from his extensive reading. He advocates reading books not only in class, but also outside class. Don't just read this professional book, but also read books outside the profession; Don't just read one book, learn from others. For example, in the novel Diary of a Madman, it is because of the knowledge of medicine, physiology and psychology that we feel that the image of a madman is authentic. Lu Xun also advocated reading not only China's good books, but also foreign good books, and reading more scientific books, instead of just clinging to the fashionable books that are popular now. In addition, Lu Xun also advocated reading not only books he agreed with, but also books he disagreed with, even enemy books and bad books, so as to "know yourself and know yourself".
Third, skimming: skimming is a way to skip reading when encountering problems. As Lu Xun said, "If you are in doubt, just look at that place and you won't understand it for a long time. So jump over and move on, so that even the place ahead is understood. " This reading method has been adopted for a long time. In the History of the Three Kingdoms, it is recorded that Zhuge Liang's reading is a "general view", and Tao Yuanming also said in "Biography of Mr. May 6th" that he "reads well and does not seek more answers; Every time I know something, I am so happy that I forget to eat. " Skimming is different from browsing casually, but a purposeful reading activity, and it is a method of focusing on the overall situation first and then starting small.
Fourth, thinking: the old saying "learning without thinking is useless" clarifies the harm of reading without paying attention to thinking. As Lu Xun said, "If you only study, you will become a bookcase, even if you find it interesting, but that interest is actually hardening and dying out." Lu Xun read books and studied, and sometimes even stayed up all night to find out a problem. Never so-so, content with a little knowledge, but constantly ponder, scrutinize, compare and compare repeatedly. When Lu Xun was a teenager, the teacher asked his students to use the word "unicorn" to blame. Some students used "two-headed snake" and "nine-headed bird" to confront it without thinking. In the end, only Luxun's Flounder was praised because Luxun came out of Erya's sentence "There is a flounder in the East, it is better not to have it". "Independence" can represent numbers but not numbers.
Marking: Reading marking is the key point of reading time scale and a traditional reading method in China. Lu Xun's reading "sometimes marks books with eyebrows, sometimes adds notes, and sometimes records some valuable materials for ready application". Marking can concentrate, promote thinking, help you grasp the key points, deepen your understanding of books and help you consult them later. Common markers such as "/"indicate different levels, ""indicates key words, and "-"indicates key sentences. Of course, you can also create some markers according to your own habits. On Lu Xun's Reading Methods
□ Shi Hui/Wen
one
Lu Xun wrote many articles about reading, but there were few articles devoted to reading. There are two more important articles: one is a speech by 1926 in Guangzhou Zhiyong Middle School, which was recorded by others, reviewed by Lu Xun himself, and published in the supplement of the Republic of China Daily in Guangzhou at that time. This is Reading Miscellaneous Talks, which was later included in Lu Xun's Collection of Justice. The other is an essay "Rummaging" written by Lu Xun in 1934, which was later included in "Miscellaneous Collection of Jieting".
In the speech of 1926, Lu Xun said: "Because the gentlemen of Pragmatic Middle School asked me to give a speech, I came to pick you up today. But I have nothing to say. Suddenly I feel that that school is where I study, so I just talk about reading. " To put it simply, Lu Xun divides reading into professional reading and personal hobby reading here. Professional reading is tantamount to a carpenter sharpening a knife and a tailor mending it. The hobby of reading "that is voluntary, not forced at all, leaving the stakes." Lu Xun encouraged "young people who love reading can read other books", and it was in the case that "their homework has been done and they have leisure time". Finally, Lu Xun's conclusion is: "We learn automatically, that is, we regard learning as a hobby. It is generally useless to ask others, so you have to browse first, and then choose to enter one or more specialties you love; " However, special study also has shortcomings, so we must contact the real society to make the books we read come alive. "Looking at the whole article, we can know that Lu Xun was really just improvising," just talking ",and he never deliberately wanted to tell young friends what reading methods.
1934 the essay "rummaging" really tells Lu Xun's own reading method, which has a long history for himself. Looking around casually is a pastime, which helps to recover from fatigue and can make people pretend to be liberal arts. This kind of casual reading will be very complicated, which is actually an eye-opener and not so easy to be fooled by others, so Lu Xun advocates reading more.
two
In the above two articles, Lu Xun said the vernacular and the truth, and did not intend to say how profound the truth was. But there are still countless busybodies who simply summed up many profound meanings for Lu Xun, saying that Lu Xun formed many unique reading methods on the basis of extensive reading, and that Lu Xun introduced many reading methods to young readers. These reading methods are summarized as five methods, eight methods and ten methods. I will now list these profoundly summarized Lu Xun's reading methods as follows. In addition to repetition, it also includes:
Extensive reading, hard thinking, specialization, living reading, participating in reading, asking questions, skipping reading, reciting calligraphy, clipping, rereading, turning over, copying calligraphy, Expo, theme, browsing, skimming, thinking and marking.
Hey-there are as many as 18 laws, so you can't refuse to obey them!
You say these methods are groundless, right? Not exactly. Most of them are still a little shadowy. For example, you can't literally understand what the so-called "living method" means, can you? In fact, that is to say, the last sentence of Reading Miscellaneous Talks, "Specialized reading also has disadvantages, so we must contact the society and make the books we read come alive." You may not know what the so-called "subject law" is. Or "Reading Miscellaneous Talk" said, after reading other people's comments, "You still have to read this book, think for yourself and make your own decisions". So literally, the so-called "extensive reading method", "browsing method" and "multi-page method" must come from the "casual browsing" you guessed right.
You can see what extraordinary skills our scholars have! Can dig up so many "unique" reading methods.
three
But these two days, I suddenly fought with each other, and I really don't understand these "unique" reading methods. For example: hard opinions? Skip reading? Ask questions? Looking through Lu Xun's other articles about reading, I really didn't find any shadow. What happened? How are these so-called reading methods summed up?
Weekend leisure is boring, so I decided to find out.
"Hard view"-this point is explained in many articles-"Read books that are difficult to understand, and keep reading until you have read them thoroughly". I was sure that Lu Xun had never said such a thing, so I looked up Lu Xun's Hard Study on the Internet. In addition to jumping out of a lot of reading methods, I finally found a quotation from Mr. Lu Xun: "But learning a foreign language must not be put down every day." It is not enough just to remember new words and grammar, but also to read hard. For example, a book is difficult to read, while turning over new words and reciting grammar; After reading it, I naturally don't understand it, so I put it down and look at something else. After a few months or half a year, reading the last book will definitely know more than the first time. This is the same as the way children learn a language. " ("letters? To Bai Cao, Complete Works of Lu Xun, vol. 10, pp. 300-30 1)
This makes it clear that the so-called hard study method is actually stealing the beam and replacing the column. Mr. Lu Xun is talking about learning a foreign language. It is actually to "read books that are difficult to understand and continue reading." It is not sad to meet such a scholar.
However, the word "Dan" shows that this quotation of Lu Xun is also obviously a half sentence. What does the word "Dan" in front mean? In order to find out, I found the tenth volume of the Complete Works of Lu Xun and turned to page 300-30 1. Alas, there is no such thing. Then find out the electronic documents of Lu Xun's complete works, and search for "hard reading", but I can't find it! What is this? If you don't believe in evil, check the complete works of Lu Xun again. I checked the 2005 edition, and the source of that quotation is estimated to be the previous edition. There are Lu Xun's letters starting from eleven volumes in the complete works. I looked for "To White Grass" from the catalogue, and there were twelve volumes, but there were no; Thirteen volumes, no; Fourteen volumes, ok! Finally found it. Volume 14, pages 94-95, 19360508 for white grass. It turned out that Lu Xun was trying to persuade the young Bai Cao to learn a foreign language, saying that "it is inconvenient to learn literature and not know a foreign language" and teaching "but learning a foreign language must be done every day", which is what our teacher often said today. You should not recite words or just read grammar books, but try to read the original text.
This is the so-called "hard view".
"Skip reading"-someone really quoted Lu Xun as saying-"If you only look at the place in doubt, you won't understand it for a long time. So jump over and move on, so that even the place ahead is understood. " I know the source of Lu Xun's other words about reading, but I don't know this sentence. Where did this sentence come from?
Hard search and retrieval, the initial whole afternoon almost no results, only this sentence, no preface and no source. Finally, thank goodness, I finally found it! It turns out that this sentence is not from the Complete Works of Lu Xun, but from the dialogue between Lu Xun and her recorded by Japanese Duan Liyang Ikeda, and from Lu Xun on the Last Day written by her. This article was originally published in The Writer, Volume 2, Issue 21936+065438+1October 25th. Lu Xun's words were recorded in the article: "When I was learning a foreign language, I read a lot at first. If you have doubts and only look at that place, no matter how long it takes, you will never understand, so you jump over and move on, so that even the place ahead will understand. Just read more and translate more, there is no other secret. "
You see clearly, what Lu Xun said here is still foreign language learning. Our researchers deleted the sentence "when I was learning a foreign language". However, it has to be said that Lu Xun's reading method is still barely justified.
But this kind of "questioning method" really makes me feel that it may not be justified-"Lu Xun loves to ask himself questions. When he gets a book, he first has a general understanding of its content and asks himself many questions. For example, what is written in the book? How to write? Why do you want to write like this? How should I write this topic? " I have read all the contents of Lu Xun's Talk about Reading in my mind, but I really can't remember Lu Xun's words. Maybe I missed them. It is also possible. But I only remember that the mathematician Hua once said that his reading method was like this, which he called "pushing the mind". I still remember that physicist Li Zhengdao said that his reading method seems to be the same. He called it "push reading" (that is, the method of thinking before reading). Did they all get the true biography of Lu Xun? I really don't know?
To tell the truth, I picked up a book in the toilet yesterday, which is one of Thoughts, Mountains and Rivers and People written by Youxi of Japan, and The Classic of Everyone's Writing published by Beijing October Literature and Art Publishing House. In fact, this book is far from being a foreign classic. Because it was translated by Lu Xun, I am still reading it today, and this book is also included in the Complete Works of Lu Xun. In this booklet, there is an article entitled "Reading Methods" written by Tsunami Sukeyoshi, which introduces Gibbon, the author of The Rise and Fall of Rome, and "the methods practiced by people like D Webster and Th·W· Strafford". The book quoted gibbon as saying:
"Every time I get a new book, I usually get a general idea of the structure and content first, and then when I meet a book, I try my own inner experiment first. I must go out for a walk, ask myself and answer all or one chapter of the topic in this new book. What am I thinking, what do I know and what do I believe? I won't open that book until I have done my own introspection. Because of this, I am qualified to know what new knowledge this book has given me. "
I see. It seems that some people put the reading methods mentioned in Lu Xun's translated works on Lu Xun's own head. Well, I'm not bothered.
four
Let's end my big article with Mr. Lu Xun's own words. Lu Xun said: "China's composition and life should have existed since ancient times, but we can't copy the whole article directly, but we have to ramble and tinker so that we can't see the seams. This is a good thing. So doing a lot is still equal to not doing it. Critics call it a good article or a good person. Everything in society has not progressed, and this is the root cause. "