Necessary learning methods and abilities that freshmen in high school should possess
1. Characteristics of high school learning
1. Characteristics of high school textbooks
(1) The amount of knowledge increases in subject categories. High school and junior high school are similar, but the amount of knowledge in high school is larger than that in junior high school. For example, there are about 60 knowledge points of physics and mechanics in junior middle school, while the number of mechanics knowledge points in high school has increased to 90.
(2) Theoretical enhancement This is the most important feature.
Some junior high school textbooks only require a preliminary understanding and only conduct qualitative research, while
High school requires in-depth understanding and quantitative research, and the abstraction and generality of the textbooks are greatly enhanced. For example, junior high school algebra focuses on solving equations and operations, while high school algebra focuses on quite abstract sets and mappings from the beginning. Politics in junior high school is about content related to facts such as law, while high school requires the study of economics. Philosophical things such as Marx's theory are more abstract in comparison.
(3) Systematic enhancement: Due to the enhancement of theory, high school textbooks often use certain basic theories as the basis and connect basic concepts, basic principles, and basic methods according to certain logic. constitute a complete knowledge system. The correlation of previous and later knowledge is one of its manifestations. In addition, the formation of knowledge structure is another manifestation, so the knowledge structure of high school textbooks has been significantly upgraded.
(4) Comprehensive enhancement: Knowledge between disciplines penetrates and feeds each other, making learning more difficult. For example, to analyze computational physics problems, you must have knowledge and skills such as mathematical functions and solving equations.
(5) Improved ability requirements: Reading ability, writing ability, computing ability, and experimental ability need to be further improved and cultivated.
2. Requirements for the intellectual development of high school students
Intelligence is generally considered to include observation, memory, thinking ability and imagination, which requires corresponding development of the intelligence of high school students.
(1) When observing things, we must be more purposeful, more comprehensive and profound, and be able to distinguish between primary and secondary, inevitable and accidental phenomena; not only static observation, but also There must also be dynamic observation; not only qualitative research, but also quantitative analysis.
(2) Memory is required to be based on logical memorization, and strive to grasp the internal connections of the teaching materials for memorization based on understanding.
(3) Use concepts, judgment, and reasoning to think logically. At the same time, we must think independently and research problems.
(4) Imagination should be greatly developed. To concretize and visualize abstract problems, such as learning from plane geometry to high school solid geometry, you need to develop spatial imagination.
2. High school learning methods
Einstein has a successful formula: A=X+Y+Z. A stands for success, X stands for hard work, Y stands for the right way, and Z stands for less nonsense. This formula identifies three elements for career success. For academics, there are three elements to success: learning success = psychological quality ten learning methods ten intellectual qualities
1. Improve the psychological quality of learning
(1) Motivation for learning. Learning requires motivation. The drive to learn due to the student's personal needs is important. Some people have a strong thirst for knowledge and a strong interest in learning. This is exactly the case, such as further education, employment, interests, hobbies, honors, status, curiosity, career, future, etc. We must work hard to strengthen our motivation for learning, such as establishing lofty ideals; participating in various competitions, challenging the strong, and stimulating the desire to learn; being encouraged by seeing our learning results, thereby enhancing our self-confidence, enduring setbacks, and having the courage to be unwilling to fail and humiliate. Spirit.
(2) Interest in learning. Strong interest in learning is closely related to efficiency and can stimulate interest in learning from curiosity and desire for knowledge. Such as physical experiments, chemical changes, etc., which can easily arouse people's curiosity and seeking knowledge; cultivate interest in various subjects.
It is often after hard study that you discover the secrets and uses of knowledge and improve your academic performance, so you must delve into the "sea of ??books"; apply knowledge to practice, stimulate interest, and use the knowledge you have learned to analyze and solve problems. , that sense of success can easily stimulate interest in learning.
(3) Emotion, will and attitude towards learning. Linking positive emotions to learning and preventing the growth of negative emotions can promote learning. Being good at controlling yourself is the key to learning to cultivate willpower. It is particularly important to control and restrain your actions, control unnecessary thoughts and emotions, and focus your thoughts on learning.
2. Master scientific learning methods.
(1) Preview: After reviewing the overall content of the textbook, read it carefully, give full play to your self-study ability, and sort out which content you already understand and which content you have questions or do not understand (i.e., look for the key points) , difficulty) mark and write them down respectively. This not only improves self-study ability, but also "paves" the way for listening to lectures, forming a psychological set of expecting the teacher to analyze; this demand psychological set will definitely mobilize our enthusiasm for learning and high concentration of attention.
(2) Listening to lectures Listening to teachers is the best shortcut to acquire knowledge. What teachers teach is truth that has been verified by history; it is the essence of teachers’ long-term learning and teaching practice. Because improving classroom efficiency is particularly important, how can classroom efficiency be improved?
a. Be prepared before class. Mental preparation is very important. Maintaining high energy and a clear mind in class is a prerequisite for learning knowledge well.
b. Concentrate. If your mind wanders or you are distracted, you must rely on your reason to force yourself to listen attentively, and your will to eliminate distractions.
c. Observe carefully and think positively. Don't be a passive recipient of information. You must fully mobilize your enthusiasm, follow the teacher's teaching ideas, and think actively about the teacher's explanation. The conclusion is drawn from students' own observation, analysis and reasoning, which will have a better learning effect than listening to ready-made conclusions first.
d. Fully understand and master the method.
e. Grasp the key points of the teacher’s lecture. Some students often ignore the beginning and end of the teacher's lecture when listening to the lecture. This is wrong. The beginning is often just a few words. But it is the outline of the whole class lecture. As long as you grasp this outline and listen to the lecture, the following content will be clear. Although there are not many words at the end, it is a summary and review reminder of the essence of a lesson. At the same time, pay attention to the parts that the teacher repeatedly emphasizes.
f. Take class notes. The note-taking method is one of the best ways to strengthen memory. Notes, a timeless record, overcome the memory limitations of the brain. As the saying goes, a good memory is worse than a bad pen, so in order to fully understand and digest, you must take notes. Taking notes at the same time fully mobilizes the ears, eyes, hands, heart and other organs to work together to help learning.
g. Pay attention to communication with the teacher, eye contact, and questioning communication, which can promote learning.
(3) Homework methods Homework is a way to improve thinking ability, review and master knowledge, and improve problem-solving speed. By reviewing questions, analyzing problems, and solving problems, you can achieve the purpose of consolidating and testing yourself. Of course, when analyzing a problem, there are several ways of thinking, such as forward reasoning, reverse reasoning, two-way method, auxiliary method, elimination method, etc. In addition, homework must not be copied, as it is meaningless. If you don’t understand, you should figure it out in time.
(4) The method of review German educationist Di Stowei said: "You must always return to what you have learned and review it... Firmly remembering what you have learned is better than being greedy. It's much better to learn new things and forget them quickly. "So cramming before the exam often doesn't work. Review lies in daily life, how to review?
a. Recall after class, that is, recall what you have learned on the basis of listening to the class.
1. Determination is the source of learning motivation
Microbiologist, Chemist Pasteur once said: "Determination, work, and success are the three major elements of human activities. Determination is the door to success, work is the journey to the top, and there is a success waiting at the end of this journey to celebrate your efforts. result.
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As a high school student, you should learn to grasp the pulse of the times, face the future, aspire to revitalize the motherland, aspire to become a talent, and gradually cultivate and establish your own professional ambitions and ideals. . With lofty aspirations and ambitions, you will have a strong motivation to strive for excellence, study hard, and strive for excellent results.
2. Cross the learning steps from junior high school to high school
There is continuity in knowledge between junior high school and high school. The knowledge learned in junior high school is the basis of knowledge learned in high school. However, compared with junior high school, the breadth and depth of knowledge in various subjects in high school are different. Significant improvement. Therefore, it is very necessary to understand the differences between high school and junior high school in terms of learning content and learning methods, and to proactively create conditions to adapt to learning in various subjects as soon as possible.
Compared with the learning in junior high school, the learning in high school has crossed two major steps of knowledge and ability. Compared with the learning in junior high school, there have been two leaps forward in the knowledge content and structure of high school: from concrete to abstract, from special to general, and in the breadth of knowledge. In terms of abilities, high school studies have put forward higher requirements for students, such as abstract and general thinking abilities, logical reasoning thinking abilities, analytical and comprehensive abilities, self-study abilities, etc., which all require greater development. and improve.
From the junior high school stage to the high school stage, we must reach a higher level in learning. In order to successfully cross this step, we must be mentally prepared and adopt new methods. , Different from the learning methods in junior high school, learn high school courses well
3. Find a learning method that suits you
Learning methods are diverse and every student should. According to your own characteristics, gradually find a set of good learning methods that suit you. Here are some generally suitable learning methods for high school students for reference.
1. Strive to achieve all-round development and success. Cultivating a combination of individuality and expertise
Middle school students should develop their moral, intellectual, physical and aesthetic abilities in an all-round way. In terms of subject learning, Chinese and English should also be used as the basic tools of language and mathematics as the basic operations. Tools must first be learned well; physics, chemistry, biology, and computers, as the basis of modern science and technology, must also be learned well; the study of political courses can enable us to establish the correct political direction and a scientific world view, outlook on life, history, and geography knowledge As well as music, art and other art subjects, they are indispensable for the improvement of cultural accomplishment and ideological realm, as well as the development of appreciation and appreciation of elegant art.
As a middle school student, in the process of comprehensive development. On top of that, you must also cultivate your own personality and expertise. Cultivating your own personality and expertise has two meanings. First, you must cultivate your interest in the X subject that you are going to take the exam, and you must also work hard to learn this X subject. The second meaning is to have a field or skill that you are particularly passionate about, such as computer technology, calligraphy, painting, music, sports, etc., and strive to reach a higher level. We must get rid of the traditional track of one-size-fits-all people and allow our own personality, innovative spirit and potential talents to be developed. Whichever specialty you have, you can show off your talents in that activity and its related competitions or exams.
2. Learn to read
Successful scholars have the characteristic of obsessively reading. "Reading thousands of volumes, writing is like a spirit." As a middle school student, when reading, you must first read the textbook well, and then do extensive extracurricular reading.
(1) Use textbooks correctly
Textbooks are the basis for teaching and learning. To learn various subjects well, you must pay attention to and learn to read textbooks. Some students don't know how to use textbooks. They often just find the formulas to solve problems from the books after class, do the exercises, and think they have read the textbooks. This method of using books is never feasible in high school. In different learning sessions, textbooks must be read, but there are different requirements.
Before going to class, it is best to preview the content that will be taught in the textbook. This time is skimming. As long as you know what is going to be taught, write down anything you don’t understand and listen carefully in class. it.
Preview is to make you aware of the lectures and improve the efficiency of the lectures.
The first thing after class is not to do exercises, but to read the text. Review after class is the digestion stage. It is an active thinking process for in-depth understanding, analysis and synthesis. You must read the textbook in a timely, careful and word-by-word manner, and on this basis, use your brain and hands to actively digest.
Finally, after studying each chapter, you should read the entire chapter text again, make a summary of the entire chapter, organize the entire chapter content into organized and purposeful systematic content, and master it systematically. This is a kind of knowledge induction.
(2) Extensive extracurricular reading
In addition to intensive reading of textbooks, in order to broaden your horizons and cultivate self-study abilities, you should also conduct extensive extracurricular reading, especially popular science books and newspapers . For articles in popular science newspapers and periodicals, in addition to intensive reading if you are particularly interested, generally just extensive reading is enough. In extensive reading, you may encounter some problems that you cannot read or do not understand well. It does not matter. It is also beneficial to know such a thing from reading. The main significance of this kind of reading is to expand your knowledge. Face, activate your thinking.
3. Do experiments carefully
Experiments are the basis and the most important research method in physics, chemistry, biology and other disciplines. When studying physics, chemistry, biology and other subjects, experiments can help us understand and consolidate relevant knowledge. Therefore, one must learn to experiment. In high school, how do we do science experiments?
(1) We must carefully study famous experiments in history. Learning the experimental methods, experimental principles and experimental devices of these famous experiments in history can inspire our own ideas, so that we can learn from them when conducting our own experiments, absorb their essence, and realize the importance of careful observation and scientific induction of phenomena. importance.
(2) Observe the demonstration experiment correctly. Demonstration experiments in the classroom are experiments in which teachers conduct operations to guide us to observe correctly and analyze and summarize the rules from the experiments. Although we did not have the opportunity to do anything at this time, we could fully see and listen and think fully during the experiment. Observe demonstration experiments. First of all, you must listen carefully to the teacher's explanation of why this experiment is done and how to arrange it, clarify the purpose of the experiment, know what factors to consider, what interference to eliminate, what instruments to use, how they function, etc. During the demonstration, it is necessary to clearly see the purpose of each step, the operation process, the change process of the phenomenon, how to achieve success, how to lead to failure, etc. In short, when watching the demonstration experiment, you must observe and think carefully, and focus on observing and thinking about the purpose, principle, device, experimental operation steps and change process of the experiment. You cannot just look at the experimental results, let alone just think it is good-looking and fun. Satisfied.
(3) Do experiments carefully. Student experiments arranged during teaching are extremely valuable learning opportunities. Hearing something once is not as good as seeing it, let alone doing it once. To truly master experimental skills, you must pass your own practice. How to conduct experiments? Then we must achieve "six dos and six don'ts":
First, we must preview, clarify the purpose, principles, and steps of the experiment, and have the overall situation in mind. Don’t have too many things in mind, be in a hurry during the experiment, and be confused about the experimental results after the experiment.
Second, you must understand the performance of the instrument and precautions for use, and take good care of the instrument. Don't play around or use it arbitrarily.
Third, we must carefully observe the experimental phenomena and details of the change process, and see the essence through the phenomena. Don't be careless and watch the fun.
Fourth, we must operate in a standardized manner and develop good experimental literacy. This is the guarantee for obtaining accurate experimental results and achieving experimental success. Do not operate as you please, or even damage the instrument.
Fifth, we must use both our hands and our brains. We should not only work hard on the operation, but also actively use our brains to think deeply about why we are doing this. Don’t just do it without thinking.
Sixth, we must carefully process the experimental data, analyze the experimental results, find out the reasons for the errors, and fill in the experimental report. Don't be sloppy and piece together data just to get a satisfactory result.
4. Develop good habits and norms for doing exercises
Doing exercises is an important part of high school learning and has always been valued by students. It is important for thoroughly understanding and consolidating what has been learned. Knowledge and cultivating the ability to apply knowledge to solve practical problems all play a big role. To practice well, you must have good habits. If you only pursue the answers and quantity of problem solving and get bogged down in a sea of ??questions, you will definitely achieve little results.
Understanding and mastering basic knowledge is a prerequisite for completing exercises correctly. Basic concepts and laws are the basis for solving problems. Inability to solve problems or incorrect problem solving is often due to a lack of understanding of basic concepts and rules.
What are the correct methods and good habits for doing exercises?
First, carefully review the question. For example, when solving physics problems, you should first carefully analyze the research object and physical process. You should carefully read every sentence, every concept, every number, and every unit in the question to make yourself clear about the meaning of the question. Then determine which object or system the research object is and what processes these objects have gone through, thereby determining the goals and basis for solving the problem.
Drawing sketches is a way to help us analyze the topic and make the topic visual and concrete.
List the known conditions and unknown quantities one by one. Some of the known conditions in the exercises are directly given as known numbers, and some are not given directly but indirectly, implicit in some given values ??or information, and must be analyzed and based on some mutual relationships. , to find out.
According to the analysis of the meaning of the question, find out the changing relationship between various physical quantities and determine the physical formula to solve the problem. Pay special attention to the approximate conditions or critical states where transitions occur in some exercises. We should also pay attention to many physics exercises. Due to different thinking angles and ideas, different research objects chosen, and different physical formulas and mathematical methods used, there are several different solutions. When doing exercises, it is necessary to practice multiple solutions to one problem. By analyzing and comparing various solutions, we can not only integrate knowledge, but also learn to choose the simplest and most ingenious solution.
In calculations, the unit system must be unified.
When solving physics exercises, you cannot think that you have achieved your goal as soon as you solve the results. You must also study whether the results are reasonable, complete, have a range of values, etc. You must make sure that the answers are comprehensive, reasonable, and correct before solving the problem.
When doing exercises, you should pay attention to cultivating a serious and rigorous style of study and standardizing your expression.
After the exercises and tests are corrected and sent back by the teacher, you should not just look at the scores. You should carefully study the problems pointed out by the teacher in the corrections, check and discover the loopholes and errors in your understanding and application of knowledge, and make up for them in a timely manner. correct. You should establish a record of wrong questions, carefully analyze the reasons, find out the corresponding weak knowledge points and strengthen them, so that you can avoid making the same mistakes.
5. Master the method of memory
In learning, there is a large amount of knowledge that requires us to memorize it so that it can be used at any time. How can we remember them quickly, completely and accurately?
Understanding is the basis of memory. Entering the high school stage, more emphasis should be placed on memorizing on the basis of deepening understanding, and there are higher requirements on the combination of understanding and memory.
Some of the concepts and laws of science seem simple, while others are very abstract and complex. No matter what, they should be analyzed when studying, to understand the ins and outs, highlight the elements, and grasp the key points, so as to deepen the impression. , can be memorized while achieving understanding, and can be used flexibly when analyzing and solving problems. (Key point memory method)
When studying certain problems, many concepts and rules often appear in groups. When studying, in addition to clarifying their ins and outs, you should also compare them vertically and horizontally, figure out how they are obtained, how to apply them, how to deduce some formulas from other formulas, and you should also compare them with related similar formulas in terms of form and content. , compare and identify the characteristics. Can make list analogies, classify knowledge, and grasp the internal connections and mutual differences of knowledge. In this way, systems and clues can be sorted out for more complex content, and they can be remembered and used clearly.
(Compare with the association categorization memory method)
Repeated self-checking and repeated application are necessary steps to consolidate memory. Review after each class, unit review, problem-solving applications, experimental operations, and semester-year review should be planned and arranged in order to continuously consolidate your memory.
4. Combine learning knowledge and learning methods to develop abilities
In learning, you must not only master the basic knowledge of each subject, but also combine it with learning some scientific research methods , cultivate the ability to effectively engage in learning, work and explore unknown things. With these abilities, you can learn quickly and well, and when you grow up, you will have stronger ability to work independently and invent and create.
When solving problems, you cannot just solve them, but you must improve to the level of mastering the basic methods of solving problems.
At the high school level, there are many abilities to be cultivated. The following mainly talks about the cultivation of observation ability, thinking ability, practical ability, as well as the cultivation of innovative spirit and creativity.
Observation ability A student with strong observation ability can grasp the characteristics of processes and phenomena when observing experiments and doing experiments by himself, and can keenly discover some unexpected or interesting things. Subtle differences in phenomena can also lead to a lot of knowledge being gained from the daily life around us. How to develop your observation skills?
When observing, you must have a clear purpose, concentrate on it, and grasp the characteristics of the observed phenomenon. For each step of the experiment, it is necessary to clarify what is mainly explored or verified, and focus the observation on this point. Observation must also be meticulous and pay attention to what new phenomena occur, rather than just skimming and turning a blind eye.
We must also be sensitive to observation and observe some phenomena repeatedly. By thinking actively during the observation process, you can continuously improve your observation ability in practice.
Thinking ability Thinking ability is the core of various abilities. Thinking includes processes such as analysis, synthesis, generalization, abstraction, reasoning, and imagination. Thinking ability should be cultivated through the formation of concepts, the derivation of rules, the establishment of models, and the application of knowledge. Therefore, in the learning process, we must not only learn knowledge, but also learn scientific thinking methods and develop thinking abilities.
To improve your thinking ability, you must often use the comparative method to study. First of all, when learning each new concept, not only listen to the teacher's explanation, but also make comparisons yourself, find similar examples, and deepen your understanding. Second, when you learn concepts and rules with similar meanings, compare them and analyze their differences and connections from multiple angles and aspects. If you often use the comparative method to study, you can learn to analyze problems comprehensively, discover their connections, differences and respective characteristics from a variety of things, so that the breadth and depth of thinking can be improved.
Practice hands-on skills. In learning, you must be good at using your brain as well as your hands. Practical operational ability mainly refers to the ability to make things and develop a series of intellectual-related will qualities (such as designing operating procedures in advance, being able to use instruments and tools correctly, paying attention to accuracy and precision, correcting deviations early or quickly changing to more reasonable ones). plans, etc.). Doing group experiments and small experiments in class, and actively participating in various creative experimental designs and scientific and technological invention and creation activities outside class can greatly improve your practical ability. In classroom and extracurricular experiments and various design and production activities, efforts must be made to integrate the application of modern information technology to cultivate the ability to collect, process and utilize information.
Innovative spirit and creative ability To cultivate your own creative talents, you must first learn to identify problems and dare to ask questions. Einstein said: "Discovering problems is often more important than solving them." We must dare to question existing conclusions, dare to express our different opinions, and dare to "discover" knowledge through our own exploration. Through research-based learning under the guidance of teachers in class, as well as self-defined topics and independent research-based exploration outside class, you must experience the process of knowledge discovery, learn to learn, learn to think, learn to seek differences, and learn to innovate. We must know that the development of science cannot be separated from creation, and if we want to make achievements in science in the future, we cannot do without creative thinking.
If you have an innovative learning spirit today, you will be able to seize the "commanding heights" in the advanced fields of scientific and technological development in the country's socialist construction in the future, and then control a large open area and become outstanding talents who can climb the peak of science and technology.