Located in: Wenshan City, Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province
Wenshan County is located in the southeast of Yunnan Province and the west of Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture. The county is 63 kilometers wide from east to west and 66 kilometers wide from north to south, with a total area of ??2,972 square kilometers. Most areas have a subtropical monsoon climate in the westerly belt. The highest altitude is 2991.2 meters and the lowest is 618 meters. The county has a population of 419,018, of which ethnic minorities account for 54%. The county’s specialty is Panax notoginseng, a rare and precious medicinal material. Its output and quality are among the highest in the country.
Wenshan County is a county where many ethnic groups live together. There are 12 ethnic minorities in China, with the majority being Zhuang, Yi and Miao. Due to the large number of ethnic groups, it displays a variety of national cultures and customs. The county's population distribution is obvious: the urban population is concentrated, while the population in dam areas, mid-levels and alpine mountainous areas is relatively sparse.
Geography and Climate
Wenshan County is located in the west-southeast of Yunnan, between 103°43′-104°27′ east longitude and 23°16′-23°44′ north latitude. Both sides of the regression line. It is connected to Yanshan Mountain in the east and north, Maguan County to the south, Xichou County to the southeast, and Mengzi and Pingbian counties in Honghe Prefecture to the west. The county spans 63 kilometers from east to west and 66 kilometers from north to south, with a total area of ??2,972 square kilometers. The county seat is the political, economic and cultural center of Wenshan Prefecture. There are highways all around: 369 kilometers to the provincial capital Kunming in the north, 675 kilometers to Nanning City in Guangxi to the east, 122 kilometers to Chuantou Port and 168 kilometers to Hekou Port in the south, and 128 kilometers to Mengzi County in Honghe Prefecture in the west.
Wenshan County belongs to the karst mountain plain area in southeastern Yunnan, with undulating mountains and crisscrossing river valleys and ravines. The highest peak, Bozhu Mountain, is 2991.2 meters above sea level and is the highest peak in southeastern Yunnan. The lowest altitude of Naguo Canyon is 618 meters, which is 2372 meters different from the highest peak, forming the largest alpine canyon in the county. There is a large difference in altitude between high and low, and it is characterized by a variety of topography and three-dimensional climate.
Diverse climates. The climate characteristics of Wenshan County are: long spring and autumn, short winter and summer, and there is little difference in climate among the four seasons. Wenshan has a warm climate all year round, with an average annual temperature of 12.8℃-18.1℃, an average monthly maximum temperature of 16.8℃-23℃, and a minimum temperature of 7.2℃-10.6℃. It has long sunshine hours, with an average annual sunshine time of 319 days and 2023.1 hours. The average annual accumulated temperature is 6502℃. ; Land evaporation is 1780.2 mm; there may be frost every year, but the frost-free period is long, with an average of 359 days, and there is light snow occasionally; rainfall is relatively abundant, with an average annual rainfall of 146.4 days and 992.7 mm.
Administrative divisions
In the eighth year of Yongzheng reign of the Qing Dynasty (1730), Kaihua Tongfan was established and Wenshan County was established. The jurisdiction is Kaihua, Yongping, Annan, Wangnong, Dong'an, Lelong, Fengchun and Jiangna Bali established by Kaihua Prefecture. Later, it was divided from Lelong into the new Jiuli. There are Jia and Pai under the li, all of which were originally three The place where the long lawsuit belongs. In the 25th year of Jiaqing (1820), Mabai Tongzhi was renamed Anping Hall, which was in charge of Fengchun, Yongping and Dong'an three li, and Wenshan County had jurisdiction over six li. In the first year of the Republic of China, the county office was established. In 1913, the southern district was divided into the Jingbian Administrative District. The Wenshan County area stretches 110 kilometers from Ganyudong to Xuliuma and is bounded by Naguo River in the southwest, with a total area of ??6,258 square kilometers. In September of the 10th year of the Republic of China, Wenshan County was fully formed. In the 18th year of the Republic of China (1929), the County Organization Law was promulgated. In 2019, the county office was reorganized into a county government, and autonomous agencies at district, township, town, village, and neighboring levels were organized. In 2021, the Yanshan Administration Bureau was established in the eastern district, and Wenshan County has an area of ??2,935 kilometers. The county was reorganized into 8 districts, with 11 towns and 21 townships under its jurisdiction. In the 26th year of the Republic of China (1937), in order to mobilize the all-out war of resistance, according to the "Baojia Regulations" passed by the Communist Party of China, the county's districts, townships, and towns were classified into 216 Bao and 1922 A. In the 28th year of the Republic of China, the district system was abolished and townships were expanded. The counties were newly organized into 5 towns, 11 townships, 194 Bao, and 1866 A. In the 32nd year of the Republic of China (1943), the 16 towns and villages in the county were adjusted to 155 Bao and 1272 A. In the 37th year of the Republic of China, it was adjusted to 134 guarantees and 1061 firsts.
The whole county was liberated in January 1950, but the jurisdiction remained unchanged. In addition to the two towns in the county that were merged into Yunwei Town, Taiji (renamed Yongle) and Xinping Townships are directly under the county administration and there are four districts: Pingba, Matang, Binlie, and Dehou, with jurisdiction over 3 towns and 11 townships.
In May, towns and villages were removed and established into 5 districts, and the county was organized into 50 administrative villages and 5 administrative streets, with natural villages and village groups under its jurisdiction. In October 1951, the seven rural administrative villages in the central area and the two administrative villages of Budu and Tangzizhai in Pingba District were merged into Panzhihua District. The county seat was established as Chengguan District, and the county had 6 districts. After the land reform ended in 1952, 97 townships were established in 6 districts in the county. In 1953, the land reform review was completed and there were 74 townships and 3 residents' committees. In 1954, except Chengguan District, it was reorganized into 81 townships, with 760 natural villages and 21 street groups in the county.
In May 1957, Wenshan District was separated from the county seat by eight townships in Wenshan County: Mingjiu, Yangliuhe, Mengla, Shesuoba, Yangcaotang, Bainiuchang, Laozhai and Gubulong. Farther away, it is included in Mengzi County, Mengzi Prefecture. The total area of ??Wenshan County was reduced to 2,634 square kilometers. The county has 6 districts, 73 townships and 3 residents' committees. In September 1958, the abandoned districts and villages were evacuated, and a people's commune integrating administration and society was implemented. Twelve townships were divided into Gumu and Bazhai districts of Maguan County and merged into Wenshan County, with the total area expanded to 6844.55 square kilometers. In August 1961, the Yanshan county system was restored, and the total area of ??Wenshan County was reduced to 2,867 square kilometers.
In December 1987, the district and township system was reformed, and the district was transformed into 16 townships (including 5 Yi townships and 1 Hui township) and 1 town, and the commune system was abolished. The original townships were changed into 125 administrative village offices, and there are still 5 offices in Kaihua Town under the county jurisdiction. The county governs 1,097 natural villages, 13 rural streets, 47 urban streets, and 1,707 production teams. The two townships of Labaichong and Tuoga were placed under Yanshan County, and the total area of ??Wenshan County was reduced to 2,972 square kilometers, which has remained stable since then.
In 1991, the county's production team was restructured into an agricultural cooperative. In 1993, the county's townships, administrative villages, and offices remained unchanged, with 1,116 natural villages and 1,481 cooperatives under its jurisdiction. In August 2000, the county had 9 towns, 8 townships, 125 village committees, 5 residents' committees, 1,088 natural villages, and 1,531 cooperatives (production teams).
At the end of 2005, the county governed 8 towns including Kaihua, Gumu, Pingba, Matang, Dehou, Xiaojie, Zhuilijie, Laohuilong and Xinjie, Xigu and Leshichong Townships There are 8 townships including Dongshan, Liujing, Basin, Binglie Yi Township, and Hongdian Hui Township. The 16 townships (towns) in the county have 137 village (resident) committees, including: 16 community residents committees, villagers committees 121, with 1,532 villager groups.
Population and Ethnicity
Wenshan County is located in the southwest border of the motherland and has historically been a multi-ethnic area. According to the fifth national census in 2000, 12 ethnic groups including Han, Zhuang, Miao, Yi, Hui, Dai, Yao, Bai and Lisu live in the county. The total population is 4,296.64 million (including migrant population), of which 2,349.75 million are ethnic minorities, accounting for 54.69%, the agricultural population is 258,846, accounting for 60.24% of the total population, and the non-agricultural population is 1,708.18 million, accounting for 39.76% of the total population. There are obvious differences in population distribution: the urban landfill population is relatively concentrated, the density of the dam area is higher than that of the mid-level mountainous area, and the mid-level mountainous area is higher than that of the mountainous area. The alpine mountainous area is vast and sparsely populated. Wenshan has a long history and a long history of national culture. In the long process of historical development, various ethnic groups have created colorful national culture and folk art with strong local and national characteristics. Among them, Miao, Zhuang and Yi are the most representative.
Most of the Miao people in Wenshan County are from Hunan and Guizhou. "Guyang Miao" is recorded in "The Wedding Notes of the Chieftains of Yunnan and Guizhou" in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. After that, they continued to move in from the west, and by the middle of the Qing Dynasty, they were scattered in the western mountainous areas of the county. Most of the land in the Miao residential areas is barren and lacks water, so they mainly grow corn, buckwheat and other miscellaneous grains and potatoes. Miao women wear colorful embroidered round head coverings with various colored beads and flower tassels hanging around them. Wear big silver earrings. The top is embroidered with red square patterns, and the belt is the square decoration of the whole dress. It consists of two strips 8_ and 5_ wide respectively, inlaid with colored silk threads, and decorated with various beads, coins and The colorful wool makes the skirt sway from side to side when walking, and the tinkling sound is pleasant to the ear. The leggings are made of triangular black cloth, sewn with embroidered patterns and lace.
Men generally like to wear multiple pieces of clothing, with seven pairs of cloth buttons, slightly short, wide-waisted, large-leg twisted crotch trousers, calf wrappers, and often straw sandals. In addition to the Spring Festival, the Miao people's most grand traditional festival of the year is "Stepping on the Flower Mountain", which is usually held on the third day of the first lunar month and lasts for five days. The content of the activity is mainly about young men and women singing folk songs and talking about love. At Huashan Field, there are bullfighting, horse racing, flower pole climbing, Lusheng dance, playing various ethnic instruments and other activities, which are very lively until late at night.
The Zhuang people in Wenshan County include the Tu branch who call themselves Budai and Butai, and the Nong branch who call themselves Bunun. The Zhuang people have always lived close to mountains and rivers. They mainly grow rice, dryland grain and cotton, and are good at weaving and dyeing. Bunun women's clothes, buns, and skirts are all made of self-woven white cloth, dyed cyan with indigo, painted with taro, and polished with goose eggs on smooth slate, making it sparkle and rustle when worn. The ornaments are mostly made of silver, and he wears a silver collar and chain around his neck. Men wear double-breasted clothes, and generally wear ordinary clothes with 7 pairs of cloth buttons. Young adults usually wear all kinds of modern clothes according to social trends. The clothes of Butai and Butai are generally similar to those of Bunun.
The Yi people in Wenshan County include two major branches: Pula and Luoluo. Most of the Luoluo people live in river valleys and mainly practice water farming, combined with a small amount of dry farming. Pulado lives in arid mountainous areas with poor natural conditions. Women often wear flowered handkerchiefs, front-front skirts, wide trousers, aprons around their chests, silver chains around their necks, small suspenders around their waists, and large flowered shoes. Men's clothing follows social trends.
For a long time, due to the mutual recuperation and intermarriage between the two countries, brothers of all ethnic groups have lived in harmony, learned from each other's strengths, and made progress together. The customs of various ethnic groups have commonalities but also have their own characteristics, forming unique national literature, folk art, national music and dance, and national customs, which together constitute a gorgeous and colorful national culture. Under the cordial care of the party and the people, all ethnic groups in the county are like one family, united, working hard, and working together to build a beautiful homeland.
Humanities and Historic Sites
Wenshan County has a long history. Human beings have thrived here for a long time. It is ancient and magical, and the county has a history of more than 2,000 years. In 111 BC, the Western Han Dynasty established counties in the southwest, and Wenshan County became an integral part of the motherland. In the thousands of years since then, dynasties have changed and the fate of Wenshan people has always been closely related to that of the entire Chinese nation. People of all ethnic groups in Wenshan County have made outstanding contributions in the historical process of developing, constructing and defending frontiers, enriching the development history of the Chinese nation.
In the 1980s, the enthusiasm of Wenshan’s military and civilians forged the Laoshan spirit of selfless dedication and nurtured the Chinese people. The people of all ethnic groups in Wenshan County use hard work and wisdom to continuously create their own lives and create the history of Wenshan, loving their motherland and their homeland. Chu Tunan, a famous writer, translator, calligrapher, social activist, professor and former vice chairman of the National People's Congress, is an outstanding figure nurtured by this land with profound national historical and cultural heritage.
In January 2021, the Central Civilization Office determined the list of nominated cities for national civilized cities in the 2021-2023 creation cycle, and Wenshan City was on the list.
On December 21, 2020, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development named Wenshan City a national barrier-free environment demonstration city, county, village and town.
On November 25, 2020, the Ministry of Water Resources announced the third batch of counties (districts) that have met the standards for water-saving society construction, and Wenshan City was on the list.
On September 22, 2020, the list of "Top 100 Counties and Cities in Western China 2020" was announced, and Wenshan City was on the list, ranking 39th.
On August 27, 2019, the Yunnan Provincial People's Government listed Wenshan City as a "one county, one industry" demonstration county in Yunnan Province, and the representative industry is the traditional Chinese medicinal materials industry (Panax notoginseng).
On July 30, 2019, the National Health Commission and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine determined Wenshan City to be a pilot city for the construction of an urban medical consortium.
In October 2018, Wenshan City was selected into the 2018 Top 100 Counties and Cities in Western Region, ranking 41st.
On February 22, 2018, Wenshan City was listed on the list of counties (cities, districts) with basically balanced development of compulsory education nationwide in 2017.