Zhuge Liang (July 23, 65438+081—August 28, 234), a native of Yang Du (now yinan county, Linyi City, Shandong Province), was an outstanding politician, strategist, inventor and strategist in the Three Kingdoms period. When he was alive, he was named Wuxiang Hou, and he was called Zhong Wuhou. Later, in order to admire Zhuge Liang's military talents, the Eastern Jin regime named him King Wuxing. The representative works include Front Model, Back Model and Book of Commandments. Invented wooden ox and flowing horse, Kongming lantern and so on. Chengdu has Wuhou Temple.
personal file
Birth: A.D. 18 1, the 23rd day of the seventh lunar month.
Official position: prime minister, a captain in charge of the official department, Yizhou animal husbandry official, official record, and our ambassador.
Title: Wuxingwang (pursued by the Eastern Jin Dynasty), the marquis of Wuxiang, praised him as a loyal marquis of Wuhou.
Ancestor: Zhuge Feng (a captain in Li Si, Western Han Dynasty)
Father: Zhuge Jue, word (Taishan County Cheng at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty)
Mother: Zhang
Uncle: Zhuge Xuan (magistrate of yu zhang)
Spouse: Huang Yueying (Huang Shuo)
Kinship: Zhuge Dan
Brothers: Zhu Gejin (brother) and Zhuge Jun (brother)
Children: Zhuge Zhan (eldest son), Zhuge Huai (youngest son), Zhuge (eldest daughter) and Zhuge Qiao (adopted son, former son).
Grandsons: Zhuge Shang (the eldest son of Zhan), Zhuge Jing (the second son of Zhan), Zhuge Zhi (the third son of Zhan) and Zhuge Pan (who returned home after being convicted of Zhuge Ke's adopted son).
Successors: Jiang Wan, Fei Yi and Jiang Wei.
artistic attainments
Calligraphy articles
Zhuge Liang lived in an era when China's calligraphy art was maturing. Zhuge Liang loved calligraphy and trained hard when he was young. He can write all kinds of fonts and is good at seal script, eight-part essay and cursive script. Tao Hongjing, a great calligrapher in the Southern Dynasties, recorded in The Record of Swords: "In the first year of Shu Zhangwu (AD 22 1 year), eight swords were made of gold and Niu Shan iron, each three feet and six inches ... This is the place where Kong Ming wrote the style corner." . Li Yu's "Gu Ding Lu" records: "Zhuge Liang killed Xinmeile Co., Ltd. and decided to build a tripod and bury it in Hanchuan. Its text says: Ding Dingjun. He also made eight arrays of ding, which sank in Yong 'an water, all of which were big seals. " "In the second year of Zhangwu (AD 222), Hanchuan cast a tripod, named Hank tripod, set point C, and wrote an eight-point book ... another tripod was cast in Wudan Mountain in Chengdu, named Zen tripod; Another tripod was cast in Jianshan Pass, named Jianshan tripod. There is also Xiaoyan, which is the trace of Wuhou. " "In the third year of Zhangwu (AD 223), the original intention was two ding, one with the king of Lu, and the text said:' Wealth is suitable for princes. ; First, use Liang Wang, and the article says:' Universiade should be king. There are also ancient official scripts, three feet high, which are all traces of Wuhou. "Zhou Yue's Ancient and Modern Law Bookstore in the Northern Song Dynasty also recorded:" The ancient masters of Shu tasted three Ding, and all of them scored eight points in the seal of Wuhou, which was wonderful. ".Tao Hongjing in the Southern Dynasties was only more than 200 years away from Zhuge Liang, and his knowledge and account should be based on facts.
Song Huizong Xuanhe Neifu Xuanhe Pu Shu (volume 13) records that Zhuge Liang is good at painting and likes to write cursive script. Although it is not called by the book, it will cherish its legacy. " He also said: "The cursive script in the palace today is" Yuan Yi Tie "." This shows that at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty (A.D.119-1125), there were still Zhuge Liang's calligraphy works in the palace. According to Chen Si's "Shu lue" in the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhuge Liang was "good at his seal script, and there were words like' Xuan Mo Taiji, Yin and Yang mixed' in this post, which was unusual".
Zhuge Liang never forgot calligraphy in his busy government affairs and military activities. According to Changde County Records, "Wolong Mo Chi is located in Wolong Temple, 30 miles west of Yuanjiang County. According to legend, Zhuge Wuhou of the Han Dynasty washed ink in this temple because of its name. " Zhuge Liang was active in Changde area after Battle of Red Cliffs, and the war was very tense and frequent, but he still did not forget to kill time in the pool.
Painting supplies
In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Yanyuan wrote in the Book of Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties: "Zhuge Wuhou and his son are both good at painting." Zhang Yanyuan also recorded the collection and sale of paintings at that time in his book On Painting. He said: "Today is divided into three ancient times to determine the nobility and inferiority, and the Han and Wei dynasties are ancient, so Cai Yong, Zhang Heng, Cao Mao, Huan Fan, Xu Miao, Cao Buxing and Zhuge Liang are also."
Zhang Yanyuan described the painting prices of some modern painters at that time, such as Yan Liben and Wu Daozi: "A screen is worth 20,000 yuan, and a threshold is worth 15,000 yuan." "A screen is worth ten thousand yuan." He also said that the works of painters in the Han and Wei dynasties (that is, ancient times) were already "treasures of the country" and "treasures of the future" in the Tang Dynasty. Zhang Yanyuan's account shows Zhuge Liang's historical position and artistic achievements in China's art history.
In the Records of Huayang Country, Chang Jiaqu, a historian of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, recorded: "In South China, the custom is to levy witches and ghosts, and to curse the alliance for goodness, so officials often desire it by cursing the alliance. Zhuge Liang made a map for foreigners. First, he drew the Great Wall House of heaven, earth, sun, moon and monarch, and then he drew the dragon, which gave birth to foreigners, cows, horses and camels. After the painting company officer, riding a horse, patrolling the T-shirt. I also painted the image of Yi Morning Glory, bearing the wine and gold, in order to give it to Yi, which is very heavy. " As can be seen from the above records, Zhuge Liang really has extraordinary talent for painting. His paintings are based on real life (such as the life of ethnic minorities in central and southern China) and have magical and rich imagination (such as dragons), with magnificent composition and vast scenes.
Music article
Zhuge Liang is proficient in temperament, likes playing the piano and singing, and has a high musical accomplishment.
This aspect is described in ancient books. Chen Shou's Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Zhuge Liang records: "Xuanzu, Ming and devoted himself to Long Mu, taking songs as his theme." Xi Chishao's Old Records of Xiangyang: "Xiangyang has Kongming's former residence ... The mountain on the west side of the house is near the water, and Kongming often climbs it. This drum instrument is called "Fu Liang's Song", because this mountain is called Leshan and of course the song of Wolong, which is really a swan song. "Zhongxing Bibliography" records: "Qin Jing is a volume, Zhuge Liang wrote the beginning of making a piano and the sound of seven strings, and the thirteen emblems took pictures." Xie's On Qin also recorded: "Zhuge Liang wrote Fu Liangyin." "Geographical Records" records: "There is a stone harp in Wuhou Temple in Dingjun Mountain, which is very clear and it is said that it was left by Wuhou. "From the above records, it is enough to see that Zhuge Liang has a very comprehensive accomplishment and high artistic achievements in music. He is good at vocal music-he can sing; Also good at instrumental music-good at playing the piano; At the same time, he also composed music and lyrics, and made musical instruments-lyre and Qin Shi. Not only that, he also wrote a monograph on music theory-Qin Jing.
Personal invention
Wooden Oxen and Gliding Horses
Explain the wooden human walking transport equipment with mobile containers.
The source is Chen Jinshou's biography of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Zhi and Zhuge Liang: "Ming is better at ingenuity, gains and losses, and horses are floating outside, all of which are unexpected."
steamed bread
It is said that Zhuge Liang settled Meng Huo's team and returned to North Korea, but he could not cross Lushui. According to custom, he sacrificed 49 heads. The next day, Zhuge Liang made a head with flour and meat instead of a sacrificial head. Since then, there have been many sacrificial offerings, including pigs, cows and sheep, as well as steamed buns. Another table: steamed bread originally refers to replacing the head of the captured barbarian for sacrifice, so it is called steamed bread. Later, in order to avoid it, it was changed into steamed bread, and with food, it became the current steamed bread.
Sky Lantern
Kongming Lantern, also called Sky Lantern, is said to have been invented by Zhu Gekongming (Zhuge Liang) during the Three Kingdoms period. At that time, Zhu Gekongming was besieged by Sima Yi in Yuping, unable to send troops out of the city for help. Kong Ming calculated the wind direction, made a floating paper lantern, tied with the message for help, and then escaped as expected, so later generations called this lantern Kong Ming Lantern. Another way of saying this is that this lantern looks like a hat worn by Zhu Gekongming, hence its name.
Zhuge Liang crossbow
During the Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang of Shu made a crossbow called Rong Yuan crossbow, which can shoot ten arrows in a short time. It is very lethal, but its size and weight are too large for individual soldiers to use. Mainly used to defend cities and camps.
Eight sides fortress
Eight arrays are named after heaven, earth, wind, clouds, dragons, tigers, birds and snakes, and China's army is nine arrays. Zhong Jun is composed of sixteen small arrays, and the surrounding eight arrays are each composed of six small arrays, making a total of sixty-four small arrays. In the Eight-Array Diagram, the sky, the earth, the wind and the clouds are the "four positive", while the dragon (blue dragon), tiger (white tiger), bird (suzaku) and snake (snake) are the "four strange". In addition, there are 24 arrays in the rear for maneuvering. According to legend, there are 365 kinds of changes on Sunday.
In addition, Zhuge Liang also invented Kongmingsuo, wooden beasts, mines and so on.