Problem description:
Japanese tea ceremony originated in China, but it has got the most prosperous development in Japan. This is because Japan has incorporated some of its own aesthetic and philosophical concepts into the tea ceremony. Can anyone talk about Japanese aesthetics and philosophy contained in Japanese tea ceremony?
Analysis:
Tea ceremony is one of the representatives of Japanese culture. It integrates many characteristics and essences of Japanese culture and forms a comprehensive cultural system.
Before China's tea was introduced to Japan, the Japanese did not have the habit of drinking tea. After tea was introduced to Japan, the Japanese gradually began to drink tea. Especially in 1 192, a Japanese monk, Rong Xi, who had studied in China, wrote a book, Eating Tea for Health, and brought back tea varieties. Since then, Japanese tea culture has begun to show a new situation. Later, Japan's tea drinking culture was combined with Zen, Shinto and other religious ideas, forming a unique tea ceremony in Japanese culture. Its owner Morino has also created a unique form of tea ceremony, which is unique in the East and has become a wonderful flower in the Oriental Art Garden. After Li Qian, his grandson was divided into three schools (commonly known as three thousand): watch money, clock money and samurai money. His disciples developed into schools such as Yuanzhou Stream and Shizhou Stream, and inherited and carried forward Morino Rixiong's tea ceremony concept.
Nowadays, learning tea ceremony has become a compulsory course for Japanese women to cultivate their self-cultivation, and the population studying tea ceremony in China has reached 5 million.
Although the tea ceremony is mainly about ordering tea, its content is all-encompassing. It involves philosophy, religion, art, literature, etiquette and other aspects. Details include calligraphy, flower arrangement, architecture, gardening, cast iron, painters, potters, pasting, bamboo art, sewing, cooking and so on. Almost all social cultures are integrated by her, which is called "comprehensive cultural system".
Generally speaking, a formal tea party takes about an hour. Tea affairs are divided into morning tea affairs, afternoon tea affairs and evening tea affairs. A few days before the tea party, the host sent an invitation to the guests. Inviting guests at a tea party is beneficial to five people at most. Guests will wait in the small room as scheduled. When the host is ready, please sit down. First, the guests go to the yard to wash their hands in order of priority. After washing your hands, enter the teahouse from a small entrance 2.2 feet high and 2. 1 foot wide. The area of tea room is generally between 4 and 10 square meters. After the guests were seated, the host came in and said you're welcome, and then added charcoal to the stove. After adding charcoal, the host invited the guests to dinner. The utensils are blue and black lacquerware. Every dish has triple dishes, rice, miso soup and sashimi. After a while, the host came to entertain the guests and brought grilled fish and stew. When eating, the host and guests will also toast each other. This wine is all Japanese sake. After dinner, the first half of the tea affair is over. The guests went out to have a rest. After a while, the host invited the guests to sit down with the gong. At this time, the host began to order tea for the guests. Tea for tea ordering is a unique terminal catechu in Japan. There are two kinds of tea, strong tea and weak tea. Strong tea is dark green, and its concentration is a bit like coffee. Strong tea is the theme of the whole tea affair. Don't make unnecessary noise when ordering strong tea. Need absolute silence. The host carefully cleaned each tea set in front of the guests and carefully ordered the tea with a tea brush. After the host ordered strong tea, the host and guests knelt down to take the tea back from the host, and then handed a bowl of tea with other guests. A bowl of strong tea should be handed to three to seven people. This habit of eating and drinking together embodies the concept of high trust and harmony between people. After drinking strong tea, the host will order a bowl of weak tea for each guest. Guests can talk in a low voice when ordering thin tea. After drinking thin tea, guests should carefully appreciate every prop such as tea bowl, teapot and tea spoon. So the tea party is basically over. After several hours of tea tasting in recent years, both the host and the guests got a high-level artistic enjoyment and spiritual washing.
The spirit of Japanese tea ceremony is summed up in four words, "harmony, respect and silence". "Harmony" means that everything in nature should be harmonious; "Respect" means that animals, plants, people and mountains and rivers should respect each other equally; "Qing" means that tea people should treat everything with a pure and clean mood, even a small tea spoon, without any distractions; "Quiet" is the eternal silence of nature, and tea people integrate with nature through tea affairs to realize their own peace.
Japanese tea ceremony introduces all natural things into the tea room in order to assimilate with nature. And advocate "for a while", that is, every meeting between the host and the guest is regarded as the only meeting in this life. Tea people believe that life is an instant and silence is eternal. Everything in the world, like seasons, changes all the time and cannot last forever. Therefore, a well-built teahouse has a life span of only about 60 years. Sixty years later, the teahouse gradually weathered and finally returned to the earth.
Every movement of the tea ceremony has strict rules. For example, when holding a tea bowl, there are clear rules about where to hold the tea bowl, how many degrees the arm bends, the height of the end when moving, the moving route and so on. Every tea prop has two sides, and it is not allowed to be misplaced. Tea people treat them as human beings, treat them lightly, and must not have rude attitudes or behaviors. The right foot enters the teahouse first, and the left foot leaves the teahouse first. When walking in the teahouse and crossing the border of each straw mat (collapsed rice), you should also step on your left and right feet. When ordering tea, the tea ceremony has a designated position, and the guests are also divided into main guest, secondary guest and final guest, each with a fixed position.
Salute in Tea Room can be divided into three types: truth, movement and grass. Bow about 70 degrees before the "true" ceremony; The "walking" ceremony is about 45 degrees before the upper body; The "grass" ceremony is only about 30 degrees forward. These three salutations should be used separately according to different occasions and regulations. When holding a "true" ceremony, the "grass" ceremony will be considered rude and arrogant; It is believed that the "true" ceremony of this bank when it carries out the "grass" ceremony will not work. In short, salute should be timely and appropriate.
In teahouses, people should show humility everywhere. For example, when drinking tea, turn the front of the tea bowl over and drink it from the back to your mouth. On the one hand, it shows respect for the tea bowl, and on the other hand, everyone sitting here can appreciate the pattern and modeling on the front of the tea bowl, which is a courtesy to the people around you. The host should constantly ask the guests whether the tea he ordered and the rice he cooked were not to the taste. In order to set off the appearance of the guests, the host must wear a simple and elegant kimono. Guests should not pretend to be the master in the tea room carefully arranged by the master, nor should they cross the red and green. In this way, people are used to wearing simple and generous clothes when attending tea parties in teahouses, and should not wear watches, jewelry, etc. And perfume is not allowed to be sprayed, lest the smell of perfume wash away the flowers in the teahouse.
Tea ceremony pursues the beauty of nature, imperfection, coordination and instant in aesthetics.
The so-called beauty of nature is to reproduce the beauty of nature in various ways in the teahouse. People live in a limited teahouse through gardens, teahouse buildings, charcoal fire, flower arrangement and snacks, and enjoy the vast beauty of nature.
The so-called imperfect beauty is that the shape of props and so on are not necessarily perfect. Exquisite ceramic magnetic tea bowls with exquisite shapes, absolutely round bowls and detailed patterns are not favored in tea ceremony, and even excluded from tea rooms. However, it seems that the canal is rough, the sand is still exposed, and even the tea bowl with the Potter's fingerprint on it is considered to be superior and valuable. The calligraphy and painting hanging in the teahouse requires elegance and so on, which is called "わひ" from the Japanese aesthetic point of view.
The so-called beauty of coordination is that in the tea affair, every tea prop and every place is an inseparable part of the whole tea affair, and they coordinate with each other to form a beautiful world. There is no distinction between art and non-art in tea ceremony. Everything in the tea room and tea room is a work of art, even people, people's actions, the sound of water, people's words and birds' songs are regarded as beautiful works of art.
The so-called instantaneous beauty means that the tea ceremony should embody the beauty of change, but not advocate the beauty of eternity. Flowers, for example, advocate short-lived flowers that change within a few hours; It takes charcoal to make a fire, and by the time the tea party is over, the black charcoal has turned white. In addition, the fragrance appreciated by the sense of smell and the sound appreciated by the sense of hearing are all beautiful without leaving a trace. After the tea party and the guests left, the teahouse was quiet, and at the same time, there was an artistic creation that disappeared. "Being" is temporary, and "pervasive" is eternal; The world is instantaneous, and silence is eternal.
There are many kinds of props used in tea ceremony. Because holding a tea party requires charcoal, boiling water, ordering tea, eating and so on. In the teahouse, it is almost a necessity in general daily necessities. For example, when adding charcoal, use ash basin, ash spoon, fire chopsticks, charcoal bucket, incense box, etc. Use tea bowls, spoons, brushes, boxes, towels, spoons, charcoal stoves, kettles, etc. When you order tea. Use dishes, rice bowls, soup bowls, dishes, chopsticks, hip flask, wine glasses, etc. when eating.
Tea room and tea court are also one of the important works of art in tea ceremony. The ideal teahouse should be built in an elegant and quiet place. The tea hall is mainly composed of main entrance, middle door, hidden snow (toilet), small hut, washing place, garbage pit, paving stones, shrubs and trees. The teahouse is covered with tatami. A collapsed rice is generally about 0.9 meters wide and 1.8 meters long, which is called a pile. The standard tea room has four and a half floors, and there are three floors at the top. Tea rooms generally have three entrances. One is a small entrance for guests. The other two entrances, one is when the host orders tea and the other is when the host serves rice (the smallest teahouse, the host uses one entrance to order tea and serve rice).
Tea ceremony is the essence and essence of Japanese culture. The development of tea ceremony in turn had a great influence on Japanese culture. Japanese gardens can be said to imitate and expand chayuan; The cooking technique of eating with tea is the basic skill of Japanese cooking technique. The craft of tea props has further promoted the vigorous development of Japanese craft level.