Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the first treasure in the history of China's calligraphy. From the perspective of calligraphy, Oracle Bone Inscriptions has fully possessed the main elements such as composition, structure and pen. His brushwork has changed in thickness and has a certain sense of rhythm, which has laid the foundation and rhythm for China's calligraphy art.
Bronze inscriptions and fonts in Shang, Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods are the general names, which flourished in the Zhou Dynasty. Bronze inscriptions are attached to the ritual vessels of bronzes and casting ding, so they are also called. Zhong Dingwen is most famous for its Simu Wuding and Mao, and its artistic achievements are also the highest.
Before the Qin Dynasty unified China, the popular script was Da Zhuan, which was very irregular. After Qin unified the six countries, Lisi took the biography of the teacher and created the biography. Carving Stone on Yishan was written by Li Siqi when Qin Shihuang climbed Yishan. This seal script is standard and is the ancestor of Xiao seal script in later generations. Due to the harsh methods of seal script and seal script, it is inconvenient to write, so official script appeared. Official script is a victory of seal script. During the Western Han Dynasty, official script changed from seal script to official script, and its structure changed from vertical to horizontal, with more obvious lines and waves. The appearance of official script is a great progress of China characters and a revolution in the history of calligraphy, which not only makes Chinese characters tend to a founder mode, but also lays the foundation for various calligraphy schools in the future.
Kang Youwei said in "Guang Yi Shuang Zhou": "There were not many books in the Han Dynasty", especially in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the official script flourished and there were many inscriptions. Among the stone carvings in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ode to Shimen is the most famous, and calligraphers regard it as a "masterpiece". Historic sites such as The West Chamber, Ying Ying, Chen Shi, Zhang Qian and Cao Quan are also praised and imitated by later generations, which are simple or clever, square or round, hidden or gorgeous, each with its own wonderful features. It can be said that each monument is unique, and the official script has reached its peak.
Calligraphers in the Han Dynasty can be divided into two categories: one is calligraphers in the Han Dynasty, represented by Cai Yong. One is a cursive writer, and Zhang Zhi, who was later called "the sage of grass", is the representative.
China's Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties were the periods when all kinds of calligraphy developed hand in hand. During the Three Kingdoms period, official script began to decline from the peak position of Han Dynasty, and evolved into regular script, which became another theme of calligraphy art. In the Three Kingdoms (Wei Dynasty) period, Zhong You's "Xianbiao" and "Recommended Season Table" became the first classics of regular script. Lu Ji's Ping Fu Tie is the earliest celebrity ink. After the development of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, regular script became mature in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and most of the inscriptions in the Southern and Northern Dynasties were written in regular script.
"Jin people like rhyme, Tang people like law, Song people like meaning, and Yuan people like body." The most innovative thing in the Jin Dynasty was the creation of beautiful and elegant running scripts, and its representative works include Sanxitie, namely Wang Xun's Yuan Bo Tie, Wang Xizhi's Quick Snow Clear Tie and Wang Xianzhi's Mid-Autumn Tie. Wang Xizhi is the most influential calligrapher in the history of calligraphy, and is called "the sage of calligraphy". Wang Xizhi's running script "Preface to the Lanting Pavilion" is known as "the best running script in the world", saying that his writing style is like floating clouds and smart.
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, China's calligraphy art entered the era of "Bei Bei Nan Tie". The northern Wei Dynasty and the eastern Wei Dynasty are the most famous calligraphies for inscriptions on tablets in the Northern Dynasty, and their styles are also colorful, which seems to be repeating the glory of Han tablets. Representative works include Zhang Menglong Monument and Shi Jing Jun Monument. Among the inscriptions, the representative works are "A Thousand Words of True Grass" and so on.
The culture of the Tang Dynasty was brilliant, and famous artists came forth in large numbers. Throughout the Tang Dynasty, regular script became the mainstream from the calligraphy heritage of the Six Dynasties, and its structure was also cautious in arrangement. Ou Yangxun, Yu Shinan, Chu Suiliang and Xue Qi are also called the four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty. Later, Sun, Li Yong, Huai Su, Zhang Xu and many other calligraphers also made considerable achievements. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Li Bai's poems, Pei Min's sword dance and Zhang Xu's cursive number were the best. In the middle Tang Dynasty, regular script made a new breakthrough. Yan Zhenqing, as the representative, laid the standard of regular script, set an example and became orthodox. Liu Gongquan is an important calligrapher after Yan Zhenqing. His writing is vigorous and mellow, and his writing is rigorous. At this point, China's calligraphy style has been completely determined.
During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, dynasties changed frequently and wars continued, which made people feel uneasy. In addition, the laws and regulations of calligraphy in the Tang Dynasty have developed to a quite perfect state, and calligraphers turned to calligraphy to express their personal interests, and it was Yang Ningshi who made great achievements in this respect. Yang Ningshi is good at regular script, running script and cursive script, and traces back to Wei and Jin calligraphy according to the development of Tang calligraphy. Combining the structure and brushwork of regular script, running script and cursive script with seal script and official script has created a new look of regular script, running script and official script.
Calligraphy in Song Dynasty emphasized "meaning", which was a transcendental renewal of calligraphy in Tang Dynasty. Calligraphy is more interesting than statutes. Representative calligraphers in Song Dynasty were Su Shi, Huang, Mi and Cai (Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang). They all try their best to show their calligraphy style, and at the same time highlight an unconventional posture, giving people a new artistic interest.
Calligraphy in the Yuan Dynasty also developed to a certain extent. The general situation of calligraphy is advocating retro, preferring sons over daughters and less innovation in Jin and Tang Dynasties. The central figure in Yuan Dynasty was Zhao Mengfu \n, and Zhao Mengfu was good at seal cutting, official script, regular script, calligraphy and cursive script. His pen is elegant and smart, and his posture is charming. The regular script "Zhao Ti" he founded, together with European style, Yan style and Liu style, is also called the four styles of China calligraphy, which has become the main calligraphy style in later generations. His calligraphy had a great influence on that time and the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Xian Yushu and Deng Wenyuan were also famous in the Yuan Dynasty. Although their achievements are not as good as Zhao Mengfu's \n, they also have their own unique calligraphy style. They advocate the same method of calligraphy and painting and pay attention to the posture of writing. Deng, together with Zhao Mengfu and Xian Yushu, was called the three great calligraphers in the early Yuan Dynasty.
In the middle of Ming Dynasty, literati calligraphy rose again, and Wu Pai calligraphy represented by Zhu Yunming, Wen Zhiming, Tang Yin and Wang Chong appeared in Suzhou. Of these four people, Zhu Yunming achieved the greatest success. His lower case caught up with the Jin and Tang Dynasties, while his running script, cursive script, Cao Zhang and Cao Jin were all good. In addition, there are a group of calligraphers around Zhu, Wen and Wang. For example, Chen Chun, Wen Peng, Wen Jia, Zhou, Wang and others all belong to the four schools of Wu calligraphers, so there was a saying at that time that "all calligraphy in the world is Wu".
In the late Ming Dynasty, Xu Wei, Xing Dong, Dong Qichang, Huang Daozhou, Ni, Mi and others started the retro movement, and their calligraphy style was refined and refined. Among them, Dong Qichang is the most influential one, and created a generation of calligraphy style. Dong Qichang moved from the Tang Dynasty to the Jin Dynasty, and he also worked as a model, a line and a cursive script, thus forming a calligraphy style with elegance and elegance.
The overall tendency of calligraphy in Qing Dynasty is to emphasize quality, which is divided into two development periods: stele study and stele study. At the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Kangxi loved Dong Qichang's calligraphy and admired Zhao Mengfu's calligraphy until Qianlong, and the calligraphy styles of Zhao and Dong increased greatly. Generally, calligraphers only took Zhao and Dong as their models. Ganlong was in office for a long time and was deeply addicted to books. He tried to collect historical records and ordered Liang to copy Sanxi Hall. Therefore, iron blood was still very popular in the middle of Qing Dynasty. The representatives of iron-blooded calligraphers are Liu Yong, Liang, Weng Fanggang and so on.
In the Qing Dynasty, more and more stone inscriptions were unearthed, and the literati turned from their keen interest in writing to their textual research. In addition, Bao and Kang Youwei vigorously promoted that stele study exists as a calligraphy system, which competes with calligraphy study. At that time, famous calligraphers were Jin Nong, Deng, Yi Bingshou, He, Zhao, Yang Shoujing, Wu Changshuo, Kang Youwei and so on. Writing and painting, with tablets in succession, reached the realm of perfection. It can be described as a landscape of China calligraphy culture.
Deng was a famous calligrapher of epigraphy in Qing Dynasty. He is good at four-body calligraphy and seal cutting, creating a style full of stones and stones. Yi Bingshou is good at official script, and his calligraphy style is Yan. He is bold and has a unique style. They are all founders of epigraphy in Qing Dynasty. His regular script is elegant and refined, while his official script is Shen Xiong. His cursive script combines Yan characters, northern dynasties inscriptions and seal cutting in one furnace, which is unrestrained and detached. Wei Mian, Zhao's regular script, used tactfully to write the tablets of the Northern Wei Dynasty. His cursive script, seal script and official script are all mixed with the style of the Northern Wei Dynasty and unique. He and Zhao had a great influence on calligraphy in the late Qing Dynasty.
During this period, Zheng Xie, Huang Shen, Wang, Li and other painters and painters among the Eight Eccentrics in Yangzhou all had their own styles and characteristics.
In modern times, the art of calligraphy has been circulated for thousands of years, and even more rivers flow into the sea, which is spectacular. Perhaps because of the short distance, this landscape is clearer than ever before, and we do our best.
I think this is not bad. There may be a lot of words, so the landlord can simply talk about it according to his own situation.