The emperor's daughter is called the emperor's daughter, usually a princess.
The emperor's wife is called the queen.
Wang Ye: In the early Han Dynasty, the prince and the emperor's brother became kings. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, they became princes. There are also some contributions to princes with different surnames.
Princess: Your Majesty's wife.
Brother: It's the name of the Prince of Qing Dynasty.
Concubine: The concubine of the emperor, ranking second only to the queen.
title
Give examples to illustrate how to deal with several situations.
Call you by your first name or introduce yourself. Unfortunately, Lu Shimeng is guilty of the former, but flattering the latter.
Posthumous title's official name and place of origin are sometimes called official land. Showing courtesy and respect for others, the hero has nowhere to find Sun Zhongmou; Wen Hanlin said to Mr Tao Tiantai.
Calling each other "Gong", "Jun" and "My son" is a kind of address to show respect or close relatives. My son has been drowning for a long time.
Illegitimate (villain) born (shallow and ignorant person) and leader (nicknamed people) despise each other! The defects and tricks of illegitimate children
Calling the other person "Qing" was an honorific title of the ancients in the early days, and later the monarch used to call himself a lieutenant. What does Qing want?
"Ling", "Ren" and "Xian" show respect, courtesy, good brother, good brother and your mother.
(2) The appellation determined by the identity and relationship of the characters.
Examples of characters' humble names
The monarch, me and my son call themselves "I", and I am not ill.
The prince is lonely with Kong Ming and the fish with water.
Generally speaking, servants are not fools. I am a man who can restore the universe, and I am willing to do so.
A woman's concubine is forced to do nothing.
Refers to one's family plus "home", "home" and "brother"
2 honorifics-address others.
Examples of personal honorifics
Your majesty, your majesty-
Song Taizu, the late Emperor (Temple Name) Emperor Gaozu ———————
Teacher, son, teacher, teacher, son, Mozi; What is Confucius' reason?
Officials or elders
My Lord, my first step, I am willing to worry more.
The public dedicated it to me.
The other 3 people
Examples of interpersonal relationship appellation
Call it Pingbeier; Don't you dare take it lightly.
Do you know how to shoot?
Is it because you want to be evil that you call junior boys junior girls?
Address the deceased elders with the word "first"
After expressing the relationship between an uncle and an nephew, add the word "cong" to ask for eunuchs, and you get two followers.
(3) appellations of all ages
Serial number addressing age serial number addressing age
1 baby under one year old 10 weak crown male twenty
2 Yellow-mouthed baby 1 1 and 30 years old.
Three children are 23 years old,12 is 40 years old.
I was seven or eight years old. 13 I was fifty years old when I knew my fate.
5 Crying since childhood, 14, Shun (Hua Jia), 60 years old.
6 total bun childhood childhood 15 seventy years old.
7 Shufa childhood teenager 16 octogenarian
8 cardamom girls 13, 14 years old, 17 years old.
9 to 15 years old (adult)
The appellations of characters in China's ancient literary works are really colorful, and many of them are closely related to colors, especially red, yellow and cyan, which can be said to be deeply loved by the ancients.
First, the "red" title
When we look at ancient literary works, words like "beauty", "red powder", "red sleeve", "red skirt" and "red Luo" often pop into our eyes. The reason first goes back to the makeup of ancient women. In the Song Dynasty, Gao Cheng's "Things and Fates: Crown Jewelry Makeup" recorded: "In Zhou Wenwang, women began to apply lead powder; In the Qin Shihuang Palace, I learned that red makeup and green eyebrows began. " In other words, in the Western Zhou Dynasty, women could already draw faces. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, pink has been dyed red and painted on the cheeks. Later, there was fat swallowing, which is a red pigment used in makeup, and women often apply it to their cheeks or lips. With the beginning of women's make-up, many cosmetics such as fat, powder, cream and luster came into being. Another reason is that ancient women like to make clothes with red or silk fabrics with red patterns. These two reasons determine that many ancient women's appellations have an indissoluble bond with red. Explain them one by one.
1, pink
Ancient red powder refers to rouge and white powder used in women's cosmetics, that is, red powder. In Mei Cheng's miscellaneous poems in Han Dynasty, he said, "E E has red makeup and delicate hands." Later, with the gradual evolution of red makeup, it became synonymous with beauty. Li Shangyin's Ma Wei: "Ji Ma Yan rhinoceros moved to the ground and buried her own red powder."
2, red makeup
The famous "Peach Blossom Face" in ancient times is also called "red makeup", that is, the cheeks are painted with red powder to make them as beautiful as peach blossoms. According to records, by the time of Qin Shihuang, red powder ornaments had spread all over the palace. When Emperor Wendi was in the Sui Dynasty, it was often called "Peach Blossom Noodles", which was popular for a while. Since then, "red makeup" has become more prosperous and frequently appears in literary works. Su Shi's poem "Haitang" in the Song Dynasty: "I'm afraid of falling asleep at night, but I light a high candle and shine red makeup." With the changes of the times, she gradually changed from a woman's dress to a beautiful woman. Pu Songling's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio in Qing Dynasty: "Nothing, instead of red makeup, sit in the girl's jade pavilion." The red makeup in here is a beauty.
3. tea
Tea originally refers to the tea of ancient women. Jian Wendi of the Southern Liang Dynasty wrote: "Raise your wrist with long tea sleeves and smile smartly, which is 1." Later, tea refers to beautiful women in colorful clothes. For example, Bai Juyi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote: "I am still drunk tonight, and I am tired of tea." Another example is Du Mu's Nanling Road in the Tang Dynasty: "It's a lonely place for guests, whose tea depends on the red building."
4. Red skirt
Red skirt refers to the skirt worn by women in ancient times, and later refers to women. For example, Han Yu's "Drunk Gift to Secretary Zhang": "Chang 'an is full of rich children, who can't understand words and can't finish drinking, so they can only get drunk in red skirts. "
5. Beauty
Beauty in ancient times originally refers to the gorgeous appearance of women, and later refers to beauty. For example, Bai Juyi's "Harem Ci": "The beauty first broke the old grace and sat back in the smoking cage until the Ming Dynasty." As the saying goes, "beautiful women are unlucky" is often used to describe beautiful women who died young or met unlucky people. It can be seen that the fate of beautiful women in ancient times was tragic and unlucky. Yuan Anonymous "Yuanyang Bei": "Generally speaking, I am unlucky. I really want to marry, but I met Zhang Shunqing unexpectedly."
Second, the "yellow" title
1, yellow messenger: refers to the eunuch wearing yellow clothes in the palace. For example, Bai Juyi's "Charcoal Man": "Who are the two riders? The yellow messenger has a white shirt. "
2, yellow mouth children: refers to children. For example, "Yuefu Poems": "Use Canglang Ancient Heaven in the upper part, and use this yellow mouth in the lower part."
3. Yellow Gate: the yellow palace gate, later referred to as the official office. Often used to refer to assistant minister Huang Men.
4. Yellow: the title of the old man.
5. Huangzhai: The car cover of the emperor was named after the yellow glaze, and later generations referred to the emperor. Huang Tingjian has a poem, "The Spring Emperor blessed Rui and came to calm the worries of the Huang family."
6. Huang Tong: Named after the child's hair color is yellow. "Bao Pu Zi Miscellaneous English": "Golden House and Jade Hall, silver as rank, five-color clouds as clothes, overlapping crowns, leading swords, from Huangtong to 120 people." Han Yu's poem "Harmony and Virtue": "Huang Tong made it for nothing, and it was enjoyable."
7, yellow hair: the old man is white, white for a long time is yellow, because yellow hair is the image of longevity, so it is often called the old man. "The Book of Songs Truffles": "Huang Fatai, defending the emptiness and judging."
8. Yellow jaw: Like yellow mouth, it also refers to children. Book of the Northern Qi Dynasty: "The son of Huang Zhuan, is it worthy of heavy responsibility?"
Third, the title of "cyan"
1, Qingnv: the mythical god of frost and snow. "Huainanzi Astronomical Training": "Autumn and March ... girls in green wear frost and snow." Du Fu's Akita: "Fei Shuang is a young woman and gives it to the Nangong."
2, blue sky: honest official. In the Ming Dynasty, Kuang Zhong was appointed as the magistrate of Suzhou, honest and clean, which was called "the times are clear". The famous bag is also called "Bao Qingtian".
3. Tsing Yi: After the Han Dynasty, Tsing Yi was regarded as the clothing of the humble, so the handmaid was called Tsing Yi. Bai Juyi's Laziness: "Tsing Yi reported Ping Dan and told me to wash my comb."
4. Youth refers to what students serve, and later scholars call it youth, which also refers to teenagers. Zheng Feng in the Book of Songs: "Qing Er has a long heart."
5. Qingtong: refers to fairy children and Taoist children in temples. Li Bai's poem "See the white stone in clear water, and the immortal knows the young children."
In short, there are many ancient appellations, and colorful appellations are strange.
First, your respectful name
Honorifics, also known as honorifics, are used to show respect for each other, and the words used to show honorifics are called honorifics.
According to the part of speech of honorifics, there are three situations:
(1) is a pronoun that directly uses honorific words, generally monosyllabic words, commonly used as "such as, er, zi, er, gong, jun" and so on. These can all be translated as "you".
(2) Use nouns instead of pronouns to address each other. These words are disyllabic words, and there are three forms of this title: "Mr. and my son" as a general honorific; You can also use the place where the other person is or the people under your own hands to represent the other person, such as "first step, your majesty, your Excellency, deacon, left and right"; There are also people who address each other by their official positions, such as "king, doctor, general, son" and so on. These nouns can also be translated as "you". Your majesty is the monarch and emperor, but there is no need for translation, and neither does an official.
(3) Adjectives are used to address the behavior of people who are related to each other. These words are generally disyllabic words, the former is an adjective and the latter is a noun related to people. Common ones are:
Respect: respect the government, brothers, drivers and wives;
Xian: A good brother and wife.
Jen: My dear brother, my dear brother
Expensive: your body (with greetings), your surname, your Geng;
High: high friends, high relatives, high neighbors and high opinions;
Big: big gift, masterpiece, preparation.
These words generally don't need to be translated.
These honorifics have changed with the development of society, and one or two of the above situations are basically unnecessary now; The third type is still commonly used. These appellations are respectful, friendly and harmonious.
Second, modesty.
Modesty means confidence. The word used to express modesty is modesty. Can be divided into two situations to understand and master.
One is to replace the pronoun "I" with some nouns. Can be divided into the following four categories:
One is to use one's surname or first name to express modesty. "Perilla and the guests are boating under the Red Cliff." (Red Cliff Fu) uses the surname; "Ji's father heard that you were in mourning on the seventh day." (Sacrifice to Twelve Lang) uses a name.
The second category is to use "minister, servant, so-and-so, villain" to claim to be sorry. "Servants suffered this disaster in spoken English." (Bao Ren An Shu) "Some people have been familiar with the art of war since childhood." (Lost Street Pavilion)
The third category is that women often use "concubine, maid, slave and maid" to express their apologies. "The same persecution, so is your concubine." (Peacock flies southeast)
The four categories are that monarchs often use "few people", "no hub" and "lonely people" to express modesty. I am in the country, and I am very involved. "("Mencius Hui Liang Wang Shang ")
These modest names can be translated as "I".
The other is to use certain words to address people related to themselves. These words are all disyllabic compounds, and the former word modifies the latter word. Judging from the part of speech of the modified words, it can be divided into three situations.
One is to use adjectives to modify, to show modesty, common are:
Foolish: foolish brother, foolish brother (both words mean "I"), foolish opinion and foolish meaning (all of which can be translated as "mine").
Ours: our country, our city ("ours" is equivalent to "mine").
Cheap: cheap body, cheap body, cheap benefits (calling a son in front of the monarch and emperor) and cheap wife (calling a wife). ["Cheap" equals "mine"]
Small: little girl, child, trumpet.
Micro minister
Humble: a humble position.
The second is to use verbs to modify and behavior to express modesty. Common ones are:
Steal: Steal thoughts, ideas and smells. ("stealing" can be translated into private)
Fu: (thinking on the ground. When talking to elders or younger generations) and prose. ("Wen Fu Sheng Chao governs the world with filial piety." Chen Qingbiao)
The third is to use nouns to show modesty. Politeness to your brother in front of others can be called "home" and "my father, my husband and my family respect my family". "My mother, my home" refers to my mother; "Brother" means his brother. In front of others, we use "she" to address our younger or junior relatives. "Little brother" is a little brother and "nephew" is a nephew. Both "home" and "house" can be translated as "mine".
These humble names have changed a lot with the development of society. The first case is basically not used, and the second case is still used.
Third, other titles
Claiming to be yourself in front of others. The emperor calls himself a villain, the old man calls himself an old man, the young man calls himself a younger brother in front of the old man, the monk calls himself a poor monk, and the average person calls himself me. Modesty is self-assertion.
He called it addressing others. For example, the woman who accompanies the bride is called "maid of honor", the aristocratic woman is called "madam", and "madam" is called the wife of a vassal in ancient times, and later it is used to address the wife of ordinary people, the old man is called "father-in-law" and the young man is called "husband". All honorifics belong to him.
A contemptuous address is to address others in a contemptuous tone, such as "vertical, boy, woman."
Appropriate appellations are some established appellations. For example, the woodcutter is called "woodcutter", the boatman is called "boat", and the outstanding figures of the country are called "Guo Shi".
Substitution refers to borrowing other appellations to replace the original appellations, such as "fu" for women, "Liyuan" for troupe and "Xie You" for comedians. Surrogacy belongs to metonymy in rhetoric.
Idiom is to address someone with a customary title. For example, Lao Zi refers to Lao Zi (Li Er) and Zhuangzi (Zhuang Zhou) and their theories, while Jiao Han Dao Shu refers to Meng Jiao and Jia Dao.
Appellations of people of different ages
A person is called a baby when he is born and a baby when he is less than one year old.
2 to 3 years old are called children.
A seven-year-old girl's name is Li Nian. It is said that a boy was very young when he was seven years old.
10 years old, called Huangkou.
The year from 13 to 15 is called the year of dancing spoon.
15 to 20 years old is called the Year of Dancing Elephants.
/kloc-A girl of 0/2 years old is called the Year of Chai Jin.
13-year-old girl is called cardamom.
Girl 15 years old.
16 years old is called jasper age;
At the age of 20, he was called Tao Li Nianhua.
24 years old, known as Huaxin Nianhua; Women get married again? The year of plum blossom.
A man at the age of 20 is called a weak crown.
30 years old is the year of standing.
40 years old is called the year of no doubt.
50 years old is called the year of know life.
60 years old is called the year of sixty or the year of hearing.
At the age of 70, 70.
80 years old is called the year of the pole dynasty.
80 to 90 years old? Mao year, Mao year.
100 years old.
In addition, there are childhood terms, juvenile terms, women to be married terms, years or words terms, old people terms, longevity terms and so on.
Social Language and Dating Appellations
Say "I've heard a lot about you" when I first met you; Use "wait" to wait for guests;
The other party's letter is called "Shu Hui"; Ask someone to help say "I'm sorry";
Ask people to do things with "please"; Ask someone to give directions and use "instructions";
Praise people's views with "high praise"; Ask for forgiveness and say "tolerance";
The age of the elderly requires "longevity"; When the guests come, use "coming";
Use "goodbye" with others; Visit others with "visit";
Please don't send "leave"; Trouble others to say "I'm sorry";
Ask for convenience and say "excuse me"; Find someone to teach and say "consult";
Welcome to buy is called "patronage"; Long time no see "long time no see";
Use "loss compensation" in the middle first; Use "axe correction" to present the work.
Courtesy address between relatives and friends
Parents are called Gaotang and Chunxuan, and their parents are knee-high.
My parents simply call me dad and Yan Jia; My mother, my family.
Father's death name: My father, strictness is the first, and exams are the first.
Mother's death is called: first mother, first kindness, first son.
Brothers and sisters are called brothers, brothers, sisters and sisters.
Brother's name is Kun Zhong and brother.
Husband and wife are called husband and wife, spouse and partner.
The death of peers is called: dead brother, brother, sister, wife.
Other people's parents say: your father, your mother.
Although the brother and sister are called: your brother and sister.
Although people and children are called: your son, you Yuan.
Wife and father are called: father-in-law, father-in-law and Mount Tai.
Other people's homes are called: government, respected government.
My home is called my humble abode, my shed and my thatched cottage.
Men and women are collectively referred to as: men are called men and women are called women.
The death of five couples is called widowhood.
The teacher said: teacher, master.
Students are called: students, students.
The school said: cold window, chicken window.
Classmate said: Classmate.
Ancient appellation
Baby: less than one year old.
Child: Two to three years old.
At first, the girl was seven years old.
First year: the boy is eight years old.
Description: According to the physiological condition, boys are eight years old and girls are seven years old. They can change teeth, take off deciduous teeth and grow permanent teeth. This is called "childhood year", "childhood year" or "childhood year".
General angle: the general term for childhood.
The year of hanging steamed buns: refers to children. In ancient times, children's hair drooped, which extended to minors. )
Yellow button: under ten years old.
Kindergarten: ten years old. (Book of Rites Quli Shang: "Ten years of life, learning at a young age." Because there were no punctuation marks in ancient Chinese characters, people intercepted the word "kindergarten" as a proxy for ten years old. )
Chai Jin Year: The girl is twelve years old.
Cardamom: The woman is thirteen years old.
Chi Xue: Fifteen. (The Analects of Confucius: Confucius said, "Nine times out of ten, I am determined to learn ...")
There is also logistics: the woman is fifteen years old. (The Book of Rites: "The woman died in five years." )
Jasper's youth broke the melon: the woman was sixteen. (In the old days, scholars took the word "melon" as 2008, which was called sixteen years old, and was mostly used by women. )
Weak crown: twenty years old. ("Book of Rites Quli Shang": "Twenty is the weak crown." )
Tao: Female, twenty years old.
Flowers in love: female 24 years old.
Standing: thirty years old.
There is no doubt: forty years old.
Destiny: fifty years old. (The Analects of Confucius: Confucius said: "I am determined to learn five out of ten, stand at thirty, not be confused at forty, know my destiny at fifty, listen to my ears at sixty, and do what I want at seventy, without exceeding the moment." ")
The year of distinguishing right from wrong: fifty years old. ("Huai Nan Zi Yuan Tao Xun": "Apollo is fifty years old, not forty-nine years." It is said that there was a Apollo in the Spring and Autumn Period who often reflected on himself. At the age of 50, he knew the mistakes of the previous 49 years, so later generations called him fifty with "knowing right and wrong". )
Listening to flowers: 60 years old. Since ancient times, heavenly stems and earthly branches has been used in our country to date each other intricately, which can form sixty pairs of branches, so it is called "sixty branches" or "sixty flowers", so sixty years old is also called "the year of sixty flowers". )
Gu Xi: Seventy years old. (Du Fu's "Two Poems of Qujiang": "A total of wine and debt, life is seventy years old." )
People in their eighties and nineties. ("Book of Rites Quli": "890 Yue Yao." According to this explanation, people use the word "eighty or ninety years old" to refer to people who are eighty or ninety years old. )
Yi: centenarians. (Book of Rites Quli: "A hundred years is long." It means that life lasts for a hundred years, so it is called "the year of life". Chen Yuan Hao explained: "Life is a hundred years, so it is a period; I am embarrassed that everything I eat and drink is moving. " )
Men and women are collectively referred to as: men are called men and women are called women.
The death of five couples is called widowhood.
The teacher said: teacher, master.
Students are called: students, students.