Zhang Dai (1597-1684, said to have died in 1689) was born in Shanyin (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang) and was originally from Mianzhu, Sichuan, so he called himself "Shuren" and "Gu Jian". Zhang Dai was born in an official family. Gaozu Tianfu, the official went to Yunnan to inspect the deputy ambassador, and Gansu went to Taifuqing. Great-grandfather Zhang Yuan Bian, the first scholar in Qin Long in 1571, served as a scholar in the Imperial Academy, and Zhan Zhifu left Yu De. Grandfather Zhang Rulin, a scholar in the 23rd year of Wanli (1595), went to Guangxi to participate in the Senate. Father Zhang Yaofang, born in the vice list, is Lu Fan's long history. Zhang Dai's origin is also a scholarly family and family origin. The forefathers were all scholars, who were proficient in history, Confucian classics, neo-Confucianism, literature, primary schools and geography. Tian Fu and Yuan Bian's father and son once edited Shaoxing Fu Zhi, Huiji Zhi and Shanyin Zhi. "When the three records came together, they were called Tan Qian and his son." ("Family Biography") (The following quotes from Zhang Dai's Poems and Comments are from the Collection of Zhang Dai's Poems and Comments published by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House in 1991 and corrected by Xia Xianchun, all of which are only annotated with the title. ) Grandfather Ru Lin, "Young and good at ancient learning, read widely." (ditto) Never let go. After 3 years' experience, he wrote Yun Shan, but later he quit writing because it was similar to Yongle Dadian (Tao An Meng Yi Yun Shan). Zhang III's collection of books, Dai "has been collecting books for forty years, with no less than 3, volumes." ("Tao An Meng Yi III Collection") Zhang Dai was born as a literary and artistic family. Generations of grandparents and grandchildren are good at writing and writing works. Tianfu has Ming Yu Tang Draft, Yuanbian has Bu Er Zhai Draft, Ru Lin has Shi Jieyuan Anthology, and Yaofang "sings good songs and poems." ("Family Biography") Zhang has been paying attention to this way since Ru Lin. Yao Fang "teaches small tricks and advocates drama." ("Family Biography") In Zhang Dai's generation, "the master appreciates the lessons, delays the teacher's class, and the child's fingers are thousands. When the boy came to his home, he called it' crossing the sword gate', how dare he rush? " ("Tao An Dream of Remembering the Sword Gate") He learned the piano from a teacher and learned more than 3 songs. He fingered it as "practice is still alive, and it is out with astringency." (ditto "Shaoxing Qinpai") and "Knot the Silk Society, it will be held three times a month." (Same as Silk Society) Zhang Daizhong Shu Lian Fang, "Being able to sketch, being able to say", is "equal" to Shen Zhou, Wen Zhiming, Dong Qichang and Li Liufang. Good antiques, rich collection, fine appreciation, "the legacy? , hey, famous paintings, French brocade, thousands. " ("Attached Biography") Zhang Dai, who is deeply impressed by his eyes and eyes, is indeed an expert in the inscription of various cultural relics and antiques and the evaluation of many porcelain kiln bronzes.
Zhang Dai lived in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, eunuchs were good at power, treacherous court officials were in power, spies were rampant, party struggles were fierce, and domestic troubles and foreign invasions intensified. Virtuous and loyal, or banished, or punished. At the same time, a trend of anti-Neo-Confucianism and anti-Confucianism emerged in the ideological circle. The leftists of Wang Xue, represented by Wang Gen and Li Zhi, openly flaunted lust and lust as human nature, opposed the affectation of Neo-Confucianism, and advocated the innocence and frankness. This is undoubtedly a rebellion against traditional ethics and a challenge to Cheng Zhu's neo-Confucianism of "keeping the natural principles and destroying human desires". Driven by this trend of thought, literati, while despairing of social darkness, pursued individual liberation in succession: indulging in debauchery, indulging in landscapes, and pursuing material and spiritual satisfaction to the greatest extent. On the one hand, they flaunt elegance and leisure, and are free from vulgarity. In romantic scenery, landscape gardens, pavilions, flowers, birds, fish and insects, Four Treasures of the Study, calligraphy and painting, tea ceremony, curios, acrobatics, and games, they deliberately create artistic tastes that are pleasing to the eye and leisure, and gain interest in life and artistic poetry while enjoying and lingering. On the other hand, under the banner of rebelling against the code of ethics and etiquette, they indulge in sensual pleasures, indulge in extravagance, burn ointment to succeed others, and are not ashamed, but proud. "Human feelings are fast with debauchery, and the world style is high with extravagance." (Zhang Han's Dream in a Song Window, Volume 7) If the former mainly shows their seclusion and playfulness, then the latter mainly gives vent to their arrogance and cynicism. In the friends of Zhang's grandparents, there are many such literati and celebrities. Such as Xu Wei, Huang Ruheng, Chen Jiru, Tao Wangling, Wang Siren, Chen Zhanghou, Qi Biaojia, etc., it is this kind of family background, this kind of social ideological trend and humanistic atmosphere, which has created Zhang Dai's dandy habits and celebrity demeanor, and decided his Dreams of Tao An, Dreams of the West Lake and Wang Lang? The main content of the anthology.
Zhang Dai claimed that he was less of a dude and loved prosperity. Good homes, beautiful maids, good prostitutes, good clothes, good food, good horses, good lanterns, good fireworks, good pear gardens, good advocacy, good antiques, good flowers and birds, and abuse oranges with tea, and poetry and magic with books. ("Epitaph for Yourself") can be described as both the extravagant and enjoyable habits of a dude and the decadent style of celebrities and literati in the late Ming Dynasty. Zhang Daibo has many contacts, a subset of history, and he should know everything; Astronomy and geography, I am not involved. Although I have no fame, I am interested in writing. I have been writing all my life, and I am old and enduring. In addition to the fifteen kinds listed in the epitaph for myself, there is also Wang Lang? Poetry anthology, Poem Book Collection, Stone Chamber Book Collection, Strange Words Question, Gourmet Collection, Behind the Elbow of Taoan, Tea History, Taoyuan Calendar, Li Shu Yan, Lu Lang's Begging for Cleverness, Zhu Ming Dui, Night Sailing Among them, the book "Sailing at Night" has almost the same content as an encyclopedia, covering 2 categories and more than 4, entries. Zhang Dai's extensive knowledge, rich writings and hard work can be seen here. And he and Wan Ku, a common plaything, and the domain of celebrities who play the world are also divided here.
Zhang Dai was furious at his high talent and high life, and put his cynicism in the landscape: Shaoxing was ruled by the government, as big as a silkworm basket. All the mountains are aboveboard and magnificent, and they are still beyond the Eight Mountains, but they are still Huang Zhuo. Outside the county, there are thousands of valleys and rocks, inaccessible places, famous mountains and scenic spots, abandoned roadside, and buried by villagers and vulgar people. ("Huang Zhuoshan") I think of the rare things in the world, and those who are buried by mediocrity cannot be remembered. I especially hate that this mountain was born in the city, and it is located in a crowded place, only separated by a wall, so that the world can't know its face, and instead, it will give a few hard stones to make a mistake. He Shan's misfortune, as for this. ("Emei Mountain")
In these two paragraphs, one said that many famous mountains and scenic spots were buried, and the other said that they were easily buried. In the repeated comments and sighs, he vented his unexpected regrets and contempt for the secular, which won the essence of Liu Zongyuan's Eight Notes on Yongzhou. But Zongzi is different from Zongyuan after all: "The mountain fruit has spirit, how can it be sleepy for a long time?" I am a mountain plan. If I want to get rid of the fence, I must fly. " (Emei Mountain) He is more confident and humorous than Zong Yuan.
Second, Zhang Dai's feelings of separation from others
Different from previous essayists, Zhang Dai in know life in' experienced great changes: the Qing Dynasty came into power, the country was restored, people's livelihood was ruined, and the family was ruined. He admits that he "can't learn righteousness" ("Being an Epitaph") and "loyal to ministers and evil, afraid of pain." (self-titled portrait) can only "avoid living in the mountains, what is left, broken beds and broken harps, and the number of books is too small, only one side is lacking, and clothes and vegetables are often broken." ("Epitaph for Yourself") I had to bear the dung myself in my frail old age: "I worked in Chu Jiu, and I had a rest for two hundred years" and "I hated myself when I was a teenager, and Chu Jiu didn't know anything. I'm sixty-seven this year because I miss my dog's teeth. It's not my job to be a waste in the world. " ("Swallowed Rice") "Recently, I have been trapped by manure." "There is no servant, and it is solid to bear the dung." "If you don't help, you will retreat." ("Dung Dung") The contrast between present and past life is nothing less than a world apart. So he "woke up drunk, and the nightmare began to wake up" ("The Inscription of the Butterfly Temple"), and then recalled his dreams and wrote "Two Dreams", "Hold on to the Buddha and repent one by one." ("Self-epitaph") He once wrote his own poems, and every time he wanted to draw a conclusion, because the Book of the Stone Chamber was not completed, he still looked at the world. (ditto) Under extremely difficult material conditions and extremely painful and contradictory mental state, it lasted for 27 years (including ten years after the Ming Dynasty), five drafts were changed and nine were correct, and it was written into the 22-volume book of Stone Chamber, a magnificent masterpiece of biographical history of the Ming Dynasty. Later, it was written into Houji to supplement the historical events of Chongzhen and Nanming Dynasties in Ming Dynasty. As Mao Qiling of Qing Dynasty said in "Sending Zhang Daiqi to Beg for Tibetan History": "Mr. Jiang will be generous and bright, and he will never want to be an official, but he would rather be poor and prosperous, so that this editor will be prosperous and prosperous. The ancestors of this inherent Ming dynasty are ministers, and the spirit is cool in the sky. Those who have been protected by several times are also relying on it. "
With regard to the writing of "Dream of Tao An", the author said in "The Preface to Dream of Yi Yi":
Because I miss Yu's life, I am prosperous and beautiful. For fifty years, it's been a dream. Today, when the millet is ripe and the car travels to the ant nest, how can it be digested? Yao si's past, the memory is the book. Hold on to the Buddha and repent one by one. Different years, different chronologies; Regardless of the category, don't be ambitious. Occasionally, if you choose one, you can swim the old path, if you meet an old friend and the people of the city, you can't talk about your dreams in front of an idiot. I have a big dream today, and I am still dreaming. Because of sighing for the literati, it is difficult to change the name and heart. Just as the dream of Handan was broken, the bell rang out, and Lu Sheng left a legacy, and he still thought about copying and expanding the two kings to spread to future generations, his name was rooted, and he was as strong as a Buddhist relic, and he robbed the fire violently, but he still burned it. The author wakes up from a dream, but remembers the dream, true evil, dream evil? It is the author's mentality that the truth becomes a dream and the dream seems to be true; Regret evil, like evil? It is the author's mood to regret and turn over happiness, and to be happy and actually sad. This extremely complicated and contradictory mood and mixed feelings are most concentrated and profound in his epitaph for himself. Among them, there are boasters, such as writing a few books in his life, recalling the things that Chen Jiru tried to screen when he was 6 years old; Those who boast and regret themselves are as good as those listed when they are young; There are people who are confused, such as the listed "seven insoluble"; Those who wake up from their dreams: "Hard work for half a life is a dream", "Looking back 2 years ago, it's like a lifetime ago". The author's Dream Memories, with Zhongshan, where Zhu Ming made his fortune, laments that "the jade in Xiaoling is 282 years old, and it is clear this year, so it is impossible to swallow a bowl of wheat and rice." In order to create your own life, after waking up from a dream, find Wang Lang? Blessed land ("Tao Meng Yi Wang Lang? Blessed land "), there are countless thorns in the bronze camel. Therefore, compared with Meng Yuanzhi's Dream of Tokyo and Wu Zimu's Dream of Liang, Wu Chongyao is "both in the end of time, and after vicissitudes of life, there is no sense of life." It is the same as this. " ("Tao An Dream Memories and Postscripts") The difference is that Zhang Dai uses the style of essays, and it is only "involved in the game samadhi". The content of Dream Memory is very rich, and the customs and customs recorded are all over Huiji, Hangzhou, Suzhou, Zhenjiang, Nanjing, Yangzhou, Yanzhou, Tai 'an and other places. The seasons are Lantern Festival, Qingming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Zhongyuan Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival. Customs involve fireworks, temple fairs, grave-sweeping, moon-watching, boat racing, school hunting and martial arts. Side by side with delicious food, flowers, tea ceremony and antique utensils, there are many kinds of beautiful things. "Curious stories are fascinating, such as on a shady road." (Jin Zhongchun's Memories of Tao An's Dream) The thoughts and feelings expressed in Dreams are very complicated, including reminiscing about nostalgia, such as Zhang Shengci, Fang Wu and Buerzhai; There are ridicules, such as Shushe, Zhang Donggu Good Wine, and West Lake in July and a half; There are praises, such as Pu Zhongqian's Sculpture, Yao Jianshu's Painting and Liu Jingting's Storytelling. There are also revelations, such as Tao An's Dream Remembrance Accommodation, which describes that the deputy envoy is "extravagant and extravagant, twenty years older than the West Lake." The luxury and indulgence of officials in the late Ming Dynasty can be seen. Luxury is like this, and the Ming dynasty is safe. For example, "Tao An Dream of Remembering Icebergs" describes that when the play was performed, there were tens of thousands of viewers. When the Wei Party played "Zhang Fan Yuan Bai, forcing Yu Fei to death", the audience was furious and silent. When Yan Peiwei killed Tiqi, the owl screamed and jumped, and the house collapsed. " It reflects the disgust and anger of the people and public opinion towards Yan Shu's administration. "Tao An Dream Memories of the Twenty-four Bridges" is written with two lights burning. Those prostitutes who are "waiting for late guests" either sing small words such as "Breaking the Jade" or tease themselves and pretend to be lively. However, the laughter was dumb, and it was gradually sad. The midnight equinox had to go, and it was like a ghost. Seeing the pimp, I don't know whether I am hungry or embarrassed. " It reveals the misery under the cover of prosperity and the bitterness under the cover of forced laughter. In a word, "I have compiled a dialect to chant and laugh at trivial things." However, after a little dyeing, it will become a text. Readers are like mountains and rivers, like customs, like looking at the beauty of temples in palaces. I almost feel the same way as "Picking Wei" and "Mai Xiu", and it comes out as a humorous person? " Most of Zhang Dai's sketches can be viewed in this way. For example, in "Epitaph of Yao Zhangzi", he made a monument for Yao Zhangzi, a servant who killed 13 Japanese pirates at the expense of his own sacrifice and saved the people of the whole town from the disaster, praising his achievements in the wind festival: "One person has lived tens of millions of people, so what's the contribution?" When I died, I couldn't save my life, but I wanted to be the hometown of mulberry. " How do you know that the purpose of the author's monument is not to praise the heroes who fought against the Japanese and the Qing Dynasty? The patriotism contained in it is obvious. In "Preface to a Song for Shen", he praised his friend Shen Suxian's "perseverance, which Kan Kan can't scratch, can't be sharpened by a solid knife and axe, and can't be taken away by the three armed forces." After the change of the country, I was lonely on the first floor and couldn't stand on the ground. My loyalty and anger did not diminish Wenshan, and I was not miserable by the firewood market. " He thinks that "loyal ministers and righteous men are more common when the country breaks down and dies." If you knock a stone and fire, it will go out in a flash. " "If you don't hurry to collect it, the fire will go out." (Preface to Yue Jue Shi) So he selected Yue Jue Shi and Yu Yue San Immortal Picture as a preface to praise it. In order to keep loyalty and righteousness from dying in people's hearts, he compiled Biographies of Ancient and Modern Righteousness, "Taking advantage of history and officials, and collecting money by hand" (Preface of Biographies of Ancient and Modern Righteousness), and "I have found hundreds of martyrs in ten years, which is almost a statement of my own." (Qi Biaojia's Preface to the Biography of Righteousness) can be described as well-intentioned.
Dream of the West Lake is a landscape garden sketch by Zhang Dai. Wang Yuqian's preface to the dream of the West Lake said: Zhang Taoan has been involved in the West Lake for more than 4 years, and he is everywhere at the end of the water. The allusions in the lake are really unknown to people who live in the West Lake, but Tao An knows them in detail. The scenery in the lake, it is true that one day in the West Lake, but not Tao, Tao 'an Road is unique. Today is the reform of mountains and rivers, and the change of mountains and valleys. It is no wonder that they are frightened and fearful, but they are looking for it in their dreams.
Before him, Tian Rucheng had already written "Travel Notes of West Lake" and "Continued Notes". Zhang Dai's Dream Search is often adopted in Tian Zhi. "Zhang was compiled, but after the war in Hangzhou, he remembered the old tour. Take North Road, West Road, South Road, Middle Road and Exterior Scene as five doors to record its victory. The beginning of each scene is a small preface, and the poems of ancient and modern times are listed below. Dai's self-help is also attached to it. His style is completely imitated by Liu Dong's "A Brief Introduction to the Scenery of the Imperial Capital", and his poems are all along the school of public security and Jingling. " This passage in the General Catalogue of Sikuquanshu does not point out that Zhang Dai's Dream Search, but in Tian Zhi, there are many ways to adopt and imitate it. It is not difficult to see by comparing the two books. Of course, there are many differences between Dream Search and Tian Zhi. Zhang Dai said that his grandfather had a villa in the West Lake, and he himself had studied in the Lee's Mountain House. During his twenty-eight years away from the West Lake, the West Lake never fails to dream. Later, he went to the West Lake in Jiawu (1654) and Ding You (1657). In the West Lake after the war, "there are only rubble in the lake village." "Where the weak willows, peaches, singing halls and dancing pavilions in the past are flooded, there will be no one left." The author thinks that "I am here for the West Lake. If I see this today, I will be safe if I don't protect the West Lake in my dream." So, "seventy-two pieces of" Dream Search "were written, leaving them for the afterlife to be the shadow of the West Lake." ("The West Lake Dream seeks the preface") "Dream seeks"