Grass writes about self-ignorance.
Zhang, the prime minister, is careless and good at cursive writing. At that time, all contemporary people laughed at it. The prime minister is calm. A word a day, a pen, a book, a piece of paper full of dragons and snakes dancing for my nephew to record. When the waves were in danger, my nephew turned a blind eye and asked, "What's the word?" The prime minister knew it long ago, but he didn't know it himself. He scolded his nephew and said, "If Hu hadn't asked earlier, I would have forgotten." Zhang Xu is also called "the sage of grass". A brief history and characteristics of cursive script [edit this paragraph] Any kind of text has the requirements of simplicity and easy writing, and there is a tendency to save stick figures and scribbles. This trend is the main reason for the evolution of characters. In the period of social change and cultural development, characters are frequently used, individuals are easy to simplify, and variant characters are accelerated. In order to make Chinese characters useful for application, it is necessary to correct them. Tai Shi Shu, Li Si Zhuan, Cheng Miao Li Shu and Cai Yong's Xiping Book of Songs, written in eight-part script, are all standard characters promulgated by Zhou, Qin and Han dynasties respectively to standardize the popular characters at that time, and are also recognized as the beginning of a new script that has formed regular script.
But the trend towards simplicity has not stopped. As early as in the inscriptions of Shang Dynasty Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Zhou Dynasty, which recorded the important events of emperors and generals, there were stick figures and scrawled handwriting. "Qu Yuan is a grasshopper" and "Dong Zhongshu's calligraphy is not on the page" in Historical Records show that the ancient prose of the Warring States period and the official script of the Western Han Dynasty are incorrect in rapid writing. According to Wei Jinzhi, Liu Mu, the revered king of Beihai in the Eastern Han Dynasty, is "good at history books, and today people think it is a model". Before Liu Mu died, Ming Di sent a post horse to write ten cursive scripts. During the reign of Zhang, it was a good example to learn Chinese characters. Emperor Zhang once ordered the writing of cursive script. It can be seen that since the middle of 1 century, cursive characters have not been written in a hurry, but have been cherished and imitated. It can be seen from the Han bamboo slips unearthed in modern times that the simplified characters of the official script of the Western Han Dynasty have become popular. In the era of Xin Mang, there were more stroke-saving and ligature characters. In the 22nd year of Jianwu (AD 46), the bamboo slips were completely cursive. However, from the Zhou Dynasty to Xin Mang, cursive script was never listed as a kind of calligraphy.
Shuo Wen Jie Zi was written in the 12th year (AD 100), and Xu Shen said in Xu that "there was a cursive script in Han Dynasty", which was the beginning of cursive script. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhi was praised as a sage of grass. At the same time, later, Zhong You and other famous artists came forth in large numbers and formed their own schools. At that time, Zhao Yi had an article "Non-cursive script", and Cai Yong also had a similar discussion on maintaining the status of orthography, which reflected that cursive script was very popular. From the end of the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, cursive script developed from Cao Zhang with the meaning of official script to today's cursive script, and even to wild cursive script.
Cao Zhang originated in the Western Han Dynasty and flourished in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The font is in the form of official script, and the characters are different and correct each other. Cao Zhang's name has been interpreted in different dynasties. It is the most absurd to say that Cao Zhang got his name from the chapter in Urgent Chapter since the end of Han Dynasty. It is speculated that Zhang Di liked cursive script or ordered it to be used as a souvenir, and even said that Zhang Di created cursive script. Some chapters are synonymous with the articles of association and Zhang Kaizhang, which are in line with the early cursive script with eight strokes, and the words are not related to each other, and the strokes have changed into rules to follow, which many people believe.
When did this grass come into being? There are two viewpoints: Zhang Zhi in the late Han Dynasty, Wang Xizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Wang Qia. From the handed down tables, stickers and unearthed Han bamboo slips and bricks, it can be seen that at the end of the Han Dynasty, eight-part essay, as a regular script, had a writing method similar to real books. Cursive scripts can also mutate. Cui Yuan, a cursive writer a little later than Zhang Zhi, wrote the cursive script "Like a string of beads, never leave" and "Stop the momentum, what is left?" The descriptions of "tangling", "hanging from the head without a tail" and "being clever and adapting temporarily" show that the cursive script in the late Han Dynasty was smooth and unconventional. The development of calligraphy has no obvious boundaries. It is said that this grass originated from the bud of Zhang Zhi as a new body; It is said that this grass originated from the two kings, focusing on the typical formation. True books have been handed down since the Tang Dynasty.
In the Tang Dynasty, cursive script, represented by Zhang Xu and Huai Su, appeared as an artistic creation completely divorced from practicality. The cursive script, also known as "Big Grass", has bold brushwork and continuous momentum, such as Zhang Xu's A Thousand Pieces of Broken Monuments, Four Methods of Classical Poetry and Huai Su's Autobiographical Notes in the Tang Dynasty, while Sun's is different and disjointed, but its brushwork is lively and charming. "Big grass" and "small grass" are symmetrical. Big grass is pure grass-based and difficult to identify. Zhang Xu and Huai Su are good at it, and their words are written in one stroke, sometimes out of line, but the context is constant. In Qing Dynasty, Feng Ban gave a lecture on cursive script in "Blunt Printing Book": learn from it, learn from it, learn from it, and learn from Zhang Xu as weeds, so it is better to learn from Huai Su. Huai Su's cursive script is easy to recognize, the handwriting is fine, and the relationship between words is clear and easy to put pen to paper. Zhang Xu's glyphs vary widely, often a number, and the momentum between them is constant, which is difficult to identify and forms a unique style. As mentioned in Han Yu's Preface to Giving People a Noble Mind, Zhang Xu's cursive script is "angry and embarrassed, sad and sorrowful, resentful and resentful, yearning, drunk and annoyed, unfair and moving in the heart, which is bound to be reflected in the cursive script", so it is difficult to learn from Zhang. [Edit this paragraph] In the brushwork of official script, the elegant style of cursive script is derived and developed, which is called official script, and some are like Zhang style, which is related to people who are good at writing official script at ordinary times, so official script can have a unique style. It is also a way to write performances.
"Breaking grass" is the most common among modern calligraphers, such as the calligraphy works of calligrapher Mei. Its characteristic is the combination of strokes and strokes, mostly the combination of calligraphers from ancient times to the present, which has evolved into its own style. Wang Xizhi learned some from his calligraphy style, some from Wang Duo's calligraphy posts, and learned from Zhu Yunming, Sun and other famous artists in previous dynasties to learn from each other's strong points, and set his own appearance, playing freely and freely. This writing is similar to today's grass.
Cursive script is called "cursive script", and there are many ways of writing, that is, running script close to cursive script. The brushwork is relatively smooth. Liu Xizai's "Outline of Calligraphy" in Qing Dynasty said that calligraphy has "true line" and "careless line". The "true line" is similar to the real book and perpendicular to the truth, while the "grass line" is similar to the cursive script and converges to the grass. Zhang Huaiguan's Lun Shu in the Tang Dynasty said: Those who are true are called "true", and those who take grass are called "walking grass". So, there is this difference.
Cursive script is a font of Chinese characters. It appeared earlier. From the early Han Dynasty, when writing official script, it was sometimes written "hastily". Because Emperor Zhang of Han Dynasty likes cursive script, it is called "",which is a kind of cursive script of official script. Cao Zhang's words are independent and close to cursive, but the difficult words are not simplified much, and the writing style remains unchanged. Later, regular script appeared, which evolved into "modern cursive script", that is, regular script cursive script, which was written quickly, and the upper and lower characters were often written together, and the last stroke echoed the beginning. Every word is generally simplified, but it is sometimes difficult for unfamiliar people to recognize it. Generally speaking, the cursive scripts of Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi are also called modern cursive scripts.
The basic method to simplify modern cursive script is to replace the radicals of regular script with simple cursive symbols and substitute them into traditional regular script (although the cursive script appeared no later than regular script). Many regular script radicals can often be replaced by a cursive symbol, and the structure of the characters has also changed for convenience. So unfamiliar people are more difficult to identify. The arrangement of cursive symbols can be found in standard cursive scripts.
In the Tang Dynasty, cursive script has become a kind of calligraphy art, and it has evolved into "wild cursive script", and its function as a tool for transmitting information has weakened, becoming a work of art. It doesn't matter whether people can recognize what they are writing as long as they pay attention to the black and white arrangement of bookshelves and papers. In Weeds, there is a symbol of word association, that is, two words (common phrases) are written into one symbol. At that time, writing was mostly vertical, and even the design of Chinese characters was similar. There are cursive couplets in Tu Tou Ji and Nirvana Ji.
Hiragana in Japanese is a cursive form based on Chinese characters.
Modern people generally learn cursive script from today's cursive script. The recognized cursive writing method is more than the standard cursive written by Mr. You Ren (with copybook of the same name).